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III. 

TtlE  LINES  AT 

DYEEHAOHIUM 

Caesar’s  Civil  War 
Book  UI  Cha?.  XLll-  LXXII. 


1S0O  PatbUI 


CAESAR'S  ATTACK 
ON  THE  CAMP  WITH  DOUBLE  WALLS 


Afteb  GOiiSa 


C.  JULII  CAESARIS  DE  BELLO  CIVILI. 


CAESAR’S  Civil  War. 


EDITED  FOR  THE  USE  OF  SCHOOLS,  WITH  REFERENCES  TO  THE 
LATIN  GRAMMARS  OF  GILDERSLEEVE,  ALLEN  AND 
GREENOUGH,  AND  HARKNESS. 


BY 

B.  PERRIN,  Ph.D., 

PROFESSOR  OP  GREEK  IN  ABBLBBRT  (FORMERLY  WESTERN  RESERVE)  COLLEGE, 


NEW  YORK  AND  NEW  ORLEANS: 


UNIVERSITY  PUBLISHINU 

1902. 


COMPANY. 


BOSTON  COLLEGE  LIBRARY 
CHESTNUT  HILL.  MASS. 


Copyright, 

1882, 

By  university  publishing  company. 


***2553 


Press  of  J.  J.  Little  &  Co. 
Astor  Place,  New  York 


DEDICATION. 

TO  THE  CLASPS  OF  ’83,  OF  THE  HAHTFOHD  HIGH  SCHOOL,  WITH  WHOM  HE 
FIRST  READ  THE  CIVIL  WAR,  AND  TO  WHOSE  NEEDS  MANY  OF 
THE  PRESENT  NOTES  WERE  ORIGINALLY  ADAPTED, 

THIS  LITTLE  VOLUME  IS  DEDICATED  BY 
THE  EDITOR. 


14745 


PREFACE. 


In  preparing  the  notes  for  this  school  edition  of  Caesar’s  Civil  War,  the 
freest  use  has  been  made  of  all  available  helps,  especially  the  editions  of 
Doberenz  and  Kraner-Hofmann,  and  the  commentaries  of  Goler. 

Appendix  I  contains  brief  biographies  of  the  principal  persons  men¬ 
tioned  in  the  history.  Appendix  II  contains  a  condensed  and  connected 
account  of  the  constitution  and  working  of  the  Roman  government  in 
Caesar’s  time,  prepared  specially  for  this  edition  by  Mr.  T.  D.  Goodell,  of 
the  Hartford  High  School,  following  the  authority  of  Lange.  '  Appendix 
III  contains  a  brief  summary  of  Caesar’s  military  organization,  in  the 
preparation  of  which  Hittenberger,  Riistow  and  Gdler  have  been  most  ser¬ 
viceable.  These  appendices  are  designed  to  make  good,  so  far  as  possible 
within  narrow  limits,  a  lack  of  the  larger  and  expensive  classical  diction¬ 
aries  on  the  part  of  many  students  of  Caesar  who  do  not  look  forward  to  a 
full  course  in  Latin,  and  to  serve  as  an  outline-guide  to  further  reading  for 
those  who  do.  Appendix  IV,  finally,  contains  all  important  variations  in 
the  text  of  the  present  edition  from  that  of  Nipperdey  (Ed.  minor,  Lips., 
1881). 

Besides  many  corrections  and  suggestions  from  former  colleagues  in  the 
Hartford  High  School,  and  from  other  friends,  the  Editor  is  under  special 
obligation  to  Mr.  T.  H.  Goodell,  for  cordial  assistance  in  every  part  of  the 
work.  Very  valuable  criticism  has  also  been  received  from  Professor 
B.  L.  Gildersleeve,  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  to  whom  proofs  of 
the  book  have  been  submitted. 

B.  Perrin. 


Hudson,  Ohio,  May,  188‘.2. 


E^TEODUCTIOK 

(Translated  freely  prom  Doberenz.) 


1  Gaius  Julius  Caesar  was  born  in  July  of  the  year  100  b.c. 
During  his  youth  therefore  occurred  the  civil  war  between  Marius 
and  Sulla,  that  bitter  struggle  between  the  aristocrats  and  the  peo¬ 
ple,  between  the  rich  and  the  poor,  which  ended  with  the  conquest 
of  the  latter,  and  the  tyranny  of  Sulla,  This  conflict  and  its  issue 
must  have  made  a  great  impression  upon  such  a  gifted  youth  as 
Caesar,  whose  many  talents  had  been  most  carefully  trained  and 
developed,  and  who  was  led  by  the  high  position  of  his  family  (his 
father  was  Praetor)  to  take  a  close  interest  in  political  affairs.  He 
craved  honor  and  renown,  influence  and  power.  Sulla’s  example 
showed  him  that  the  republic  had  come  into  such  a  condition  that 
it  was  easy  for  a  bold  and  resolute  man,  provided  he  could  secure  the 
support  of  a  strong  party,  to  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  govern¬ 
ment.  Sulla  had  done  this  with  the  aid  of  the  aristocrats ;  Caesar 
put  himself  on  the  side  of  the  people,  and  reached  his  ends  by  a  con¬ 
flict  with  the  Senate  and  aristocratic  party.  This  policy  was  no  doubt 
largely  due  to  his  relationship  to  Sulla’s  great  antagonist  Marius, 
who  "was  his  uncle,  and  who  had  introduced  him  to  public  life. 
His  persecutions  also  at  the  hands  of  Sulla  naturally  drove  him  into 
the  opposite  party.  In  83  Caesar  married  the  daughter  of  Cinna,  a 
supjiorter  of  Marius.  Sulla  ordered  him  to  break  the  marriage. 
Caesar  refused  to  do  it,  and  lost  by  his  refusal  the  office  of  priest  to 
Jupiter,  which  Marius  had  caused  to  be  given  him  in  87,  the  dowry 
of  his  wife,  and  his  own  projierty.  He  fled  the  city,  and  wandered 
about  the  Sabine  mountains  in  a  vain  attempt  to  escape  the  spies  of 
Sulla.  He  was  finally  captured,  and  obliged  to  ransom  himself  with 
a  large  sum  of  money.  At  last  Sulla  pardoned  him,  but  said  to 
those  who  had  begged  him  off,  ‘  ‘  There  is  more  than  one  Marius  in 

5 


0 


INTRODUCTION. 


him,  find  the  nobles  may  well  look  out  for  this  loosely  dressed 
boy.” 

2  Caesa^  began  his  struggle  against  the  nobility  immediately  after 
Sulla’s  death  (78  b.c.),  by  accusing  Dolabella,  a  supporter  of  Sulla, 
of  extortion  in  his  province  of  Macedonia.  He  made  a  good  im- 
jiression  on  the  people  by  his  eloquence,  and  by  his  bold  opposition 
to  the  party  in  power.  The  acquittal  of  Dolabella  by  the  Senate 
increased  the  hatred  of  the  people  toward  the  nobles. 

3  In  the  winter  of  76  Caesar  went  to  Rhodes  to  study  under  the 
famous  rhetorician  Molo.  From  here  the  third  Mithridatic  War 
(74-63)  brought  him  into  Asia  Minor,  where  he  raised  troops  on  his 
own  authority,  and  upheld  the  Roman  power.  During  his  absence 
from  Rome  he  had  been  chosen  into  the  college  of  pontiffs  (see 
App.  II,  15),  and  on  his  return  was  elected  military  tribune  by  the 
people,  a  choice  which  showed  that  he  already  stood  high  in  their 
favor.  This  favor  steadily  increased  as  he  continued  to  uphold  the 
interests  of  the  people  against  the  party  of  the  nobles,  to  favor  all 
laws  intended  to  restore  the  political  rights  of  the  people  which 
Sulla  had  removed,  and  to  delight  the  masses  by  unbounded  gener¬ 
osity,  especially  during  his  Aedileship  (65).  To  rise  by  means  of 
the  people,  to  break  the  power  of  the  Senate  and  aristocracy,  and 
then  to  rule  over  both,  this  was  Caesar’s  deliberate  plan,  which  he 
gradually  carried  out  with  the  greatest  carefulness  and  precision. 

4  Pompey  had  very  great  reputation  and  influence  at  Rome  after 
Sulla’s  death.  He  was  six  years  older  than  Caesar,  had  been  an 
eager  supporter  of  Sulla,  had  helped  to  found  and  sustain  his  insti¬ 
tutions,  and  ranked  now  as  the  greatest  general  of  his  age,  and  the 
chief  of  the  aristocratic  party.  But  this  party  distrusted,  envied, 
and  feared  him,  and  he  therefore  sought  to  get  the  good  will  of  the 
people,  esj^ecially  during  his  consulship  in  70,  by  restoring  the 
power  of  their  tribunes  which  Sulla  had  curtailed.  Caesar  sup¬ 
ported  him  in  this  measure,  and  so  an  alliance  arose  between  them, 
in  which  Caesar  seemed  to  have  a  minor  importance,  and  to  serve 
mainly  the  interests  of  Pompey,  but  in  which  he  was  really  carrying 
out  his  own  private  designs.  The  more  Pompey  was  supported  by 
Caesar  and  the  people,  the  greater  became  the  distrust  of  the  nobles 
toward  him,  and  the  easier  it  was  to  deprive  the  aristocratic  party 
of  their  great  leader. 


INTR  OD  UCTION. 


7 


5  After  Caesar  had  served  as  Praetor  in  62,  he  received  Hispania 
Ulterior  as  his  province.  He  returned  from  there  to  Rome  in  60, 
with  wealth  and  military  fame,  and  was  elected  consul  for  the  next 
year.  His  colleague  was  the  aristocrat  Bibulus,  who  had  almost 
no  influence  at  all  compared  with  Caesar.  In  order  now  to  carry  on 
his  plans  with  greater  success,  Caesar  makes  an  ally  of  Crassus,  the 
wealthiest  man  of  his  times,  reconciles  him  to  his  former  enemv, 
Pompey,  and  forms  what  is  called  the  First  Triumvirate,  a  union  of 
shrewdness,  renown,  and  riches,  by  which  Caesar  hoped  to  rise  in 
power,  Pompey  to  maintain  his  power,  and  Crassus  to  make  more 
money.  Nothing  was  to  occur  in  the  state  which  was  displeasing 
to  either  of  the  three.  The  marriage  of  Pompey  to  Caesar’s  daughter 
Julia,  made  the  league  the  stronger. 

0  With  the  help  of  these  two  allies,  Caesar  now,  as  consul,  carried 
measures  which  made  him  still  more  popular  with  the  people,  and 
weakened  the  power  of  the  Senate,  while  he  appeared  to  be  working 
only  for  the  interests  of  Pompey  and  Crassus.  On  motion  of  the 
tribune  Vatinius,  the  people  voted  that  after  his  consulship  Caesar 
should  have  Gallia  Cisalpina  and  Illyricum  as  his  province,  for  five 
years,  with  a  force  of  three  legions.  Gallia  Transalpina  and  a 
fourth  legion  were  soon  added.  Now  Caesar  had  what  he  wished*, 
a  province  where  rich  booty  and  great  fame  could  be  won,  and  yet 
near  enough  to  Rome  to  allow  him  to  watch  and  manage  what  tran¬ 
spired  there.  In  58  he  began  the  Gallic  war,  by  which  he  increased 
the  territory  subject  to  Rome,  won  fame  and  wealth,  and  secured 
a  trained  and  devoted  army,  on  which  he  could  unhesitatingly  rely. 

7  Crassus  and  Pompey  remained  in  Rome,  arid  supported  the  inter¬ 
ests  of  the  triumvirate.  In  56  the  three  men  met  at  Luca  to  arrange 
their  plans  for  the  future.  It  was  decided  that  Pompey  and  Crassus 
should  be  consuls  for  the  next  year,  and  then  receive  provinces. 
Caesar  lent  his  support  to  this  on  condition  that  his  own  term  of 
office  should  be  extended  five  years,  i.  e.  from  53  to  December  49, 
that  at  the  close  of  fliis  period  he  should  be  consul  for  the  second 
time,  and  that  the  legions  which  he  had  raised  without  autliority 
should  be  paid  by  the  state.  This  was  granted,  and  in  55  Pompey 
and  Crassus  were  consuls.  Crassus  went  to  Syria  as  his  province, 
but  Pompey  remained  at  Rome  after  his  consulship  had  expired, 
and  had  his  legates  manage  his  province  (Spain),  a  tiling  which  was 
contrary  to  all  precedent.  His  excuse  Avas  that  the  oversight  of  the 


8 


INTRODUCTION. 


grain  imports,  which  had.  previously  been  committed  to  him,  dC' 
manded  his  presence.  The  real  reason  however  was,  that  he  wished, 
now  that  he  was  alone  in  the  capital,  to  create  for  himself  a  more 
independent  power  than  he  had  hitherto  held.  He  had  gradually 
perceived  that  Caesar  had  been  using  him  all  along  for  his  own  ends, 
and  his  dependence  upon  Caesar  had  become  unbearable.  The 
death  of  Julia  (54)  also  removed  a  great  obstacle  to  any  estrange¬ 
ment,  and  when  Crassus  fell  in  53,  in  his  foolish  war  with  the 
Parthians,  the  question  became  simply  this  :  should  Pompey  or 
Caesar  be  first. 

8  Atfairs  were  such  at  Rome  that  Pompey  hoped  he  could  obtain 
the  23ower  of  dictator  from  the  Senate.  This  body  had  become 
alarmed  at  the  frequent  disturbances  of  the  people,  and  looked  to 
Pompey  as  its  leader  the  more  he  removed  himself  from  Caesar  and 
the  party  of  the  people.  It  gave  him  orders  to  watch  over  the 
safety  of  the  city,  and  to  raise  troops  in  Italy.  In  52  he  was  elected 
sole  consul,  and  began  to  take  steps  against  Caesar,  though  indi¬ 
rectly.  Two  obsolete  decrees,  wJiich  would  tell  especially  against 
Caesar,  he  caused  to  be  renewed,  viz. ,  that  no  one  should  be  can¬ 
didate  for  public  office  while  absent  from  the  city,  and  that  no  one 
should  receive  a  province  for  ffve  years  after  holding  a  public  office. 
Pomj:)ey  had  however  first  secured  his  province  of  Spain  for  five 
years  more.  Caesar,  who  designed  to  stand  for  consul  again  at  the 
exj)iration  of  the  legal  interval,  ten  years,  complained  of  the  provi¬ 
sion  that  no  one  could  stand  for  office  without  being  in  the  city, 
especially  as  this  had  been  allowed  Pompey.  Thereupon  it  was 
publicly  voted  that  this  law  should  not  apply  to  Caesar.  Pompey 
was  obliged  to  accede  to  this,  but  began  to  take  measures  to  separate 
Caesar  from  his  now  formidable  army.  Gains  Marcellus,  consul  in 
50,  a  bitter  enemy  of  Caesar,  moved  that  on  November  13th  Caesar 
be  recalled  from  his  province  and  army.  In  the  debate  on  this  mo¬ 
tion,  Curio,  the  brilliant  tribune  of  the  people  whom  Caesar  had 
bribed  over  to  himself,  favored  the  thing,  but  proposed  that  a  like 
measure  be  passed  concerning  Pompey.  Between  these  two  propo¬ 
sitions  no  vote  was  reached.  Pompey,  it  is  true,  expressed  to  the 
Senate  his  willingness  to  give  up  his  province  and  dismiss  his  army, 
but  took  no  steps  in  the  matter,  and  even  secured  a  vote  in  the 
Senate,  by  which,  under  pretext  of  the  Parthian  war,  two  legions 
were  taken  from  Caesar.  These  he  retained  near  Rome. 


INTRODUCTION. 


9 


9  Shortly  after  tliis  a  rumor  spread  that  Caesar  had  crossed  the  Alps 
and  was  advancing  on  Rome.  Upon  this  Marcellus,  with  the  con¬ 
suls  who  had  been  elected  for  the  following  year,  Lentulus  and  Gains 
Marcellus  the  younger,  went  to  Pompey  and  authorized  him  in  their 
names  to  defend  the  republic,  and  to  raise  troops  in  Italy  at  his 
pleasure.  Curio  now  hurried  to  Caesar,  who  was  at  Ravenna,  and 
urged  him  to  march  at  once  on  Rome.  Caesar,  however,  wrote  a 
letter  to  the  Senate  and  the  new  consuls,  in  which  he  set  forth  his 
services  to  the  state,  defended  himself  from  the  charges  made  against 
him  by  his  enemies,  and  begged  that  he  be  not  deprived  of  the  priv¬ 
ilege  already  granted  him  by  the  people,  of  standing  for  the  con¬ 
sular  election  while  absent.  At  the  same  time  he  promised  to  dis¬ 
miss  his  army  whenever  Pompey  did  so.  If,  however,  Pompey 
refused,  then  he  too  must  keejo  his  army  and  defend  himself.  This 
letter  Curio  gave  to  the  consuls,  in  the  Senate,  and  in  the  presence 
of  the  tribunes  of  the  people,  January  1,  49.  What  followed  is  told 
by  Caesar. 


C.  JULII  CAESAEIS 


DE  BELLO  OIV^ILI 

COMMENTARIUS  PRIMUS, 


1.  Litteris  a  Gaio  Caesare  consulibus  redditis,  aegre  ab 
Ilis  impetratum  est  summa  tribunorum  plebis  contentione 
ut  in  senatu  recitarentur ;  ut  vero  ex  litteris  ad  senatum 
referretur  impetrari  non  potuit.  Referunt  consules  de  re- 
publica  infinite.  L.  Lentulus  consul  senatui  reique  publicae  5 
se  non  defuturum  pollicetur,  si  audacter  ac  fortiter  senten¬ 
tias  dicere  velint ;  sin  Caesarem  respiciant  atque  ejus  gratiam 
sequantur,  ut  superioribus  fecerint  temporibus,  se  sibi  con¬ 
silium  capturum  neque  senatus  auctoritati  obtemperaturum ; 
habere  se  quoque  ad  Caesaris  gratiam  atque  amicitiam  re-  10 
ceptum.  In  eandem  sententiam  loquitur  Scipio  :  Pompeio 
esse  in  animo  reipublicae  non  deesse,  si  senatus  sequatur ; 
si  cunctetur  atque  agat  lenius,  nequiquam  ejus  auxilium, 
si  postea  velit,  senatum  imploraturum.  II.  Haec  Scipionis 
oratio,  quod  senatus  in  urbe  habebatur  Pompeiusque  ade-  15 
rat,  ex  ipsius  ore  Pompeii  mitti  videbatur.  Dixerat  aliquis 
leniorem  sententiam,  ut  primo  M.  Marcellus,  ingressus  in 
eam  orationem,  non  oportere  ante  de  ea  re  ad  senatum 
referri  quam  delectus  tota  Italia  habiti  et  exercitus  conscripti 
essent,  quo  praesidio  tuto  et  libere  senatus  quae  vellet  de-  20 
cernere  auderet ;  ut  M.  Calidius,  qui  censebat  ut  Pompeius 
in  suas  provincias  proficisceretur,  ne  qua  esset  armorum 
causa  :  timere  Caesarem  ereptis  ab  eo  duabus  legionibus,  ne 
ad  ejus  periculum  reservare  et  retinere  eas  ad  urbem  Pom¬ 
peius  videretur ;  ut  M.  Rufus,  qui  sententiam  Calidii  paucis  25 

11 


12 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


fere  mutatis  rebus  sequebatur.  Hi  omnes  conyicio  L.  Len< 
tuli  consulis  correpti  exagitabantur.  Lentulus  sententiam 
Calidii  pronuntiaturum  se  omnino  negavit.  Marcellus  per¬ 
territus  conviciis  a  sua  sententia  discessit.  Sic  vocibus  con- 
5  sulis,  terrore  praesentis  exercitus,  minis  amicorum  Pompeii 
plerique  compulsi,  inviti  et  coacti  Scipionis  sententiam 
sequuntur :  uti  ante  certam  diem  Caesar  exercitum  dimit¬ 
tat  ;  si  non  faciat,  eum  adversus  rempublicam  facturum 
videri.  Intercedit  M.  Antonius,  Q.  Cassius,  tribuni  plebis. 
10  Kefertur  confestim  de  intercessione  tribunorum.  Dicun¬ 
tur  sententiae  graves ;  ut  quisque  acerbissime  crudelissi- 
meque  dixit,  ita  quam  maxime  ab  inimicis  Caesaris  col- 
laudatur.  III.  Misso  ad  vesperum  senatu  omnes  qui  sunt 
ejus  ordinis  a  Pompeio  evocantur.  Laudat  Pompeius  at- 
15  que  in  posterum  confirmat,  segniores  castigat  atque  incitat. 
Multi  undique  ex  veteribus  Pompeii  exercitibus  spe  prae¬ 
miorum  atque  ordinum  evocantur,  multi  ex  duabus  legi¬ 
onibus  quae  sunt  traditae  a  Caesare  arcessuntur.  Com¬ 
pletur  urbs  militibus,  comitium  tribunis,  centurionibus, 
20  evocatis.  Omnes  amici  consulum,  necessarii  Pompeii  atque 
eorum  qui  veteres  inimicitias  cum  Caesare  gerebant,  in 
senatum  coguntur ;  quorum  vocibus  et  concursu  terrentur 
infirmiores,  dubii  confirmantur,  plerisque  vero  libere  de¬ 
cernendi  potestas  eripitur.  Pollicetur  L.  Piso  censor  sese 
25  iturum  ad  Caesarem,  item  L.  Roscius  praetor,  qui  de  bis 
rebus  eum  doceant ;  sex  dies  ad  eam  rem  conficiendam  spatii 
postulant.  Dicuntur  etiam  ab  nonnullis  sententiae,  ut 
legati  ad  Caesarem  mittantur,  qui  voluntatem  senatus  ei 
proponant.  IV.  Omnibus  bis  resistitur  omnibusque  oratio 
30  consulis,  Scipionis,  Catonis  opponitur.  Catonem  veteres 
inimicitiae  Caesaris  incitant  et  dolor  repulsae.  Lentulus 
aeris  alieni  magnitudine  et  spe  exercitus  ac  provinciarum 
et  regum  appellandorum  largitionibus  movetur,  seque  al¬ 
terum  fore  Sullam  inter  suos  gloriatur,  ad  quem  summa 
35  imperii  redeat.  Scipionem  eadem  spes  provinciae  atque  ex¬ 
ercituum  impellit,  quos  se  pro  necessitudine  partiturum  cum 


COMM.  L  CAP.  II— VI. 


13 


Pompeio  arbitratur,  simul  judiciorum  metus,  adulatio  atque 
ostentatio  sui  et  potentium  qui  in  republica  judiciisque  tum 
plurimum  pollebant.  Ipse  Pompeius,  ab  inimicis  Caesaris  in¬ 
citatus  et  quod  neminem  dignitate  secum  exaequari  volebat, 
totum  SG  ab  ejus  amicitia  averterat  et  cum  communibus  in-  5 
imicis  in  gratiam  redierat,  quorum  ipse  maximam  partem  illo 
affinitatis  tempore  injunxerat  Caesari ;  simul  infamia  dua¬ 
rum  legionum  permotus,  quas  ab  itinere  Asiae  Syriaeque  ad 
suam  potentiam  dominatumque  converterat,  rem  ad  arma 
deduci  studebat.  V.  His  de  causis  aguntur  omnia  raptim  10 
atque  turbate.  Hec  docendi  Caesaris  propinquis  ejus  spatium 
datur,  nec  tribunis  plebis  sui  periculi  deprecandi  neque  etiam 
extremi  juris  intercessione  retinendi,  quod  L.  Sulla  reli- 
cjuerat,  facultas  tribuitur,  sed  de  sua  salute  septimo  die 
cogitare  coguntur,  quod  illi  turbulentissimi  superioribus  15 
temporibus  tribuni  plebis  duodecimo  denique  mense  suarum 
actionum  respicere  ac  timere  consuerant.  Decurritur  ad 
illud  extremum  atcj[ue  ultimum  senatus  consultum,  quo  nisi 
paene  in  ipso  urbis  incendio  atque  in  desjDeratione  omnium 
salutis  numquam  ante  descensum  est :  dent  operam  consules,  20 
praetores,  tribuni  plebis,  quique  pro  consulibus  sint  ad  ur¬ 
bem,  ne  quid  respublica  detrimenti  capiat.  Haec  senatus¬ 
consulto  perscribuntur  a.  d.  vii.  Id.  Jan.  Itaque  v  primis 
diebus  quibus  haberi  senatus  potuit,  qua  ex  die  consulatum 
iniit  Lentulus,  biduo  excepto  comitiali,  et  de  imperio  Cae-  25 
saris  et  de  amplissimis  viris,  tribunis  plebis,  gravissime 
acerbissimeque  decernitur.  Profugiunt  statim  ex  urbe 
tribuni  plebis  seseque  ad  Caesarem  conferunt.  Is  eo  tem¬ 
pore  erat  Eavennae  exspectabatque  suis  lenissimis  postulatis 
responsa,  si  qua  hominum  aequitate  res  ad  otium  deduci  30 
posset.  VI.  Proximis  diebus  habetur  extra  urbem  senatus. 
Pompeius  eadem  illa  quae  per  Scipionem  ostenderat  agit ; 
senatus  virtutem  constantiamque  collaudat ;  copias  suas  ex¬ 
ponit  :  legiones  habere  sese  paratas  x ;  praeterea  cognitum 
compertumque  sibi  alieno  esse  animo  in  Caesarem  milites,  35 
neque  iis  posse  persuaderi  uti  eum  defendant  aut  sequantur 


14 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


saltem.  De  reliquis  rebus  ad  senatum  refertur  :  tota  Italia 
delectus  habeatur;  Faustus  Sulla  propere  in  Mauritaniam 
mittatur ;  pecunia  uti  ex  aerario  Pompeio  detur.  Kefertur 
etiam  de  rege  Juba  ut  socius  sit  atque  amicus;  Marcellus 
5  yero  passurum  in  praesentia  negat.  De  Fausto  impedit 
Philippus  tribunus  plebis.  De  reliquis  rebus  senatuscom 
sulta  perscribuntur.  Provinciae  privatis  decernuntur,  duae 
consulares,  reliquae  praetoriae.  Scipioni  obvenit  Syria,  L. 
Domitio  Gallia.  Philippus  et  Cotta  privato  consilio  prae- 
10  tereuntur,  neque  eorum  sortes  dejiciuntur.  In  reliquas 
provincias  praetores  mittuntur.  Neque  exspectant,  quod  su¬ 
perioribus  annis  acciderat,  ut  de  eorum  imperio  ad  populum 
feratur,  paludatique  votis  nuncupatis  exeunt.  Consules, 
quod  ante  id  tempus  accidit  numquam,  ex  urbe  proficis- 
15  cuntur,  lictoresque  habent  in  urbe  et  Capitolio  privati  contra 
omnia  vetustatis  exempla.  Tota  Italia  delectus  habentur, 
arma  imperantur,  pecuniae  a  municipiis  exiguntur,  e  fanis 
tolluntur  ;  omnia  divina  humanaque  jura  permiscentur. 

^20  VII.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis  Caesar  apud  milites  contio¬ 
natur.  Omnium  temporum  injurias  inimicorum  in  se  com¬ 
memorat  ;  a  quibus  deductum  ac  depravatum  Pompeium 
queritur  invidia  atque  obtrectatione  laudis  suae,  cujus  ipse 
honori  et  dignitati  semper  faverit  adjutorque  fuerit.  Novum 
25  in  republica  introductum  exemplum  queritur,  ut  tribunicia 
intercessio  armis  notaretur  atque  opprimeretur,  quae  supe¬ 
rioribus  annis  esset  restituta.  Sullam  nudata  omnibus  rebus 
tribunicia  potestate  tamen  intercessionem  liberam  reliquisse  ; 
Pompeium,  qui  amissa  restituisse  videatur  bona,  etiam  quae 
30  ante  habuerint  ademisse.  Quotienscumque  sit  decretum, 
darent  operam  magistratus,  ne  quid  respublica  detrimenti 
caperet  (qua  voce  et  quo  senatusconsulto  populus  Eomanus 
ad  arma  sit  vocatus),  factum  in  perniciosis  legibus,  in  vi 
tribunicia,  in  secessione  populi  templis  locisque  editioribus 
35  occupatis  ;  atque  haec  superioris  aetatis  exempla  expiata 
Saturnini  atque  Gracchorum  casibus  docet ;  quarum  rerum 


C03TM.  I.  CAP.  VI— IX. 


15 


illo  tempore  nihil  factum,  ne  cogitatum  quidem.  Hortatur, 
cujus  imperatoris  ductu  yiiii  annis  rempublicam  felicissime 
gesserint  plurimaque  proelia  secunda  fecerint,  omnem  Gal¬ 
liam  Germaniamque  pacaverint,  ut  ejus  existimationem  dig¬ 
nitatemque  ab  inimicis  defendant.  Conclamant  legionis  xiii,  5 
quae  aderat,  milites  (hanc  enim  initio  tumultus  evocaverat ; 
reliquae  nondum  venerant),  sese  paratos  esse  imperatoris  sui 
tribunorumque  plebis  injurias  defendere.  ^ 

VIII.  Cognita  militum  voluntate  Ariminum  cum  ea  legione 
proficiscitur  ibique  tribunos  plebis  qui  ad  eum  confugerant  10 
convenit ;  reliquas  legiones  ex  hibernis  evocat  et  subsequi 
jubet.  Eo  L.  Caesar  adolescens  venit,  cujus  pater  Caesaris 
erat  legatus.  Is,  reliquo  sermone  confecto  cujus  rei  causa 
venerat,  habere  se  a  Pompeio  ad  eum  privati  officii  mandata 
demonstrat  :  velle  Pompeium  se  Caesari  purgatum,  ne  ea  15 
quae  reipublicae  causa  egerit,  in  suam  contumeliam  vertat. 
Semper  se  reipublicae  commoda  privatis  necessitudinibus 
habuisse  potiora.  Caesarem  quoque  pro  sua  dignitate  debere 
et  studium  et  iracundiam  suam  reipublicae  dimittere  neque 
adeo  graviter  irasci  inimicis,  ut,  cum  illis  nocere  se  speret,  20 
reipublicae  noceat.  Pauca  ejusdem  generis  addit  cum  ex¬ 
cusatione  Pompeii  conjuncta.  Eadem  fere  atque  eisdem 
verbis  praetor  EosCius  agit  cum  Caesare  sibique  Pompeium 
commemorasse  demonstrat.  IX.  Quae  res  etsi  nihil  ad  le¬ 
vandas  injurias  pertinere  videbantur,  tamen  idoneos  nactus  25 
homines,  per  quos  ea  quae  vellet  ad  eum  perferrentur, 
petit  ab  utroque,  quoniam  Pompeii  mandata  ad  se  detulerint, 
ne  graventur  sua  quoque  ad  eum  postulata  deferre,  si  parvo 
labore  magnas  controversias  tollere  atque  omnem  Italiam 
metu  liberare  possint.  Sibi  semper  primam  reipublicae  fuisse  30 
dignitatem  vitaque  potiorem.  Doluisse  se,  quod  j)opuli  Eo- 
mani  beneficium  sibi  per  contumeliam  ab  inimicis  extorque¬ 
retur,  ereptoque  semenstri  imperio  in  urbem  retraheretur, 
cujus  absentis  rationem  haberi  proximis  comitiis  populus 
jussisset.  Tamen  hanc  jacturam  honoris  sui  reipublicae  35 
causa  aequo  animo  tulisse ;  cum  litteras  ad  senatum  miserit. 


16 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


ut  omnes  ab  exercitibus  discederent,  ne  id  quidem  impetra¬ 
visse.  Tota  Italia  delectus  baberi,  retineri  legiones  ii  quae 
ab  se  simulatione  Parthici  belli  sint  abductae,  civitatem  esse 
in  armis.  Quonam  haec  omnia  nisi  ad  suam  perniciem  per- 
5  tinere  ?  Sed  tamen  ad  omnia  se  descendere  paratum  atque 
omnia  pati  reipublicae  causa.  Proficiscatur  Pompeius  in 
suas  provincias,  ipsi  exercitus  dimittant,  discedant  in  Italia 
omnes  ab  armis,  metus  e  civitate  tollatur,  libera  comitia 
atque  omnis  respublica  senatui  populoque  Eomano  permit- 
10  tatur.  Haec  quo  facilius  certisque  condicionibus  fiant  et 
jurejurando  sanciantur,  aut  ipse  propius  accedat  aut  se 
patiatur  accedere ;  fore  uti  per  colloquia  omnes  controver¬ 
siae  componantur.  X.  Acceptis  mandatis  Eoscius  a  Caesare 
Capuam  pervenit  ibique  consules  Pompeiumque  invenit; 
15  postulata  Caesaris  renuntiat.  Illi  deliberata  re  respondent 
scriptaque  ad  eum  mandata  remittunt,  quorum  haec  erat 
summa  :  Caesar  in  Galliam  reverteretur,  Arimino  excederet, 
exercitus  dimitteret ;  quae  si  fecisset,  Pompeium  in  His- 
panias  iturum.  Interea,  quoad  fides  esset  data  Caesarem 
20  facturum  quae  polliceretur,  non  intermissuros  consules  Pom¬ 
peiumque  delectus.  XI.  Erat  iniqua  condicio  postulare  ut 
Caesar  Arimino  excederet  atque  in  provinciam  reverteretur, 
ipsum  et  provincias  et  legiones  alienas  tenere ;  exercitum 
Caesaris  velle  dimitti,  delectus  habere  ;  polliceri  se  in  pro- 
25  vineiam  iturum,  neque  ante  quem  diem  iturus  sit  definire, 
ut,  si  peracto  consulatu  Caesaris  non  profectus  esset,  nulla 
tamen  mendacii  religione  obstrictus  videretur ;  tempus  vero 
colloquio  non  dare  neque  accessurum  polliceri  magnam  pacis 
desperationem  afferebat.  Itaque  ab  Arimino  M.  Antonium 
30  cum  cohortibus  v  Arretium  mittit ;  ipse  Arimini  cum  duabus 
subsistit  ibique  delectum  habere  instituit ;  Pisaurum,  Fa¬ 
num,  Anconam  singulis  cohortibus  occupat.  XII.  Interea 
certior  factus  Iguvium  Thermum  praetorem  cohortibus  v 
tenere,  oppidum  munire,  omniumque  esse  Iguvinorum  op- 
35  timam  erga  se  voluntatem.  Curionem  cum  tribus  cohortibus, 
quas  Pisauri  et  Arimini  habebat,  mittit.  Cujus  adventu 


COMM.  I.  GAP.  IX— XIV. 


17 


cognito  diffisus  municipii  voluntati  Thermus  cohortes  ex 
urbe  reducit  et  profugit.  Milites  in  itinere  ab  eo  discedunt 
ac  domum  revertuntur.  Curio  summa  omnium  voluntate 
Iguvium  recipit.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis  confisus  munici¬ 
piorum  voluntatibus  Caesar  cohortes  legionis  xiii  ex  prae-  5 
sidiis  deducit  Auximumque  proficiscitur;  quod  oppidum 
Attius  cohortibus  introductis  tenebat  delectumque  toto 
Piceno  circummissis  senatoribus  habebat.  XIII.  Adventu 
Caesaris  cognito  decuriones  Auximi  ad  Attium  Varum  fre¬ 
quentes  conveniunt ;  docent  sui  judicii  rem  non  esse  ;  neque  10 
se  neque  reliquos  municipes  pati  posse  C.  Caesarem  impera¬ 
torem,  bene  de  republica  meritum,  tantis  rebus  gestis, 
oppido  moenibusque  prohiberi ;  proinde  habeat  rationem 
posteritatis  et  periculi  sui.  Quorum  oratione  permotus 
Varus  praesidium  quod  introduxerat  ex  oppido  educit  ac  15 
profugit.  Hunc  ex  primo  ordine  pauci  Caesaris  consecuti 
milites  consistere  coegerunt.  Commisso  proelio  deseritur  a 
suis  V arus ;  nonnulla  pars  militum  domum  discedit ;  reliqui 
ad  Caesarem  perveniunt,  atque  una  cum  iis  deprensus  L. 
Pupius,  primi  pili  centurio,  adducitur,  qui  hunc  eundem  20 
ordinem  in  exercitu  Cn.  Pompeii  antea  duxerat.  At  Caesar 
milites  Attianos  collaudat,  Pupium  dimittit,  Auximatibus 
agit  gratias  seque  eorum  facti  memorem  fore  pollicetur. 
XIV.  Quibus  rebus  Eomam  nuntiatis  tantus  repente  terror 
invasit,  ut,  cum  Lentulus  consul  ad  aperiendum  aerarium  25 
venisset  ad  pecuniam  Pompeio  ex  senatusconsulto  proferen¬ 
dam,  protinus  aperto  sanctiore  aerario  ex  urbe  profugeret. 
Caesar  enim  adventare  jam  jamque  et  adesse  ejus  equites 
falso  nuntiabantur.  Hunc  Marcellus  collega  et  plerique 
magistratus  consecuti  sunt.  Cn.  Pompeius  pridie  ejus  diei  30 
ex  urbe  profectus  iter  ad  legiones  habebat,  quas  a  Caesare 
acceptas  in  Apulia  hibernorum  causa  disposuerat.  Delectus 
circa  urbem  intermittuntur ;  nihil  citra  Capuam  tutum  esse 
omnibus  videtur.  Capuae  primum  sese  confirmant  et  colli¬ 
gunt  delectumque  colonorum,  qui  lege  J ulia  Capuam  deducti  35 
erant,  habere  instituunt ;  gladiatoresque,  quos  ibi  Caesar  in 
2 


18 


BE  BELLO  CIVILI 


ludo  liabebat,  ad  forum  productos  Lentulus  spe  libertatis 
confirmat  atque  bis  equos  cattribuit  et  se  sequi  jussit ;  quos 
postea  monitus  ab  suis,  quod  ea  res  omnium  judicio  repre- 
li elidebatur,  circum  familias  conyentus  Campaniae  custodiae 
5  causa  distribuit.  XV.  Auximo  Caesar  progressus  omnem 
agrum  Picenum  percurrit.  Cunctae  earum  regionum  prae¬ 
fecturae  libentissimis  animus  eum  recipiunt  exercitumque 
ejus  omnibus  rebus  juvant.  Etiam  Cingulo,  quod  oppidum 
Labienus  constituerat  suaque  pecunia  exaedificaverat,  ad 
10  eum  legati  veniunt,  quaeque  imperaverit  se  cupidissime 
facturos  pollicentur.  Milites  imperat :  mittunt.  Interea 
legio  XII  Caesarem  consequitur.  Cum  bis  duabus  Asculum 
Picenum  proficiscitur.  Id  oppidum  Lentulus  Spinther  x 
cohortibus  tenebat;  qui  Caesaris  adventu  cognito  profugit 
15  ex  oppido  cobortesque  secum  abducere  conatus  magna  parte 
militum  deseritur.  Eelictus  in  itinere  cum  paucis  incidit  in 
Vibullium  Eufum  missum  a  Pompeio  in  agrum  Picenum 
confirmandorum  hominum  causa.  A  quo  factus  Vibullius 
certior  quae  res  in  Piceno  gererentur,  milites  ab  eo  accipit, 
20  ipsum  dimittit.  Item  ex  finitimis  regionibus  quas  potest 
contrahit  cohortes  ex  delectibus  Pompeianis ;  in  his  Came¬ 
rino  fugientem  Lucilium  Hirrum  cum  sex  cohortibus,  quas 
ibi  in  jiraesidio  habuerat,  excipit ;  quibus,  coactis  xiii  efficit. 
Cum  his  ad  Domitium  Ahenobarbum  Corfinium  magnis  iti- 
25  neribus  pervenit  Caesaremque  adesse  cum  legionibus  duabus 
nuntiat.  Domitius  per  se  circiter  xx  cohortes  Alba,  ex 
Marsis  et  Pelignis,  finitimis  ab  regionibus  coegerat.  XVI. 
Eecepto  Asculo  expulsoque  Lentulo  Caesar  conquiri  milites 
qui  ab  eo  discesserant,  delectumque  institui  jubet ;  ipse  unum 
30  diem  ibi  rei  frumentariae  causa  moratus  Corfinium  con- 
.  tendit.  Eo  cum  venisset,  cohortes  v  praemissae  a  Domitio  ex 
oppido  pontem  fluminis  interrumpebant,  qui  erat  ab  oppido 
milia  passuum  circiter  iii.  Ibi  cum  antecursoribus  Caesaris 
proelio  commisso  celeriter  Domitiani  a  ponte  repulsi  se  in  op- 
35  pidum  receperunt.  Caesar  legionibus  traductis  ad  oppidum 
constitit  juxtaque  murum  castra  posuit. 


COMM.  L  CAP.  XIV— XIX. 


19 


XVII.  Re  cognita  Domitius  ad  Pompeium  in  Apuliam 
peritos  regionum  magno  proposito  praemio  cum  litteris 
mittit,  qui  petant  atque  orent  ut  sibi  subveniat :  Caesarem 
duobus  exercitibus  et  locorum  angustiis  facile  intercludi 
posse  frumentoque  prohiberi.  Quod  nisi  fecerit,  se  colior-  5 
tesque  amplius  xxx  magnumque  numerum  senatorum  atque 
equitum  Romanorum  in  periculum  esse  venturum.  Interim 
suos  cohortatus  tormenta  in  muris  disponit  certasque  cuique 
partes  ad  custodiam  urbis  attribuit ;  militibus  in  contione 
agros  ex  suis  possessionibus  pollicetur,  quaterna  in  singulos  10 
jugera  et  pro  rata  parte  centurionibus  evocatisque.  XVIII. 
Interim  Caesari  nuntiatur  Sulmonenses,  quod  oppidum  a 
Corfinio  Yii  milium  intervallo  abest,  cupere  ea  facere  quae 
vellet,  sed  a  Q.  Lucretio  senatore  et  Attio  Peligno  prohiberi, 
qui  id  oppidum  yii  cohortium  praesidio  tenebant.  Mittit  15 
eo  M.  Antonium  cum  legionis  xiii  cohortibus  y.  Sulmo¬ 
nenses,  simul  atque  signa  nostra  viderunt,  portas  aperuerunt 
universique,  et  oppidani  et  milites,  obviam  gratulantes  An¬ 
tonio  exierunt.  Lucretius  et  Attius  de  muro  se  dejecerunt. 
Attius  ad  Antonium  deductus  petit  ut  ad  Caesarem  mit-  20 
teretur.  Antonius  cum  cohortibus  et  Attio,  eodem  die  quo 
profectus  erat,  revertitur.  Caesar  eas  cohortes  cum  exercitu 
suo  conjunxit  Attiumque  incolumem  dimisit.  Caesar  primis 
diebus  castra  magnis  operibus  munire  et  ex  finitimis  muni¬ 
cipiis  frumentum  comportare  reliquasque  copias  exspectare  25 
instituit.  Eo  triduo  legio  Yiii  ad  eum  venit  cohortesque  ex 
novis  Galliae  delectibus  xxii  equitesque  ab  rege  Xorico  cir¬ 
citer  ccc.  Quorum  adventu  altera  castra  ad  alteram  oppidi 
partem  ponit ;  his  castris  Curionem  praefecit.  Reliquis 
diebus  oppidum  vallo  castellisque  circumvenire  instituit.  30 
Cujus  operis  maxima  parte  efiecta  eodem  fere  tempore  missi 
a  Pompeio  revertuntur.  XIX.  Litteris  perlectis  Domitius 
dissimulans  in  concilio  pronuntiat  Pompeium  celeriter  sub¬ 
sidio  venturum  hortaturque  eos  ne  animo  deficiant,  quaeque 
usui  ad  defendendum  oppidum  sint  parent.  Ipse  arcano  cum  35 
paucis  familiaribus  suis  colloquitur  consiliumque  fugae  ca- 


20 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


BE  BELLO  CLVILL 


pere  constituit.  Cum  vultus  Domitii  cum  oratione  non 
consentiret  atque  omnia  trepidantius  timidiusque  ageret 
quam  superioribus  diebus  consuesset,  multumque  cum  suis 
consiliandi  causa  secreto  praeter  consuetudinem  colloquere¬ 
tur,  concilia  conventusque  hominum  fugeret,  res  diutius  tegi 
dissimulari  que  non  potuit.  Pompeius  enim  rescripserat  sese 
rem  in  summum  periculum  deducturum  non  esse,  neque  suo 
consilio  aut  voluntate  Domitium  se  in  oppidum  Corfinium 
contulisse  ;  proinde,  si  qua  fuisset  facultas,  ad  se  cum  om¬ 
nibus  copiis  veniret.  Id  ne  fieri  posset,  obsidione  atque 
oppidi  circummunitione  fiebat.  XX.  Divulgato  Domitii 
consilio  milites  qui  erant  Corfinii  jorima  vesperi  secessionem 
faciunt  atque  ita  inter  se  per  tribunos  militum  centuriones¬ 
que  atque  honestissimos  sui  generis  colloquuntur  :  obsideri 
se  a  Caesare ;  opera  munitionesque  prope  esse  perfectas ; 
ducem  suum  Domitium,  cujus  spe  atque  fiducia  permanse¬ 
rint,  projectis  omnibus  fugae  consilium  capere ;  debere  se 
suae  salutis  rationem  habere.  Ab  his  primo  Marsi  dissentire 
incipiunt  eamque  oppidi  partem  quae  munitissima  videre¬ 
tur  occupant,  tantaque  inter  eos  dissensio  exsistit,  ut  manum 
conserere  atque  armis  dimicare  conentur ;  post  paulo  tamen 
internuntiis  ultro  citroque  missis,  quae  ignorabant  de  L. 
Domitii  fuga  cognoscunt.  Itaque  omnes  uno  consilio  Domi¬ 
tium  productum  in  publicum  circumsistunt  et  custodiunt 
legatosque  ex  suo  numero  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  :  sese  para¬ 
tos  esse  portas  aperire  quaeque  imperaverit  facere  et  L. 
Domitium  vivum  ejus  potestati  tradere.  XXI.  Quibus  rebus 
cognitis  Caesar,  etsi  magni  interesse  arbitrabatur  quam 
primum  oppido  potiri  cohortesque  ad  se  in  castra  traducere, 
ne  qua  aut  largitionibus  aut  animi  confirmatione  aut  falsis 
nuntiis  commutatio  fieret  voluntatis,  quod  saepe  in  bello 
parvis  momentis  magni  casus  intercederent,  tamen  veritus 
ne  militum  introitu  et  nocturni  temporis  licentia  oppidum 
diriperetur,  eos  qui  venerant  collaudat  atque  in  oppidum 
dimittit,  portas  murosque  asservari  jubet.  Ipse  in  iis  ope¬ 
ribus  quae  facere  instituerat  milites  disponit,  non  certis 


COMM.  L  CAJ-.  XIX—XXIIl. 


21 


spatiis  intermissis,  nt  erat  superiorum  dierum  consuetudo, 
sed  perpetuis  vigiliis  stationibusque,  ut  contingant  inter  se 
atque  omnem  munitionem  exqdeant ;  tribunos  militum  et 
praefectos  circummittit  atque  hortatur  non  solum  ab  erup¬ 
tionibus  caveant,  sed  etiam  singulorum  hominum  occultos  5 
exitus  asservent.  ISTeque  vero  tam  remisso  ac  languido  animo 
quisquam  omnium  fuit,  qui  ea  nocte  conquieverit.  Tanta 
erat  summae  rerum  exspectatio,  ut  alius  in  aliam  partem 
mente  atque  animo  traheretur,  quid  ipsis  Corfiniensibus, 
quid  Domitio,  quid  Lentulo,  quid  reliquis  accideret,  qui  10 
quosque  eventus  exciperent.  XXII.  Quarta  vigilia  circiter 
Lentulus  Spinther  de  muro  cum  vigiliis  custodibusque  nos¬ 
tris  colloquitur  :  velle,  si  sibi  fiat  potestas,  Caesarem  con¬ 
venire.  Facta  potestate  ex  oppido  mittitur,  neque  ah  eo 
prius  Domitiani  milites  discedunt  quam  in  conspectum  15 
Caesaris  deducatur.  Cum  eo  de  salute  sua  agit,  orat  atque 
obsecrat  ut  sibi  parcat,  veteremque  amicitiam  commemorat 
Caesarisque  in  se  beneficia  exponit,  quae  erant  maxima  : 
quod  per  eum  in  collegium  pontificum  venerat,  quod  provin¬ 
ciam  Hispaniam  ex  praetura  habuerat,  quod  in  petitione  20 
consulatus  erat  sublevatus.  Cujus  orationem  Caesar  inter¬ 
pellat  :  se  non  maleficii  causa  ex  provincia  egressum,  sed  uti 
se  a  contumeliis  inimicorum  defenderet,  ut  tribunos  plebis 
in  ea  re  ex  civitate  expulsos  in  suam  dignitatem  restitueret, 
ut  se  et  populum  Eomanum  factione  paucorum  oppressum  25 
in  libertatem  vindicaret.  Cujus  oratione  confirmatus  Len¬ 
tulus  ut  in  oppidum  reverti  liceat  petit :  quod  de  sua  salute 
impetraverit,  fore  etiam  reliquis  ad  suam  spem  solatio  ;  adeo 
esse  perterritos  nonnullos,  ut  suae  vitae  durius  consulere 
cogantur.  Facta  potestate  discedit.  XXIII.  Caesar,  ubi  30 
luxit,  omnes  senatores  senatorumque  liberos,  tribunos  mili¬ 
tum  equitesque  Eomanos  ad  se  produci  jubet.  Erant  quin¬ 
que  ordinis  senatorii,  L.  Domitius,  P.  Lentulus  Spinther, 

L.  Caecilius  Eufus,  Sex.  Quintilius  Varus  quaestor,  L.  Eu- 
brius  ;  praeterea  filius  Domiti  aliique  complures  adolescentes  35 
et  magnus  numerus  equitum  Eomanorum  et  decurionum, 


22 


DE  BELLO  CIVLLL 


quos  ex  municipiis  Domitius  evocaverat.  Hos  omnes  pro¬ 
ductos  a  contumeliis  militum  conviciisque  prohibet  ;  pauca 
apud  eos  loquitur,  quod  sibi  a  parte  eorum  gratia  relata  non 
sit  pro  suis  in  eos  maximis  beneficiis  ;  dimittit  omnes  inco- 
5  lumes.  hs  lx,  quod  advexerat  Domitius  atque  in  publico  de¬ 
posuerat,  allatum  ad  se  a  duumviris  Corfiniensibus  Domitio 
reddit,  ne  continentior  in  vita  hominum  quam  in  pecunia 
fuisse  videatur,  etsi  eam  pecuniam  publicam  esse  constabat 
datamque  a  Pompeio  in  stipendium.  Milites  Domitianos 
10  sacramentum  apud  se  dicere  Jubet  atque  eo  die  castra  movet 
justumque  iter  conficit,  vii  omnino  dies  ad  Corfinium  com¬ 
moratus,  et  per  fines  Marrucinorum,  Frentanorum,  Larina¬ 
tium  in  Apuliam  pervenit. 

XXiy.  Pompeius,  his  rebus  cognitis  quae  erant  ad  Cor- 
15  finium  gestae,  Luceria  proficiscitur  Canusium  atque  inde 
Brundisium.  Copias  undique  omnes  ex  novis  delectibus  ad 
se  cogi  Jubet ;  servos,  pastores  armat  atque  iis  equos  attri¬ 
buit  ;  ex  his  circiter  ccc  equites  conficit.  L.  Manlius  praetor 
Alba  cum  cohortibus  sex  profugit,  Kutilius  Lupus  praetor 
20  Tarracina  cum  tribus  ;  quae  procul  equitatum  Caesaris  con¬ 
spicatae,  cui  praeerat  Vibius  Curius,  relicto  praetore  signa 
ad  Curium  transferunt  atque  ad  eum  transeunt.  Item  re¬ 
liquis  itineribus  nonnullae  cohortes  in  agmen  Caesaris,  aliae 
in  equites  incidunt.  Keducitur  ad  eum  deprensus  ex  itinere 
25  N.  Magius  Cremona,  praefectus  fabrum  Cn.  Pompeii.  Quem 
Caesar  ad  eum  remittit  cum  mandatis  :  quoniam  ad  id 
tempus  facultas  colloquendi  non  fuerit,  atque  ipse  Brun¬ 
disium  sit  venturus,  interesse  reipublicae  et  communis  salutis 
se  cum  Pompeio  colloqui  ;  neque  vero  idem  profici  longo 
30  itineris  spatio,  cum  per  alios  condiciones  ferantur,  ac  si  coram 
/  de  omnibus  condicionibus  disceptetur.  XXV.  His  datis 
mandatis  Brundisium  cum  legionibus  yi  pervenit,  veteranis 
III  et  reliquis  quas  ex  novo  delectu  confecerat  atque  in 
itinere  compleverat ;  Domitianas  enim  cohortes  protinus  a 
35  Corfinio  in  Siciliam  miserat.  Eeperit  consules  Dyrrhachium 
profectos  cum  magna  parte  exercitus,  Pompeium  remanere 


COMM.  L  CAP.  XXIII— XX  VI. 


23 


Brundisii  cum  cohortibus  viginti ;  iieque  certum  inveniri 
poterat,  obtinendine  Brundisii  causa  ibi  remansisset,  quo 
facilius  omne  Hadriaticum  mare  extremis  Italiae  j)artibus 
regionibusque  Graeciae  in  potestate  haberet  atque  ex  utra¬ 
que  parte  beUum  administrare  posset,  an  inopia  navium  5 
ibi  restitisset ;  veritusque  ne  ille  Italiam  dimittendam  non 
existimaret,  exitus  administrationesque  Brundisini  |)oi'Iu.s 
impedire  instituit.  Quorum  operum  haec  erat  ratio.  Qua 
fauces  erant  angustissimae  portus,  moles  atque  aggerem  ab 
utraque  parte  litoris  jaciebat,  quod  his  locis  erat  vadosum  10 
mare.  Longius  progressus,  cum  agger  altiore  aqua  con¬ 
tineri  non  posset,  rates  duplices  quoquoversus  pedum  xxx 
e  regione  molis  collocabat.  Has  quaternis  ancoris  ex  iiii 
angulis  destinabat,  ne  fluctibus  moverentur.  His  per¬ 
fectis  collocatisque  alias  deinceps  pari  magnitudine  rates  15 
jungebat.  Has  terra  atque  aggere  integebat,  ne  aditus 
atque  incursus  ad  defendendum  impediretur  ;  a  fronte  atque 
ab  utroque  latere  cratibus  ac  pluteis  protegebat ;  in  quarta 
quaque  earum  turres  binorum  tabulatorum  excitabat,  quo 
commodius  ab  impetu  navium  incendiisque  defenderet.  20 
XXVI.  Contra  haec  Pompeius  naves  magnas  onerarias,  quas 
in  portu  Brundisino  deprehenderat,  adornabat.  Ibi  turres 
cum  ternis  tabulatis  erigebat  easque  multis  tormentis  et 
omni  genere  telorum  completas  ad  opera  Caesaris  appellebat, 
ut  rates  perrumperet  atque  opera  disturbaret.  Sic  quotidie  25 
utrimque  eminus  fundis,  sagittis  reliquisque  telis  pugna¬ 
batur.  Atque  haec  Caesar  ita  administrabat,  ut  condiciones 
pacis  dimittendas  non  existimaret ;  ac  tametsi  magnopere 
admirabatur  Magium,  quem  ad  Pompeium  cum  mandatis 
miserat,  ad  se  non  remitti,  atque  ea  res  saepe  tentata  etsi  30 
impetus  ejus  consiliaque  tardabat,  tamen  omnibus  rebus  in 
.  eo  perseverandum  putabat.  Itaque  Caninium  Eebilum  le¬ 
gatum,  familiarem  necessariumque  Scriboni  Libonis,  mittit 
ad  eum  colloquii  causa  ;  mandat  ut  Libonem  de  concilianda 
pace  hortetur  ;  imprimis  ut  ipse  cum  Pompeio  colloquere-  35 
tur  postulat ;  magnopere  sese  confidere  demonstrat,  si  ejus 


24 


BE  BELLO  CIVILI 


rei  sit  potestas  facta,  fore  ut  aequis  condicionibus  ab  armis 
discedatur  ;  cujus  rei  magnam  partem  laudis  atque  existima¬ 
tionis  ad  Libonem  perventuram,  si  illo  auctore  atque  agente 
ab  armis  sit  discessum.  Libo  a  colloquio  Canini  digressus  ad 
5  Pompeium  proficiscitur.  Paulo  post  renuntiat,  quod  con¬ 
sules  absint,  sine  illis  non  posse  agi  de  compositione.  Ita 
saepius  rem  frustra  tentatam  Caesar  aliquando  dimittendam 
sibi  judicat  et  de  bello  agendum.  XXVII.  Prope  dimidia 
parte  operis  a  Caesare  efiecta  diebusque  in  ea  re  consumptis 
10  Yiiii,  naves  a  consulibus  Dyrrhachio  remissae,  quae  priorem 
partem  exercitus  eo  deportaverant,  Brundisium  revertuntur. 
Pompeius  sive  operibus  Caesaris  permotus,  sive  etiam  quod 
ab  initio  Italia  excedere  constituerat,  adventu  navium  pro¬ 
fectionem  parare  incipit,  et  quo  facilius  impetum  Caesaris 
15  tardaret,  ne  sub  ipsa  ^profectione  milites  oppidum  irrumpe¬ 
rent,  portas  obstruit,  vicos  platcasque  inaedificat,  fossas 
transversas  viis  praeducit  atque  ibi  sudes  stipitesque  praea¬ 
cutos  defigit.  Haec  levibus  cratibus  terraque  inaequat ; 
aditus  autem  atque  itinera  duo  quae  extra  murum  ad  portum 
20  ferebant,  maximis  defixis  trabibus  atque  eis  praeacutis  prae- 
sepit.  His  paratis  rebus  milites  silentio  naves  conscendere 
jubet,  expeditos  autem  ex  evocatis,  sagittariis  funditoribus¬ 
que  raros  in  muro  turribusque  disponit.  Hos  certo  signo 
revocare  constituit,  ciim  omnes  milites  naves  conscendissent, 
25  atque  iis  expedito  loco  actuaria  navigia  relinquit.  XXVIII. 
Brundisini  Pompeianorum  militum  injuriis  atque  ipsius 
Pompeii  contumeliis  permoti  Caesaris  rebus  favebant.  Itaque 
cognita  Pompeii  profectione  concursantibus  illis  atque  in 
ea  re  occupatis  vulgo  ex  tectis  significabant.  Per  quos  re 
30  cognita  Caesar  scalas  parari  militesque  armari  jubet,  ne 
quam  rei  gerendae  facultatem  dimittat.  Pompeius  sub 
noctem  naves  solvit.  Qui  erant  in  muro  custodiae  causa 
collocati,  eo  signo  quod  convenerat  revocantur  notisque 
itineribus  ad  naves  decurrunt.  Milites  positis  scalis  muros 
35  ascendunt,  sed  moniti  a  Brundisinis  ut  valhim  caecum 
fossasque  caveant,  subsistunt  et  longo  itinere  ab  his  circum- 


COMM.  L  CAP.  XXVI— XXX. 


25 


ducti  ad  portum  perveniunt  duasque  naves  cum  militibus, 
quae  ad  moles  Caesaris  adhaeserant,  scaphis  lintribusque  re¬ 
prehendunt,  reprehensas  excipiunt.  XXIX.  Caesar,  etsi  ad 
spem  conficiendi  negotii  maxime  probabat  coactis  navibus 
mare  transire  et  Pompeium  sequi  priusquam  ille  sese  trans-  5 
marinis  auxiliis  confirmaret,  tamen  ejus  rei  moram  tempo¬ 
risque  longinquitatem  timebat,  quod  omnibus  coactis  navibus 
Pompeius  praesentem  facultatem  insequendi  sui  ademerat. 
Eelinquebatur  ut  ex  longinquioribus  regionibus  Galliae 
Picenique  et  a  freto  naves  essent  exspectandae.  Id  propter  10 
anni  tempus  longum  atque  impeditum  videbatur.  Interea 
veterem  exercitum,  duas  Hispanias  confirmari,  quarum  erat 
altera  maximis  beneficiis  Pompeii  devincta,  auxilia,  equita¬ 
tum  parari,  Galliam  Italiamque  tentari  se  absente  nolebat. 

XXX.  Itaque  in  praesentia  Pompeii  sequendi  rationem  15 
omittit,  in  Hispaniam  proficisci  constituit ;  duumviris  muni¬ 
cipiorum  omnium  imperat  ut  naves  conquirant  Brundisium- 
que  deducendas  curent.  Mittit  in  Sardiniam  cum  legione 
una  Valerium  legatum,  in  Siciliam  Curionem  pro  praetore 
cum  legionibus  ii ;  eundem,  cum  Siciliam  recepisset,  pro-  20 
tinus  in  Africam  traducere  exercitum  jubet.  Sardiniam 
obtinebat  M.  Cotta,  Siciliam  M.  Cato  ;  Africam  sorte  Tubero 
obtinere  debebat.  Caralitani,  simul  ad  se  Valerium  mitti 
audierunt,  nondum  profecto  ex  Italia,  sua  sponte  Cottam  ex 
oppido  ejiciunt.  Ille  perterritus,  quod  omnem  provinciam  25 
consentire  intellegebat,  ex  Sardinia  in  Africam  profugit. 
Cato  in  Sicilia  naves  longas  veteres  reficiebat,  novas  civita¬ 
tibus  imperabat.  Haec  magno  studio  agebat.  In  Lucanis 
Bruttiisque  per  legatos  suos  civium  Romanorum  delectus 
habebat,  equitum  peditumque  certum  numerum  a  civitatibus  30 
Siciliae  exigebat.  Quibus  rebus  paene  perfectis  adventu 
Curionis  cognito  queritur  in  contione  sese  projectum  ac 
proditum  a  Cn.  Pompeio,  qui  omnibus  rebus  imparatissimis 
non  necessarium  bellum  suscepisset  et  ab  se  reliquisque  in 
senatu  interrogatus  omnia  sibi  esse  ad  bellum  apta  ac  parata  35 
confirmavisset.  Haec  in  contione  questus  ex  provincia  fugit. 


2G 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


XXXI.  Xacti  vacuas  ab  imperiis  Sardiniam  Valerius,  Curio 
Siciliam,  cum  exercitibus  eo  perveniunt.  Tubero,  cum  in 
Africam  venisset,  invenit  in  provincia  cum  imperio  At¬ 
tium  Varum ;  qui  ad  Auximum,  ut  supra  demonstravimus, 
5  amissis  cohortibus  protinus  ex  fuga  in  Africam  pervenerat 
atque  eam  sua  sponte  vacuam  occupaverat  delectuque  habito 
duas  legiones  effecerat,  hominum  et  locorum  notitia  et  usn 
ejus  provinciae  nactus  aditus  ad  ea  conanda,  quod  paucis 
ante  annis  ex  praetura  eam  provinciam  obtinuerat.  Hic 
10  venientem  Uticam  navibus  Tuberonem  portu  atque  oppido 
prohibet  neque  affectum  valetudine  filium  exponere  in  ter¬ 
ram  patitur,  sed  sublatis  ancoris  excedere  eo  loco  cogit. 
XXXII.  His  rebus  confectis  Caesar,  ut  reliquum  tempus  a 
labore  intermitteretur,  milites  in  proxima  municipia  dedu- 
15  cit ;  ipse  ad  urbem  proficiscitur.  Coacto  senatu  injurias 
inimicorum  commemorat.  Docet  se  nullum  extraordina¬ 
rium  honorem  appetisse,  sed  exspectato  legitimo  tempore 
consulatus,  eo  fuisse  contentum  quod  omnibus  civibus  pa¬ 
teret.  Latum  ab  x  tribunis  plebis,  contradicentibus  inimicis, 
20  Catone  vero  acerrime  repugnante  et  pristina  consuetudine 
dicendi  mora  dies  extrahente,  ut  sui  ratio  absentis  haberetur, 
ipso  consule  Pom^oeio  ;  qui  si  improbasset,  cur  ferri  passus 
esset  ?  si  probasset,  cur  se  uti  populi  beneficio  prohibuisset  ? 
Patientiam  proponit  suam,  cum  de  exercitibus  dimittendis 
25  ultro  postulavisset ;  in  quo  jacturam  dignitatis  atque  honoris 
ipse  facturus  esset.  Acerbitatem  inimicorum  docet,  qui 
quod  ab  altero  postularent,  in  se  recusarent  atque  omnia 
permisceri  mallent  quam  imperium  exercitusque  dimittere. 
Injuriam  in  eripiendis  legionibus  praedicat,  crudelitatem  et 
30  insolentiam  in  circumscribendis  tribunis  plebis  ;  condiciones 
a  se  latas,  expetita  colloquia  et  denegata  commemorat.  Pro 
quibus  rebus  hortatur  ac  postulat  ut  rempublicam  suscipiant 
atque  una  secum  administrent.  Sin  timore  defugiant,  illis 
se  oneri  non  futurum  et  per  se  rempublicam  administratu- 
35  rum.  Legatos  ad  Pompeium  de  compositione  mitti  opor¬ 
tere  ;  neque  se  reformidare,  quod  in  senatu  Pompeius  paulo 


COMM.  L  CAP.  XXXI— XXXV  27 

ante  dixisset,  ad  quos  legati  mitterentur,  liis  auctoritatem 
attribui,  timoremque  eorum  qui  mitterent  significari.  Ten¬ 
uis  atque  infirmi  baec  animi  videri.  Se  vero,  ut  operibus 
anteire  studuerit,  sic  justitia  et  aequitate  velle  superare. 
XXXIII.  Probat  rem  senatus  de  mittendis  legatis  ;  sed  qui  5 
mitterentur  non  reperiebantur,  maximeque  timoris  causa 
pro  se  quisque  id  munus  legationis  recusabat.  Pompeius 
enim  discedens  ab  urbe  in  senatu  dixerat  eodem  se  habitu¬ 
rum  loco  qui  Komae  remansissent  et  qui  in  castris  Caesaris 
fuissent.  Sic  triduum  disputationibus  excusationibusque  10 
extrahitur.  Subjicitur  etiam  L.  Metellus,  tribunus  plebis, 
ab  inimicis  Caesaris,  qui  hanc  rem  distrahat  reliquasque  res, 
quascumque  agere  instituerit,  impediat.  Cujus  cognito  con¬ 
silio  Caesar  frustra  diebus  aliquot  consumptis,  ne  reliquum 
tempus  amittat,  infectis  iis  quae  agere  destinaverat,  ab  urbe  15 
proficiscitur  atque  in  ulteriorem  Galliam  pervenit. 

XXXIV.  Quo  cum  venisset,  cognoscit  missum  in  Hispa¬ 
niam  a  Pompeio  Vibullium  Eufum,  quem  paucis  ante  diebus 
Corfinio  captum  ipse  dimiserat ;  profectum  item  Domitium  20 
ad  occupandam  Massiliam  navibus  actuariis  septem,  quas 
Igili  et  in  Cosano  a  privatis  coactas  servis,  libertis,  colonis 
suis  compleverat ;  praemissos  etiam  legatos  Massilienses 
domum,  nobiles  adolescentes,  quos  ab  urbe  discedens  Pom¬ 
peius  erat  adhortatus  ne  nova  Caesaris  ofl&cia  veterum  su-  25 
orum  beneficiorum  in  eos  memoriam  expellerent.  Quibus 
mandatis  acceptis  Massilienses  portas  Caesari  clauserant ; 
Albicos,  barbaros  homines,  qui  in  eorum  fide  antiquitus 
erant  montesque  supra  Massiliam  incolebant,  ad  se  voca¬ 
verant  ;  frumentum  ex  finitimis  regionibus  atque  ex  omnibus  30 
castelhs  in  urbem  convexerant ;  armorum  ofiicinas  in  urbe 
instituerant ;  muros,  portas,  classem  reficiebant.  XXXV. 
Evocat  ad  se  Caesar  Massilia  xv  primos.  Cum  his  agit,  ne 
initium  inferendi  belli  ab  Massiliensibus  oriatur  :  debere  eos 
Italiae  totius  auctoritatem  sequi  potius  quam  unius  hominis  35 
voluntati  obtemperare.  Keliqua  quae  ad  eorum  sanandas 


BOSTON  COUeSGlE 

chestnut  Hll-i*» 


2S 


BE  BELLO  CIVILI 


mentes  pertinere  arbitrabatur  commemorat.  Cujus  orati¬ 
onem  legati  domum  referunt  atque  ex  auctoritate  haec 
Caesari  renuntiant :  intellegere  se  diyisum  esse  populum 
Eomanum  in  duas  partes.  Neque  sui  judicii  neque  suarum 
5  esse  yirium  discernere  utra  pars  justiorem  liabeat  causam. 
Principes  yero  esse  earum  partium  Cn.  Pompeium  et  C. 
Caesarem,  patronos  ciyitatis  ;  quorum  alter  agros  Volcarum 
Arecomicorum  et  Helyiorum  publice  iis  concesserit,  alter 
bello  yictos  Sallyas  attribuerit  yectigaliaque  auxerit.  Quare 
10  paribus  eorum  beneficiis  parem  se  quoque  yoluntatem  tri¬ 
buere  debere  et  neutrum  eorum  contra  alterum  juyare  aut 
urbe  aut  portibus  recipere.  XXXVI.  Haec  dum  inter  eos 
aguntur,  Domitius  nayibus  Massiliam  peryenit  atque  ab  iis 
receptus  urbi  praeficitur ;  summa  ei  belli  administrandi  per- 
15  mittitur.  Ejus  imperio  classem  quoquoyersus  dimittunt  ; 
onerarias  nayes  quas  ubique  possunt  deprehendunt  atque 
in  portum  deducunt,  parum  clayis  aut  materia  atque  arma¬ 
mentis  instructis  ad  reliquas  armandas  reficiendasque  utun¬ 
tur  ;  frumenti  quod  inyentum  est,  in  publicum  conferunt  ; 
20  reliquas  merces  commeatusque  ad  obsidionem  urbis,  si  acci¬ 
dat,  reseryant.  Quibus  injuriis  permotus  Caesar  legiones 
tres  Massiliam  adducit ;  turres  yineasque  ad  oppugnationem 
urbis  agere,  nayes  longas  Arelate  numero  xii  facere  instituit. 
Quibus  effectis  armatisque  diebus  xxx  a  qua  die  materia 
25  caesa  est,  adductisque  Massiliam,  his  D.  Brutum  praeficit, 
C.  Trebonium  legatum  ad  oppugnationem  Massiliae  relin¬ 
quit. 

XXXVII.  Dum  haec  parat  atque  administrat,  C.  Fabium 
legatum  cum  legionibus  iii,  quas  Narbone  circumque  ea 
30  loca  hiemandi  causa  disposuerat,  in  Hispaniam  praemittit 
celeriterque  saltus  Pyrenaeos  occupari  jubet,  qui  eo  tempore 
ab  L.  Afranio  legato  praesidiis  tenebantur.  Eeliquas  le¬ 
giones,  quae  longius  hiemabant,  subsequi  jubet.  Fabius,  ut 
erat  imperatum,  adhibita  celeritate  praesidium  ex  saltu  de- 
35  jecit  magnisque  itineribus  ad  exercitum  Afranii  contendit. 
XXXVIII.  Adyentu  L.  Vibullii  Eufi,  quem  a  Pompeio  mis- 


COMM.  L  CAP.  XXXV— XL. 


29 


sum  in  Hispaniam  demonstratum  est,  Afranius  et  Petreius 
et  Varro,  legati  Pompeii,  quorum  unus  Hispaniam  citeriorem 
tribus  legionibus,  alter  ulteriorem  a  saltu  Castulonensi  ad 
Anam  duabus  legionibus,  tertius  ab  Ana  Vettonum  agrum 
Lusitaniamque  pari  numero  legionum  obtinebat,  officia  inter  5 
se  partiuntur,  uti  Petreius  ex  Lusitania  per  Vettones  cum 
omnibus  co|)iis  ad  Afranium  proficiscatur,  Varro  cum  iis 
quas  habebat  legionibus  omnem  ulteriorem  Hispaniam  tuea¬ 
tur.  His  rebus  constitutis  equites  auxiliaque  toti  Lusitaniae 
a  Petreio,  Celtiberiae,  Cantabris  barbarisque  omnibus  qui  10 
ad  Oceanum  pertinent,  ab  Afranio  imperantur.  Quibus 
coactis  celeriter  Petreius  per  Vettones  ad  Afranium  peryenit, 
constituuntque  communi  consilio  bellum  ad  Ilerdam  propter 
ipsius  loci  opportunitatem  gerere.  XXXIX.  Erant,  ut  supra 
demonstratum  est,  legiones  Afranii  iii,  Petreii  duae,  prae-  15 
terea  scutatae  citerioris  provinciae  et  cetratae  ulterioris 
Hispaniae  cohortes  circiter  Lxxx  equitumque  utriusque  pro¬ 
vinciae  circiter  v  milia.  Caesar  legiones  in  Hispaniam  prae¬ 
miserat  VI,  auxilia  peditum  .  .  milia,  equitum  iii  milia  quae 
omnibus  superioribus  bellis  habuerat,  et  parem  ex  Gallia  20 
numerum,  quam  ipse  pacaverat,  nominatim  ex  omnibus  civi¬ 
tatibus  nobilissimo  quoque  evocato,  huc  .  .  optimi  generis 
hominum  ex  Aquitanis  montanisque  qui  Galliam  provinciam 
attingunt.  Audierat  Pompeium  per  Mauritaniam  cum  le¬ 
gionibus  iter  in  Hispaniam  facere  confestimque  esse  ventu-  25 
rum.  Simul  a  tribunis  militum  centurionibusque  mutuas 
pecunias  sumpsit ;  has  exercitui  distribuit.  Quo  facto 
duas  res  consecutus  est,  quod  pignore  animos  centurionum 
devinxit  et  largitione  militum  voluntates  redemit.  XL. 
Fabius  finitimarum  civitatum  animos  litteris  nuntiisque  ten-  30 
tabat.  In  Sicore  flumine  j)ontes  effecerat  duos  distantes 
inter  se  milia  passuum  quattuor.  His  pontibus  pabulatum 
mittebat,  quod  ea  quae  citra  flumen  fuerant  superioribus 
diebus  consumpserat.  Hoc  idem  fere  atque  eadem  de  causa 
Pompeiani  exercitus  duces  faciebant,  crebroque  inter  se  35 
equestribus  proeliis  contendebant.  Huc  cum  quotidiana 


30 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


consuetudine,  egressae  pabulatoribus  praesidio,  propiore 
ponte  legiones  Fabianae  duae  flumen  transissent  impedimen¬ 
taque  et  omnis  equitatus  sequeretur,-  subito  vi  ventorum  et 
aquae  magnitudine  23ons  est  intermistus  et  reliqua  multitudo 
5  equitum  interclusa.  Quo  cognito  a  Pctreio  et  Afranio  ex 
aggere  atque  cratibus  quae  flumine  ferebantur,  celeriter  suo 
ponte  Afranius,  quem  oppido  castrisque  conjunctum  habe¬ 
bat,  legiones  iii  equitatumque  omnem  trajecit  duabusquc 
Fabianis  occurrit  legionibus.  Cujus  adventu  nuntiato  L. 
10  Plancus,  qui  legionibus  praeerat,  necessaria  re  coactus, 
locum  capit  superiorem  diversamque  aciem  in  duas  partes 
constituit,  ne  ab  equitatu  circumveniri  posset.  Ita  congres¬ 
sus  impari  numero  magnos  impetus  legionum  equitatusque 
sustinet.  Commisso  ab  equitibus  proelio  signa  legionum 
15  duarum  procul  ab  utrisque  conspiciuntur,  quas  C.  Fabius 
ulteriore  ponte  subsidio  nostris  miserat,  suspicatus  fore  id 
quod  accidit,  ut  duces  adversariorum  occasione  et  beneflcio 
fortunae  ad  nostros  opprimendos  uterentur.  Quarum  ad¬ 
ventu  proelium  dirimitur  ac  suas  uterque  legiones  reducit  in 
20  castra. 

XLI.  Eo  biduo  Caesar  cum  equitibus  dcccc,  quos  sibi 
praesidio  reliquerat,  in  castra  pervenit.  Pons  qui  fuerat 
tempestate  interruptus  paene  erat  refectus  :  hunc  nocte 
perfici  jussit.  Ipse,  cognita  locorum  natura,  ponti  castrisque 
25  praesidio  sex  cohortes  reliquit  atque  omnia  impedimenta,  et 
postero  die  omnibus  copiis  triplici  instructa  acie  ad  Ilerdam 
]3roficiscitur  et  sub  castris  Afranii  constitit,  et  ibi  paulisper 
sub  armis  moratus  facit  aequo  loco  pugnandi  potestatem. 
Potestate  facta  Afranius  copias  educit  et  in  medio  colle  sub 
30  castris  constituit.  Caesar,  ubi  cognovit  per  Afranium  stare 
quominus  proelio  dimicaretur,  ab  infimis  radicibus  montis 
intermissis  circiter  passibus  cccc  castra  facere  constituit  et, 
ne  in  opere  faciundo  milites  repentino  hostium  incursu  ex¬ 
terrerentur  atque  opere  prohiberentur,  vallo  muniri  vetuit, 
35  quod  eminere  et  procul  videri  necesse  erat,  sed  a  fronte 
contra  hostem  pedum  xv  fossam  fieri  jussit.  Prima  et 


COMM.  I.  CAP.  XL—XLIV. 


31 


secunda  acies  in  armis,  ut  ab  initio  constituta  erat,  permane¬ 
bat  ;  post  lios  opus  in  occulto  a  iii  acie  fiebat.  Sic  omno 
prius  est  perfectum  quam  intellegeretur  ab  Afranio  castra 
muniri.  Sub  vesperum  Caesar  intra  lianc  fossam  legiones  re¬ 
ducit  atque  ibi  sub  armis  proxima  nocte  conquiescit.  XLII.  5 
Postero  die  omnem  exercitum  intra  fossam  continet  et,  quod 
longius  erat  agger  j)etendus,  in  praesentia  similem  rationem 
operis  instituit  singulaque  latera  castrorum  singulis  attribuit 
legionibus  munienda,  fossasque  ad  eandem  magnitudinem 
perfici  jubet ;  reliquas  legiones  in  armis  expeditas  contra  10 
hostem  constituit.  Afranius  Petreiusque  terrendi  causa 
atque  operis  impediendi  copias  suas  ad  infimas  montis  ra¬ 
dices  producunt  et  proelio  lacessunt,  neque  idcirco  Caesar 
opus  intermittit,  confisus  praesidio  legionum  trium  et  mu¬ 
nitione  fossae.  Illi  non  diu  commorati  nec  longius  ab  in-  15 
fimo  colle  progressi  copias  in  castra  reducunt.  Tertio  die 
Caesar  vallo  castra  communit,  reliquas  cohortes,  quas  in 
superioribus  castris  reliquerat,  impedimentaque  ad  se  traduci 
jubet.  XLIII.  Erat  inter  oppidum  Ilerdam  et  proximum 
collem,  ubi  castra  Petreius  atque  Afranius  habebant,  plani-  20 
ties  circiter  passuum  ccc,  atque  in  hoc  fere  medio  spatio 
tumulus  erat  paulo  editior ;  quem  si  occupavisset  Caesar  et 
communisset,  ab  oppido  et  ponte  et  commeatu  omni  quem 
in  oppidum  contulerant,  se  interclusurum  adversarios  con¬ 
fidebat.  Hoc  sperans  legiones  iii  ex  castris  educit  acieque  25 
in  locis  idoneis  instructa  unius  legionis  antesignanos  procur¬ 
rere  atque  eum  tumulum  occupare  jubet.  Qua  re  cognita 
celeriter  quae  in  statione  pro  castris  erant  Afrani  cohortes 
breviore  itinere  ad  eundem  occupandum  locum  mittuntur. 
Contenditur  proelio  et,  quod  prius  in  tumulum  Afraniani  30 
venerant,  nostri  repelluntur  atque  aliis  summissis  subsidiis 
terga  vertere  seque  ad  signa  legionum  recipere  coguntur, 
XLIV.  Cenus  erat  pugnae  militum  illorum,  ut  magno  impetu 
primo  procurrerent,  amdacter  locum  caperent,  ordines  suos 
non  magnopere  servarent,  rari  dispersique  pugnarent ;  si  pre-  35 
merentur,  pedem  referre  et  loco  excedere  non  turpe  existi- 


32 


BE  BELLO  CLVLLL 


marent,  cum  Lusitanis  reliquisque  barbaris  barbaro  genere 
quodam  pugnae  assuefacti ;  quod  fere  fit,  quibus  quisque  in 
locis  miles  inycterayerit,  ut  multum  earum  regionum  con¬ 
suetudine  moyeatur.  Haec  tum  ratio  nostros  perturbayit 
5  insuetos  liujus  generis  pugnae ;  circumiri  enim  sese  ab 
aperto  latere  procurrentibus  singulis  arbitrabantur ;  ipsi 
autem  suos  ordines  seryare  neque  ab  signis  discedere  neque 
sine  grayi  causa  eum  locum  quem  ceperant  dimitti  censue- 
rant  oportere.  Itaque  perturbatis  antesignanis  legio  quae 
10  in  eo  cornu  constiterat  locum  non  tenuit  atque  in  proximum 
collem  sese  recepit.  XLV.  Caesar  paene  omni  acie  perter¬ 
rita,  quod  praeter  opinionem  consuetudinemque  acciderat, 
cohortatus  suos  legionem  nonam  subsidio  ducit ,  hostem 
insolenter  atque  acriter  nostros  insequentem  supprimit  rur- 
15  susque  terga  yertere  seque  ad  oppidum  Ilerdam  recipere  et 
sub  muro  consistere  cogit.  Sed  nonae  legionis  milites  elati 
studio,  dum  sarcire  acceptum  detrimentum  yolunt,  temere 
inseeuti  longius  fugientes,  in  locum  iniquum  progrediuntur 
et  sub  montem  in  quo  erat  oppidum  positum  Ilerda  succe- 
20  dunt.  Hinc  se  recipere  cum  yellent,  rursus  illi  ex  loco 
superiore  nostros  premebant.  Praeruptus  locus  erat,  utra¬ 
que  ex  parte  directus,  ac  tantum  in  latitudinem  patebat,  ut 
tres  instructae  cohortes  eum  locum  explerent,  ut  neque  sub¬ 
sidia  a  lateribus  summitti  neque  equites  laborantibus  usui 
25  esse  possent.  Ab  oppido  autem  decliyis  locus  tenui  fastigio 
yergebat  in  longitudinem  passuum  circiter  cccc.  Hac  nos¬ 
tris  erat  receptus,  quod  eo  incitati  studio  inconsultius  pro¬ 
cesserant  ;  hoc  pugnabatur  loco,  et  propter  angustias  iniquo 
et  quod  sub  ipsis  radicibus  montis  constiterant,  ut  nullum 
30  frustra  telum  in  eos  mitteretur.  Tamen  yirtute  et  patientia 
nitebantur  atque  omnia  yulnera  sustinebant.  Augebatur 
illis  copia  atque  ex  castris  cohortes  per  oppidum  crebro  sum- 
mittebantur,  ut  integri  defessis  succederent.  Hoc  idem 
Caesar  facere  cogebatur,  ut  summissis  in  eundem  locum 
35  cohortibus  defessos  reciperet.  XL VI.  Hoc  cum  esset  modo 
pugnatum  continenter  horis  quinque,  nostrique  grayius  a 


COMM.  I.  GAP.  XLIV—XLVni 


33 


multitudine  premerentur,  consumptis  omnibus  telis  gladiis 
destrictis  impetum  adversus  montem  in  cohortes  faciunt 
paucisque  dejectis  reliquos  sese  convertere  cogunt.  Sum- 
motis  sub  murum  cohortibus  ac  nonnulla  parte  propter 
terrorem  in  oppidum  compulsis  facilis  est  nostris  receptus  5 
datus.  Equitatus  autem  noster  ab  utroque  latere,  etsi  de¬ 
jectis  atque  inferioribus  locis  constiterat,  tamen  summa  in 
jugum  virtute  connititur  atque  inter  duas  acies  perequitans 
commodiorem  ac  tutiorem  nostris  receptum  dat.  Ita  vario 
certamine  pugnatum  est.  Nostri  in  primo  congressu  circiter  10 
Lxx  ceciderunt,  in  his  Q.  Eulginius  ex  primo  hastato  le¬ 
gionis  xiiii,  qui  propter  eximiam  virtutem  ex  inferioribus 
ordinibus  in  eum  locum  pervenerat ;  vulnerantur  amplius 
DC.  Ex  Afranianis  interficiuntur  T.  Caecilius,  primi  pili 
centurio,  et  praeter  eum  centuriones  iiii,  milites  amplius  15 
cc.  XLVII.  Sed  haec  ejus  diei  praefertur  opinio,  ut  se 
utrique  superiores  discessisse  existimarent :  Afraniani,  quod, 
cum  esse  omnium  judicio  inferiores  viderentur,  comminus 
tam  diu  stetissent  et  nostrorum  impetum  sustinuissent  et 
initio  locum  tumulumque  tenuissent  quae  causa  pugnandi  20 
fuerat,  et  nostros  primo  congressu  terga  vertere  coegissent ; 
nostri  autem,  quod  iniquo  loco  atque  impari  congressi  nu¬ 
mero  quinque  horis  proelium  sustinuissent,  quod  montem 
gladiis  destrictis  ascendissent,  quod  ex  loco  superiore  terga 
vertere  adversarios  coegissent  atque  in  oppidum  compulis-  25 
sent.  Illi  eum  tumulum  pro  quo  pugnatum  est  magnis 
oj)eribus  munierunt  praesidiumque  ibi  posuerunt.  XLYIII. 
Accidit  etiam  repentinum  incommodum  biduo  quo  haec 
gesta  sunt.  Tanta  enim  tempestas  cooritur,  ut  numquam 
illis  locis  majores  aquas  fuisse  constaret.  Tum  autem  ex  30 
omnibus  montibus  nives  proluit  ac  summas  ripas  fiuminis 
superavit  pontesque  ambo  quos  0.  Fabius  fecerat  uno  die 
interrupit.  Quae  res  magnas  difficultates  exercitui  Cae¬ 
saris  attulit.  Castra  enim,  ut  supra  demonstratum  est, 
cum  essent  inter  flumina  duo,  Sicorim  et  Cingam,  spatio  35 
milium  xxx,  neutrum  horum  transiri  poterat,  necessarioque 
3 


34 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


omnes  his  angustiis  continebantur.  Neque  civitates  quae 
ad  Caesaris  amicitiam  accesserant  frumentum  supportare, 
neque  ii  qui  pabulatum  longius  jorogressi  erant,  interclusi 
fluminibus  reverti,  neque  maximi  commeatus  qui  ex  Italia 
5  Galliaque  veniebant  in  castra  pervenire  poterant.  Tempus 
erat  autem  difiicillimum,  quo  neque  frumenta  in  hibernis 
erant  neque  multum  a  maturitate  aberant,  ac  civitates  ex¬ 
inanitae,  quod  Afranius  paene  omne  frumentum  ante  Cae¬ 
saris  adventum  Ilerdam  convexerat,  reliqui  si  quid  fuerat, 
10  Caesar  superioribus  diebus  consumpserat;  pecora,  quod  se¬ 
cundum  poterat  esse  inopiae  subsidium,  propter  bellum  fini¬ 
timae  civitates  longius  removerant.  Qui  erant  pabulandi 
aut  frumentandi  causa  progressi,  hos  levis  armaturae  Lusi¬ 
tani  peritique  earum  regionum  cetrati  citerioris  Hispaniae 
15  consectabantur ;  quibus  erat  proclive  tranare  flumen,  quod 
consuetudo  eorum  omnium  est,  ut  sine  utribus  ad  exercitum 
non  eant.  XLIX.  At  exercitus  Afrani  omnium  rerum  ab¬ 
undabat  copia.  Multum  erat  frumentum  provisum  et  con¬ 
vectum  superioribus  temporibus,  multum  ex  omni  provineia 
20  comportabatur;  magna  copia  pabuli  suppetebat.  Harum 
omnium  rerum  facultates  sine  ullo  periculo  pons  Ilerdae 
praebebat  et  loca  trans  flumen  integra,  quo  omnino  Caesar 
adire  non  poterat.  L.  Hae  permanserunt  aquae  dies  com¬ 
plures.  Conatus  est  Caesar  reficere  pontes,  sed  nec  magni- 
25  tudo  fluminis  permittebat  neque  ad  ripam  dispositae  cohortes 
adversariorum  perfici  patiebantur ;  quod  illis  prohibere  erat 
facile,  cum  ipsius  fluminis  natura  atque  aquae  magnitudine, 
tum  quod  ex  totis  ripis  in  unum  atque  angustum  locum  tela 
jaciebantur ;  atque  erat  difficile  eodem  tempore  rapidissimo 
30  flumine  opera  perficere  et  tela  vitare.  LI.  Nuntiatur  Afranio 
magnos  commeatus,  qui  iter  habebant  ad  Caesarem,  ad  flu¬ 
men  constitisse.  Venerant  eo  sagittarii  ex  Eutenis,  equites 
ex  Gallia  cum  multis  carris  magnisque  impedimentis,  ut  fert 
Gallica  consuetudo.  Erant  praeterea  cujusque  generis  homi- 
35  num  milia  circiter  vi  cum  servis  liberisque  ;  sed  nullus  ordo, 
nullum  imperium  certum,  cuni  suo’  quisque  consilio  uteretur 


COMM.  I.  CAP.  XLVIII—LIV. 


35 


atque  omnes  sine  timore  iter  facerent,  usi  superiorum  tem¬ 
porum  atque  itinerum  licentia.  Erant  complures  honesti 
adolescentes,  senatorum  filii  et  ordinis  equestris ;  erant  lega¬ 
tiones  civitatum ;  erant  legati  Caesaris.  Hos  omnes  flumina 
continebant.  Ad  hos  opprimendos  cum  omni  equitatu  tri-  5 
busque  legionibus  Afranius  de  nocte  proficiscitur,  impru- 
dentesque  ante  missis  equitibus  aggreditur.  Celeriter  sese 
tamen  Galli  equites  expediunt  proeliumque  committunt.  Ii, 
dum  pari  certamine  res  geri  potuit,  magnum  hostium  nu¬ 
merum  pauci  sustinuere ;  sed  ubi  signa  legionum  appro-  10 
pinquare  coeperunt,  paucis  amissis  sese  in  proximos  montes 
conferunt.  Hoc  pugnae  tempus  magnum  attulit  nostris  ad 
salutem  momentum ;  nacti  enim  spatium  se  in  loca  supe¬ 
riora  receperunt.  Desiderati  sunt  eo  die  sagittarii  circiter 
cc,  equites  pauci,  calonum  atque  impedimentorum  non  15 
magnus  numerus.  LII.  His  tamen  omnibus  annona  crevit ; 
quae  fere  res  non  solum  inopia  |)raesentis,  sed  etiam  futuri 
temporis  timore  ingravescere  consuevit.  Jamque  ad  denarios 
L  in  singulos  modios  annona  pervenerat,  et  militum  vires 
inopia  frumenti  deminuerat,  atque  incommoda  in  dies  auge-  20 
bantur ;  et  tam  paucis  diebus  magna  erat  rerum  facta  com¬ 
mutatio  ac  se  fortuna  inclinaverat,  ut  nostri  magna  inopia 
necessariarum  rerum  conflictarentur,  illi  omnibus  abunda¬ 
rent  rebus  superioresque  haberentur.  Caesar  iis  civitatibus 
quae  ad  ejus  amicitiam  accesserant,  quod  minor  erat  fru-  25 
menti  copia,  pecus  imperabat  ;  calones  ad  longinquiores 
civitates  dimittebat ;  ipse  praesentem  inoj^iam  quibus  poterat 
subsidiis  tutabatur.  LIII.  Haec  Afranius  Petreiusque  et 
eorum  amici  pleniora  etiam  atque  uberiora  Eomam  ad  suos 
perscribebant.  Multa  rumor  affingebat,  ut  paene  bellum  30 
confectum  videretur.  Quibus  litteris  nuntiisque  Eomam 
perlatis  magni  domum  concursus  ad  Afranium  magnaeque 
gratulationes  fiebant ;  multi  ex  Italia  ad  Cn.  Pompeium 
proficiscebantur,  alii,  ut  principes  talem  nuntium  attulisse, 
alii,  ne  eventum  belli  exspectasse  aut  ex  omnibus  novissimi  35 
venisse  viderentur.  LIV.  Cum  in  his  angustiis  res  esset 


36 


BE  BELLO  CIVILI 


atque  omnes  viae  ab  Afranianis  militibus  equitibusque  ob¬ 
siderentur  nec  pontes  perfici  possent,  imperat  militibus 
Caesar  ut  naves  faciant,  cujus  generis  eum  superioribus 
annis  usus  Britanniae  docuerat.  Carinae  ac  prima  statumina 
5  levi  materia  fiebant ;  reliquum  corpus  navium  viminibus 
contextum  coriis  integebatur.  Has  perfectas  carris  junctis 
devehit  noctu  milia  passuum  a  castris  xxii  militesque  his 
navibus  flumen  transportat  continentemque  ripae  collem 
imj)roviso  occupat.  Hunc  celeriter,  priusquam  ab  adver- 
10  sariis  sentiatur,  communit.  Huc  legionem  postea  trajicit 
atque  ex  utraque  parte  pontem  instituit,  biduo  perficit.  Ita 
commeatus  et  qui  frumenti  causa  23rocesserant  tuto  ad  se 
recipit  et  rem  frumentariam  exj)edire  incij^it.  LV.  Eodem 
die  equitum  magnam  joartem  flumen  trajecit.  Qui  inopi- 
15  nantes  pabulatores  et  sine  ullo  dissipatos  timore  aggressi 
magnum  numerum  jumentorum  atque  hominum  interci¬ 
piunt  cohortibusque  cetratis  subsidio  missis  scienter  in  duas 
partes  sese  distribuunt,  alii  ut  praedae  praesidio  sint,  alii  ut 
venientibus  resistant  atque  eos  propellant,  unamque  co- 
20  hortem,  quae  temere  ante  ceteras  extra  aciem  procurrerat, 
seclusam  ab  reliquis  circumveniunt  atque  interficiunt  in- 
columesque  cum  magna  praeda  eodem  ponte  in  castra  rever¬ 
tuntur. 

LVI.  Dum  haec  ad  Ilerdam  geruntur,  Massilienses  usi 
25  L.  Domitii  consilio  naves  longas  expediunt  numero  xvii, 
quarum  erant  xi  tectae.  Multa  huc  minora  navigia  addunt, 
ut  ipsa  multitudine  nostra  classis  terreatur.  Magnum  nu¬ 
merum  sagittariorum,  magnum  Albicorum,  de  quibus  supra 
demonstratum  est,  imponunt  atque  hos  praemiis  pollicita- 
30  tionibusque  incitant.  Certas  sibi  deposcit  naves  Domitius 
atque  has  colonis  pastoribusque  quos  secum  adduxerat  com¬ 
plet.  Sic  omnibus  rebus  instructa  classe  magna  fiducia  ad 
nostras  naves  procedunt,  quibus  praeerat  D.  Brutus.  Hae 
ad  insulam  quae  est  contra  Massiliam  stationes  obtinebant. 
35  LVH.  Erat  multo  inferior  numero  navium  Brutus ;  sed 
electos  ex  omnibus  legionibus  fortissimos  viros,  antesignanos. 


COMM.  I.  CAP.  LIV—LIX. 


37 


centuriones,  Caesar  ei  classi  attribuerat,  qui  sibi  id  muneris 
depoposcerant.  Hi  manus  ferreas  atque  harpagones  para- 
yerant  magnoque  numero  pilorum,  tragularum  reliquorum¬ 
que  telorum  se  instruxerant.  Ita  cognito  hostium  adyentu 
suas  nayes  ex  j)ortu  educunt,  cum  Massiliensibus  confligunt.  5 
Pugnatum  est  utrimque  fortissime  atque  acerrime ;  neque 
multum  Albici  nostris  virtute  cede)>ant,  homines  asperi  et 
montani  et  exercitati  in  armis ;  atque  hi  modo  digressi  a 
Massiliensibus  recentem  eorum  pollicitationem  animis  con¬ 
tinebant,  pastoresque  Domitii  spe  libertatis  excitati  sub  10 
oculis  domini  suam  probare  operam  studebant.  LVIII.  Ipsi 
Massilienses  et  celeritate  navium  et  scientia  gubernatorum 
confisi  nostros  eludebant  impetusque  eorum  non  excipiebant 
et,  quoad  licebat  latiore  uti  spatio,  producta  longius  acie 
circumvenire  nostros  aut  pluribus  navibus  adoriri  singulas  15 
aut  remos  transcurrentes  detergere,  si  possent,  contendebant ; 
cum  propius  erat  necessario  ventum,  ab  scientia  guberna¬ 
torum  atque  artificiis  ad  virtutem  montanorum  confugie¬ 
bant.  Hostri  cum  minus  exercitatis  remigibus  minusque 
peritis  gubernatoribus  utebantur,  qui  repente  ex  onerariis  20 
navibus  erant  producti  neque  dum  etiam  vocabulis  arma¬ 
mentorum  cognitis,  tum  etiam  tarditate  et  gravitate  navium 
impediebantur ;  factae  enim  subito  ex  humida  materia  non 
eundem  usum  celeritatis  habebant.  Itaque,  dum  locus  com¬ 
minus  pugnandi  daretur,  aequo  animo  singulas  binis  navibus  25 
objiciebant  atque  injecta  manu  ferrea  et  retenta  utraque 
nave  diversi  pugnabant  atque  in  hostium  naves  transcende¬ 
bant  et  magno  numero  Albicorum  et  pastorum  interfecto 
partem  navium  deprimunt,  nonnullas  cum  hominibus  ca¬ 
piunt,  reliquas  in  portum  compellunt.  Eo  die  naves  Massi-  33 
liensium  cum  iis  quae  sunt  captae  intereunt  viiii. 

LIX.  Hoc  primum  Caesari  ad  Ilerdam  nuntiatur ;  cimul 
perfecto  ponto  celeriter  fortuna  mutatur.  Illi  perterriti  vir¬ 
tute  equitum  minus  libere,  minus  audacter  vagabantur,  alias 
non  longo  a  castris  progressi  spatio,  ut  celerem  receptum  35 
haberent,  angustius  pabulabantur,  alias  longiore  circuitu 


38 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


custodias  stationesque  equitum  vitabant,  aut  aliquo  accepto 
debrimento  aut  procul  equitatu  viso  ex  medio  itinere  pro¬ 
jectis  sarcinis  fugiebant.  Postremo  et  plures  intermittere 
dies  et  praeter  consuetudinem  omnium  noctu  constituerant 
5  pabulari.  LX.  Interim  Oscenses  et  Calagurritani,  qui  erant 
cum  Oscensibus  contributi,  mittunt  ad  eum  legatos  seseque 
imperata  facturos  pollicentur.  Hos  Tarraconenses  et  Jace¬ 
tani  et  Ausetani  et  paucis  post  diebus  Illurgavonenses,  qui 
flumen  Hiberum  attingunt,  insequuntur.  Petit  ab  his  om- 
10  Ilibus  ut  se  frumento  juvent.  Pollicentur  atque  omnibus 
undique  conquisitis  jumentis  in  castra  deportant.  Transit 
etiam  cohors  Illurgavonensis  ad  eum  cognito  civitatis  con¬ 
silio  et  signa  ex  statione  transfert.  Magna  celeriter  commu¬ 
tatio  rerum.  Perfecto  ponte,  magnis  quinque  civitatibus 
15  ad  amicitiam  adjunctis,  expedita  re  frumentaria,  exstinctis 
rumoribus  de  auxiliis  legionum  quae  cum  Pompeio  per  Mau¬ 
ritaniam  venire  dicebantur,  multae  longinquiores  civitates 
ab  Afranio  desciscunt  et  Caesaris  amicitiam  sequuntur. 
LXI.  Quibus  rebus  perterritis  animis  adversariorum  Caesar, 
20  ne  semper  magno  circuitu  per  pontem  equitatus  esset  mit¬ 
tendus,  nactus  idoneum  loCum,  fossas  pedum  xxx  in  latitu¬ 
dinem  complures  facere  instituit,  quibus  partem  aliquam 
Sicoris  averteret  vadumque  in  eo  flumine  efficeret.  His 
paene  effectis  magnum  in  timorem  Afranius  Petreiusque 
25  perveniunt,  ne  omnino  frumento  pabuloque  intercluderen¬ 
tur,  quod  multum  Caesar  equitatu  valebat.  Itaque  consti¬ 
tuunt  ipsi  locis  excedere  et  in  Celtiberiam  bellum  transferre. 
Huic  consilio  suffragabatur  etiam  illa  res,  quod,  ex  duobus 
contrariis  generibus,  quae  superiore  bello  cum  Sertorio  stete- 
30  rant  civitates  victae  nomen  atque  imperium  absentis  Pom¬ 
peii  timebant,  quae  in  amicitia  manserant  magnis  affectae 
beneficiis  eum  diligebant,  Caesaris  autem  erat  in  barbaris 
nomen  obscurius.  Ilie  magnos  equitatus  magnaque  auxilia 
exspectabant  et  suis  locis  bellum  in  hiemem  ducere  cogita- 
35  bant.  IIoc  inito  consilio  toto  flumine  Hibero  naves  conqui¬ 
rere  et  Octogesam  adduci  jubent.  Id  erat  oppidum  positum 


COMM.  1.  UJir.  LIX—LXIV. 


39 


ad  Hiberum  miliaque  passuum  a  castris  aberat  xxx.  Ad 
eum  locum  fluminis  navibus  junctis  pontem  imperant  fieri 
legionesque  duas  fiumen  Sicorim  traducunt,  castra  muniunt 
vallo  pedum  xii.  LXII.  Qua  re  per  exploratores  cognita 
summo  laboro  militum  Caesar  continuato  diem  noctemque  5 
opere  in  fiumine  avertendo  buc  jam  reduxerat  rem,  ut 
equites,  etsi  difficulter  atque  aegre  fiebat,  possent  tamen 
atque  auderent  fiumen  transire,  pedites  vero  tantummodo 
humeris  ac  summo  pectore  exstare,  et  cum  altitudine  aquae 
tum  etiam  rapiditate  fluminis  ad  transeundum  impedirentur.  10 
Sed  tamen  eodem  fere  tempore  pons  in  Hibero  prope  efiectus 
nuntiabatur  et  in  Sicori  vadum  reperiebatur. 

LXIII.  Jam  vero  eo  magis  illi  maturandum  iter  existima¬ 
bant.  Itaque  duabus  auxiliaribus  cohortibus  Ilerdae  prae¬ 
sidio  relictis,  omnibus  copiis  Sicorim  transeunt  et  cum  duabus  15 
legionibus  quas  superioribus  diebus  traduxerant  castra  jun¬ 
gunt.  Eelinquebatur  Caesari  nihil,  nisi  uti  equitatu  agmen 
adversariorum  male  haberet  et  carperet.  Pons  enim  ipsius 
magnum  circuitum  habebat,  ut  multo  breviore  itinere  illi 
ad  Hiberum  pervenire  possent.  Equites  ab  eo  missi  flumen  20 
transeunt  et,  cum  de  tertia  vigilia  Petreius  atque  Afranius 
castra  movissent,  repente  sese  ad  novissimum  agmen  osten¬ 
dunt  et  magna  multitudine  circumfusa  morari  atque  iter 
impedire  incipiunt.  LXIV.  Prima  luce  ex  superioribus 
locis  quae  Caesaris  castris  erant  conjuncta,  cernebatur  equi-  25 
tatus  nostri  proelio  novissimos  illorum  premi  vehementer  ac 
nonnumquam  sustinere  extremum  agmen  atque  interrumpi, 
alias  inferri  signa  et  universarum  cohortium  impetu  nostros 
propelli,  dein  rursus  conversos  insequi.  Totis  vero  castris 
milites  circulari  et  dolere  hostem  ex  manibus  dimitti,  bellum  30 
necessario  longius  duci  ;  centuriones  tribunosque  militum 
adire  atque  obsecrare  ut  per  eos  Caesar  certior  fieret  ne 
labori  suo  neu  jiericulo  parceret :  paratos  esse  sese,  posse  et 
audere  ea  transire  flumen  qua  traductus  esset  equitatus. 
Quorum  studio  et  vocibus  excitatus  Caesar,  etsi  timebat  35 
tantae  magnitudini  fluminis  exercitum  objicere,  conandum 


40 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


tamen  atque  experiendum  judicat.  Itaque  infirmiores  mili¬ 
tes  ex  omnibus  centuriis  deligi  jubet,  quorum  aut  animus 
aut  yires  videbantur  sustinere  non  posse.  Hos  cum  legione 
una  praesidio  castris  relinquit ;  reliquas  legiones  expeditas 
educit  magnoque  numero  jumentorum  in  flumine  supra 
atque  infra  constituto  traducit  exercitum.  Pauci  ex  his 
militibus  abrepti  vi  fluminis  ab  equitatu  excipiuntur  ac 
sublevantur;  interit  tamen  nemo.  Traducto  incolumi  ex¬ 
ercitu  copias  instruit  triplicemque  aciem  ducere  incipit. 
Ac  tantum  fuit  in  militibus  studii,  ut,  milium  sex  ad  iter 
addito  circuitu  magnaque  ad  vadum  fluminis  mora  inter¬ 
posita,  eos  qui  de  tertia  vigilia  exissent  ante  horam  diei  yiiii 
consequerentur.  LXV.  Quos  ubi  Afranius  procul  visos  cum 
Petreio  conspexit,  nova  re  perterritus  locis  superioribus  con¬ 
stitit  aciemque  instruit.  Caesar  in  campis  exercitum  reficit, 
ne  defessum  proelio  objiciat ;  rursus  conantes  progredi  inse¬ 
quitur  et  moratur.  Illi  necessario  maturius  quam  constitu¬ 
erant  castra  ponunt.  Suberant  enim  montes,  atque  a  milibus 
passuum  v  itinera  difficilia  atque  angusta  excipiebant.  Hos 
montes  intrare  cupiebant,  ut  equitatum  effugerent  Cae¬ 
saris  praesidiisque  in  angustiis  collocatis  exercitum  itinere 
prohiberent,  ipsi  sine  periculo  ac  timore  Hiberum  copias 
ti^aducerent.  Quod  fuit  illis  conandum  atque  omni  ratione 
efficiendum ;  sed  totius  diei  pugna  atque  itineris  labore  de¬ 
fessi  rem  in  posterum  diem  distulerunt.  Caesar  quoque  in 
proximo  colle  castra  ponit.  LXVI.  Media  circiter  nocte, 
iis  qui  adaquandi  causa  longius  a  castris  processerant  ab 
equitibus  correptis,  fit  ab  his  certior  Caesar  duces  adversa¬ 
riorum  silentio  copias  castris  educere.  Quo  cognito  signum 
dari  jubet  et  vasa  militari  more  conclamari.  Illi  exaudito 
clamore  veriti  ne  noctu  impediti  sub  onere  confligere  coge¬ 
rentur  aut  ne  ab  equitatu  Caesaris  in  angustiis  tenerentur, 
iter  supprimunt  copiasque  in  castris  continent.  Postero  die 
Petreius  cum  paucis  equitibus  occulte  ad  exploranda  loca 
proficiscitur.  Hoc  idem  fit  ex  castris  Caesaris.  Mittitur 
L.  Decidius  Saxa  cum  paucis,  qui  loci  naturam  perspiciat. 


COMM.  I.  CAP.  LXIV-^LXIX. 


41 


Uterque  idem  suis  renuntiat :  v  milia  passunm  proxima  in¬ 
tercedere  itineris  campestris,  inde  excipere  loca  aspera  et 
montnosa ;  qni  prior  has  angustias  occupaverit,  ab  hoc  hos¬ 
tem  prohiberi  nihil  esse  negotii.  LXVII.  Disputatur  in 
consilio  ab  Petreio  atque  Afranio  et  tempus  profectionis  5 
quaeritur.  Plerique  censebant  ut  noctu  iter  facerent :  posse 
prius  ad  angustias  veniri  quam  sentiretur.  Alii,  quod  pridie 
noctu  conclamatum  esset  in  Caesaris  castris,  argumenti 
sumebant  loco  non  posse  clam  exiri.  Circumfundi  noctu 
equitatum  Caesaris  atque  omnia  loca  atque  itinera  obsidere  ;  10 
nocturnaque  proelia  esse  vitanda,  quod  perterritus  miles  in 
civili  dissensione  timori  magis  quam  religioni  consulere  con¬ 
suerit.  At  lucem  multum  per  se  pudorem  omnium  oculis, 
multum  etiam  tribunorum  militum  et  centurionum  prae¬ 
sentiam  afferre ;  quibus  rebus  coerceri  milites  et  in  officio  15 
contineri  soleant.  Quare  omni  ratione  esse  interdiu  per¬ 
rumpendum  ;  etsi  aliquo  accepto  detrimento,  tamen  summa 
exercitus  salva  locum  quem  petant  capi  posse.  Haec  vincit 
in  consilio  sententia,  et  prima  luce  postridie  constituunt 
proficisci.  LXVIII.  Caesar  exploratis  regionibus  albente  20 
caelo  omnes  copias  castris  educit  magnoque  circuitu  nullo 
certo  itinere  exercitum  ducit.  Nam  quae  itinera  ad  Hi¬ 
berum  atque  Octogesam  pertinebant  castris  hostium  oppo¬ 
sitis  tenebantur.  Ipsi  erant  transcendendae  valles  maximae 
ac  dilBScillimae,  saxa  multis  locis  praerupta  iter  impediebant,  25 
ut  arma  per  manus  necessario  traderentur  militesque  inermi 
sublevatique  alii  ab  aliis  magnam  partem  itineris  conficerent. 

Sed  hunc  laborem  recusabat  nemo,  quod  eum  omnium  la¬ 
borum  finem  fore  existimabant,  si  hostem  Hibero  interclu¬ 
dere  et  frumento  prohibere  potuissent.  LXIX.  Ac  primo  30 
Afraniani  milites  visendi  causa  laeti  ex  castris  procurrebant 
contumeliosisque  vocibus  prosequebantur :  necessarii  victus 
inopia  coactos  fugere  atque  ad  Ilerdam  reverti.  Erat  enim 
iter  a  proposito  diversum,  contrariamque  in  partem  iri  vide¬ 
batur.  Duces  vero  eorum  consilium  suum  laudibus  ferebant,  35 
quod  se  castris  tenuissent :  multumque  eorum  opinionem 


42 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


adjuvabat  quod  sine  jumentis  impedimentisque  ad  iter  pro¬ 
fectos  videbant,  ut  non  posse  inopiam  diutius  sustinere  con¬ 
ii  derent.  Sed  ubi  paulatim  retorqueri  agmen  ad  dextram 
conspexerunt  jamque  primos  superare  regionem  castrorum 
5  animum  adverterunt,  nemo  erat  adeo  tardus  aut  fugiens 
laboris,  quin  statim  castris  exeundum  atque  occurrendum 
putaret.  Conclamatur  ad  arma,  atque  omnes  copiae  paucis 
praesidio  relictis  cohortibus  exeunt  rectoque  ad  Hiberum 
itinere  contendunt.  LXX.  Erat  in  celeritate  omne  posi- 
10  tum  certamen,  utri  prius  angustias  montesque  occuparent ; 
sed  exercitum  Caesaris  viarum  difficultates  tardabant,  Afra¬ 
nii  copias  equitatus  Caesaris  insequens  morabatur.  Ees 
tamen  ab  Afranianis  huc  erat  necessario  deducta,  ut,  si 
priores  montes  quos  petebant  attigissent,  ipsi  periculum 
15  vitarent,  impedimenta  totius  exercitus  cohortesque  in  castris 
relictas  servare  non  possent ;  quibus  interclusis  exercitu 
Caesaris  auxilium  ferri  nulla  ratione  poterat.  Confecit 
prior  iter  Caesar  atque  ex  magnis  rupibus  nactus  planiciem 
in  hac  contra  hostem  aciem  instruit.  Afranius,  cum  ab 
20  equitatu  novissimum  agmen  premeretur,  ante  se  hostem 
videret,  collem  quendam  nactus  ibi  constitit.  Ex  eo  loco 
iiii  cetratorum  cohortes  in  montem  qui  erat  in  conspectu 
omnium  excelsissimus  mittit.  Hunc  magno  cursu  conci¬ 
tatos  jubet  occupare,  eo  consilio,  uti  ipse  eodem  omnibus 
25  copiis  contenderet  et  mutato  itinere  jugis  Octogesam  per¬ 
veniret.  Hunc  cum  obliquo  itinere  cetrati  peterent,  con¬ 
spicatus  equitatus  Caesaris  in  cohortes  impetum  fecit ;  nec 
minimam  partem  temporis  equitum*  vim  cetrati  sustinere 
potuerunt  omnesque  ab  eis  circumventi  in  conspectu  utrius- 
30  que  exercitus  interficiuntur.  LXXI.  Erat  occasio  bene 
gerendae  rei.  Xeque  vero  id  Caesarem  fugiebat,  tanto  sub 
oculis  accepto  detrimento  perterritum  exercitum  sustinere 
non  posse,  praesertim  circumdatum  undique  equitatu,  cum 
in  loco  aequo  atque  aperto  confligeretur ;  idque  ex  omnibus 
35  partibus  ab  eo  flagitabatur.  Concurrebant  legati,  centuriones 
tribunique  militum :  ne  dubitaret  proelium  committere. 


COMM.  I.  CAP.  LXIX—LXXIV. 


43 


Omnium  esse  militum  paratissimos  animos.  Afranianos 
contra  multis  rebus  sui  timoris  signa  misisse  :  quod  suis  non 
subvenissent,  quod  de  colle  non  decederent,  quod  vix  equi¬ 
tum  incursus  sustinerent  collatisque  in  unum  locum  signis 
conferti  neque  ordines  neque  signa  servarent.  Quod  si  5 
iniquitatem  loci  timeret,  datum  iri  tamen  aliquo  loco  pug¬ 
nandi  facultatem,  quod  certe  inde  decedendum  esset  Afra¬ 
nio  nec  sine  aqua  permanere  posset.  LXXII.  Caesar  in 
eam  spem  venerat,  se  sine  pugna  et  sine  vulnere  suorum 
rem  conficere  posse,  quod  re  frumentaria  adversarios  inter-  10 
elusisset.  Cur  etiam  secundo  proelio  aliquos  ex  suis  amit¬ 
teret  ?  cur  vulnerari  pateretur  optime  de  se  meritos  milites  ? 
cur  denique  fortunam  periclitaretur  ?  praesertim  cum  non 
minus  esset  imperatoris  consilio  superare  quam  gladio. 
Movebatur  etiam  misericordia  civium  quos  interficiendos  15 
videbat ;  quibus  salvis  atque  incolumibus  rem  obtinere  male¬ 
bat.  Hoc  consilium  Caesaris  pleri sque  non  probabatur ; 
milites  vero  palam  inter  se  loquebantur,  t^uoniam.  talis  oc¬ 
casio  victoriae  dimitteretur,  etiam  cum  vellet  Caesar,  sese 
non  esse  pugnaturos.  Ille  in  sua  sententia  perseverat  et  20 
paulum  ex  eo  loco  degreditur,  ut  timorem  adversariis  mi¬ 
nuat.  Petreius  atque  Afranius  oblata  facultate  in  castra 
sese  referunt.  Caesar  praesidiis  in  montibus  dispositis  omni 
ad  Hiberum  incluso  itinere,  quam  proxime  potest  hostium 
castris  castra  communit.  LXXIII.  Postero  die  duces  adver-  25 
sariorum  perturbati,  quod  omnem  rei  frumentariae  fluminis¬ 
que  Hiberi  spem  dimiserant,  de  reliquis  rebus  consultabant. 
Erat  unum  iter,  Ilerdam  si  reverti  vellent ;  alterum,  si 
Tarraconem  peterent.  Haec  consiliantibus  eis  nuntiantur 
aquatores  ab  equitatu  premi  nostro.  Qua  re  cognita  crebras  30 
stationes  disponunt  equitum  et  cohortium  alariarum  legiona- 
riasque  interjiciunt  cohortes  vallumque  ex  castris  ad  aquam 
ducere  incipiunt,  ut  intra  munitionem  et  sine  timore  et  sine 
stationibus  aquari  possent.  Id  opus  inter  se  Petreius  atque 
Afranius  partiuntur  ipsique  perficiundi  operis  causa  longius  35 
progrediuntur.  LXXIV.  Quorum  discessu  liberam  nacti 


44 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


milites  colloquiorum  facultatem  yulgo  procedunt,  et  quem 
quisque  in  castris  notum  aut  municipem  liabebat,  conquirit 
atque  evocat.  Primum  agunt  gratias  omnes  omnibus,  quod 
sibi  perterritis  pridie  pepercissent :  eorum  se  beneficio  vivere. 

5  Deinde  imperatoris  fidem  quaerunt,  rectene  se  illi  sint  com¬ 
missuri,  et,  quod  non  ab  initio  fecerint  armaque  cum  bomi- 
nibus  necessariis  et  consanguineis  contulerint,  queruntur. 
His  provocati  sermonibus  fidem  ab  imperatore  de  Petreii 
atque  Afranii  vita  petunt,  ne  quod  in  se  scelus  concepisse 
10  neu  suos  prodidisse  videantur.  Quibus  confirmatis  rebus  se 
statim  signa  translaturos  confirmant  legatosque  de  paee 
primorum  ordinum  centuriones  ad  Caesarem  mittunt.  In¬ 
terim  alii  suos  in  castra  invitandi  causa  adducunt,  alii  ab 
suis  abducuntur,  adeo  ut  una  castra  jam  facta  ex  binis  vide- 
15  rentur ;  compluresque  tribuni  militum  et  centuriones  ad 
Caesarem  veniunt  seque  ei  commendant.  Idem  boc  fit  a 
principibus  Hispaniae,  quos  evocaverant  et  seeuni  in  castris 
babebant  obsidum  loco.  Hi  suos  notos  bospitesque  quaere¬ 
bant,  per  quem  quisque  eorum  aditum  commendationis 
20  haberet  ad  Caesarem.  Afranii  etiam  filius  adolescens  de 
sua  ac  parentis  sui  salute  cum  Caesare  per  Sulpicium  lega¬ 
tum  agebat.  Erant  plena  laetitia  et  gratulatione  omnia, 
eorum  qui  tanta  pericula  vitasse,  et  eorum  qui  sine  vulnere 
tantas  res  confecisse  videbantur,  magnumque  fructum  suae 
25  pristinae  lenitatis  omnium  judicio  Caesar  ferebat,  consilium¬ 
que  ejus  a  cunctis  probabatur.  LXXV.  Quibus  rebus  nun¬ 
tiatis  Airanio,  ab  instituto  opere  discedit  seque  in  castra 
recipit,  sic  paratus,  ut  videbatur,  ut,  quicumque  aecidisset 
casus,  bunc  quieto  et  aequo  animo  ferret.  Petreius  vero 
30  non  deserit  sese.  Armat  familiam ;  cum  hac  et  2:)raetoria 
cohorte  cetratorum  barbarisque  equitibus  paucis,  beneficia¬ 
riis  suis,  quos  suae  custodiae  causa  habere  consuerat,  impro¬ 
viso  ad  vallum  advolat,  colloquia  militum  interrumpit, 
nostros  repellit  a  castris,  quos  deprendit  interficit.  Eeliqui 
35  coeunt  inter  se  et  repentino  periculo  exterriti  sinistras  sagis 
involvunt  gladiosque  destringunt,  atque  ita  se  a  cetratis 


C0M3I.  I.  CAP.  LXXIV—LXXVIIL 


45 


equitibnsqiie  defendunt  castrorum  propinquitate  confisi 
seque  in  castra  recipiunt  et  ab  iis  cohortibus  quae  erant  in 
statione  ad  portas  defenduntur.  LXXVI.  Quibus  rebus 
confectis  flens  Petreius  manipulos  circumit  militesque  ap¬ 
pellat,  neu  se  neu  Pompeium  imperatorem  suum  adversariis  5 
ad  supplicium  tradant  obsecrat.  Fit  celeriter  concursus  in 
praetorium.  Postulat  ut  jurent  omnes  se  exercitum  duces¬ 
que  non  deserturos  neque  prodituros,  neque  sibi  separatim 
a  reliquis  consilium  capturos.  Princeps  in  haec  verba  jurat 
ipse ;  idem  jusjurandum  adigit  Afranium ;  subsequuntur  10 
tribuni  militum  centurionesque  ;  centuriatim  producti  mi¬ 
lites  idem  jurant.  Edicunt,  penes  quem  quisque  sit  Caesaris 
miles,  ut  producat ;  productos  palam  in  praetorio  interfi¬ 
ciunt.  Sed  plerosque  ii  qui  receperant  celant  noctuque  per 
vallum  emittunt.  Sic  terrore  oblato  a  ducibus,  crudelitas  15 
in  supplicio,  nova  religio  jurisjurandi  spem  praesentis  dedi¬ 
tionis  sustulit  mentesque  militum  convertit  et  rem  ad  pris¬ 
tinam  belli  rationem  redegit.  LXXVII.  Caesar,  qui  milites 
adversariorum  in  castra  per  tempus  colloquii  venerant, 
summa  diligentia  conquiri  et  remitti  jubet.  Sed  ex  numero  20 
tribunorum  militum  centurionumque  nonnulli  sua  voluntate 
apud  eum  remanserunt.  Quos  ille  postea  magno  in  honore 
habuit ;  centuriones  in  priores  ordines,  equites  Komanos  in 
tribunicium  restituit  honorem.  LXXVIII.  Premebantur 
Afraniani  pabulatione,  aquabantur  aegre.  Frumenti  co-  25 
piam  legionarii  nonnullam  habebant,  quod  dierum  xxii  ab 
Ilerda  frumentum  jussi  erant  efferre,  cetrati  auxiliaresque 
nullam,  quorum  erant  et  facultates  ad  parandum  exiguae  et 
corpora  insueta  ad  onera  portanda.  Itaque  magnus  eorum 
quotidie  numerus  ad  Caesarem  perfugiebat.  In  his  erat  an-  30 
gustiis  res.  Sed  ex  propositis  consiliis  duobus  explicitius 
videbatur  Ilerdam  reverti,  quod  ibi  paulum  frumenti  reli¬ 
querant.  Ibi  se  reliquum  consilium  explicaturos  confide¬ 
bant.  Tarraco  aberat  longius  ;  quo  spatio  plures  rem  posse 
casus  recipere  intellegebant.  Hoc  probato  consilio  ex  castris  35 
proficiscuntur.  Caesar  equitatu  praemisso,  qui  novissimum 


46 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


agmen  carperet  atque  impediret,  ipse  cum  legionibus  subse¬ 
quitur.  Nullum  intercedebat  tempus,  quin  extremi  cum 
equitibus  proeliarentur.  LXXIX.  Grenus  erat  lioc  pugnae. 
Expeditae  cohortes  noyissimum  agmen  claudebant  pluresque 
5  in  locis  campestribus  subsistebant.  Si  mons  erat  ascenden¬ 
dus,  facile  ipsa  loci  natura  periculum  repellebat,  quod  ex 
locis  superioribus  qui  antecesserant  suos  ascendentes  pro¬ 
tegebant  ;  cum  vallis  aut  locus  declivis  suberat,  neque  ii  qui 
antecesserant  morantibus  opem  ferre  poterant,  equites  vero 
10  ex  loco  superiore  in  aversos  tela  conjiciebant,  tum  magno 
erat  in  periculo  res.  Eeliiiquebatur  ut,  cum  ejusmodi  locis 
esset  appropinquatum,  legionum  signa  consistere  juberent 
magnoque  impetu  equitatum  repellerent,  eo  summoto  re¬ 
pente  incitati  cursu  sese  in  valles  universi  demitterent,  atque 
15  ita  transgressi  rursus  in  locis  superioribus  consisterent.  Nam 
tantum  ab  equitum  suorum  auxiliis  aberant,  quorum  nu¬ 
merum  habebant  magnum,  ut  eos  superioribus  perterritos 
proeliis  in  medium  reciperent  agmen  ultroque  eos  tuerentur ; 
quorum  nulli  ex  itinere  excedere  licebat,  quin  ab  equitatu 
20  Caesaris  exciperetur.  LXXX.  Tali  dum  pugnatur  modo, 
lente  atque  paulatim  proceditur  crebroque,  ut  sint  auxilio 
suis,  subsistunt ;  ut  tum  accidit.  Milia  enim  progressi  iiii 
vehementiusque  peragitati  ab  equitatu  montem  excelsum 
capiunt  ibique  una  fronte  contra  hostem  castra  muniunt 
25  neque  jumentis  onera  deponunt.  Ebi  Caesaris  castra  posita 
tabernaculaque  constituta  et  dimissos  equites  pabulandi  causa 
animum  adverterunt,  sese  subito  proripiunt  hora  circitor 
sexta  ejusdem  diei  et  spem  nacti  morae  discessu  nostrorum 
equitum  iter  facere  incipiunt.  Qua  re  animum  adversa 
30  Caesar  relictis  impedimentis  subsequitur,  praesidio  paucas 
cohortes  relinquit ;  hora  x  subsequi  pabulatores  equitesque 
revocari  jubet.  Celeriter  equitatus  a:l  quotidianum  itineris 
officium  revertitur.  Pugnatur  acriter  ad  novissimum  agmen, 
adeo  ut  paene  terga  convertant,  compluresque  milites,  etiam 
35  nonnulli  centuriones,  interficiuntur.  Instabat  agmen  Cae¬ 
saris  atque  universum  imminebat.  LXXXI.  Tum  vero 


COMM.  I.  CAP.  LXXVIII—LXXXII. 


47 


neque  ad  explorandum  idoneum  locum  castris  neque  ad  pro¬ 
grediendum  data  facultate,  consistunt  necessario  et  procul 
ab  aqua  et  natura  iniquo  loco  castra  ponunt.  Sed  iisdem  de 
causis  Caesar,  quae  su]Dra  sunt  demonstratae,  proelio  non 
lacessit  et  eo  die  tabernacula  statui  passus  non  est,  quo  para-  5 
tiores  essent  ad  insequendum  omnes,  siye  noctu  siye  interdiu 
erumperent.  Illi  animadverso  vitio  castrorum  tota  nocte 
munitiones  proferunt  castraque  castris  convertunt.  Hoc 
idem  postero  die  a  prima  luce  faciunt  totumque  in  ea  re 
diem  consumunt.  Sed  quantum  opere  processerant  et  castra  10 
protulerant,  tanto  aberant  ab  aqua  longius,  et  joraesenti 
malo  aliis  malis  remedia  dabantur.  Prima  nocte  aquandi 
causa  nemo  egreditur  ex  castris ;  proximo  die  praesidio  in 
castris  relicto  universas  ad  aquam  copias  educunt,  pabula¬ 
tum  emittitur  nemo.  His  eos  suppliciis  male  haberi  Caesar  15 
et  necessariam  subire  deditionem  quam  proelio  decertare 
malebat.  Conatur  tamen  eos  vallo  fossaque  circummunire, 
ut  quam  maxime  repentinas  eorum  eruptiones  demeretur ; 
quo  necessario  descensuros  existimabat.  Illi,  et  inopia  pabuli 
adducti  et  quo  essent  ad  id  expeditiores,  omnia  sarcinaria  20 
jumenta  interfici  jubent.  LXXXII.  In  his  operibus  consi¬ 
liisque  biduum  consumitur ;  tertio  die  magna  jam  pars 
operis  Caesaris  processerat.  Illi  impediendae  reliquae  muni¬ 
tionis  causa  hora  circiter  yiiii  signo  dato  legiones  educunt 
aciemque  sub  castris  instruunt.  Caesar  ab  opere  legiones  25 
revocat,  equitatum  omnem  convenire  jubet,  aciem  instruit ; 
contra  opinionem  enim  militum  famamque  omnium  videri 
proelium  defugisse  magnum  detrimentum  afferebat.  Sed 
eisdem  de  causis,  quae  sunt  cognitae,  quominus  dimicare 
vellet  movebatur,  atque  hoc  etiam  magis,  quod  spatii  brevi-  30 
tas  etiam  in  fugam  conjectis  adversariis  non  multum  ad 
summam  victoriae  juvare  poterat.  Xon  enim  amplius  pedum 
milibus  duobus  ab  castris  castra  distabant.  Hinc  duas  partes 
acies  occupabant  duae  ;  tertia  vacabat,  ad  incursum  atque 
impetum  militum  relicta.  Si  proelium  committeretur,  pro-  35 
pinquitas  castrorum  celerem  superatis  ex  fuga  receptum 


48 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


dabat.  Hac  de  causa  constituerat  signa,  inferentibus  resis¬ 
tere,  prior  proelio  non  lacessere.  LXXXIII.  Acies  erat 
Afraniana  duplex  legionum  v,  tertium  in  subsidiis  locum 
alariae  cohortes  obtinebant ;  Caesaris  triplex  ;  sed  primam 
5  aciem  quaternae  cohortes  ex  v  legionibus  tenebant,  has  sub“ 
sidiariae  ternae  et  rursus  aliae  totidem  suae  cujusque  legionis 
subsequebantur  ;  sagittarii  funditoresque  media  contineban¬ 
tur  acie,  equitatus  latera  cingebat.  Tali  instructa  acie 
tenere  uterque  propositum  videbatur  :  Caesar,  ne  nisi  coactus 
10  proelium  committeret;  ille,  ut  opera  Caesaris  impediret. 
Producitur  tum  res,  aciesque  ad  solis  occasum  continentur ; 
inde  utrique  in  castra  discedunt.  Postero  die  munitiones 
institutas  Caesar  parat  perficere ;  illi  vadum  fluminis  Sicoris 
tentare,  si  transire  possent.  Qua  re  animadversa  Caesar  Ger- 
15  manos  levis  armaturae  equitumque  partem  flumen  trajicit 
crebrasque  in  ripis  custodias  disponit.  LXXXIV.  Tandem 
omnibus  rebus  obsessi,  quartum  jam  diem  sine  pabulo  re¬ 
tentis  jumentis,  aquae,  lignorum,  frumenti  inopia  colloquium 
petunt,  et  id,  si  fieri  possit,  semoto  a  militibus  loco.  Tibi  id 
20  a  Caesare  negatum  et,  palam  si  colloqui  vellent,  concessum 
est,  datur  obsidis  loco  Caesari  filius  Afranii.  Venitur  in 
eum  locum  quem  Caesar  deligit.  Audiente  utroque  exercitu 
loquitur  Afranius :  non  esse  aut  ipsis  aut  militibus  succen- 
sendum,  quod  fidem  erga  imperatorem  suum  Cn.  Pompeium 
25  conservare  voluerint.  Sed  satis  jam  fecisse  officio  satisque 
supplicii  tulisse.  Perpessos  omnium  rerum  inopiam ;  nunc 
vero  paene  ut  feras  circummunitos  prohiberi  aqua,  prohiberi 
ingressu,  neque  corpore  dolorem  neque  animo  ignominiam 
ferre  posse.  Itaque  se  victos  confiteri ;  orare  atque  obse- 
30  crare,  si  qui  locus  misericordiae  relinquatur,  ne  ad  ultimum 
supplicium  progredi  necesse  habeant.  Haec  quam  potest 
demississime  et  subjectissime  exponit.  LXXXV.  Ad  ea 
Caesar  respondit :  nulli  omnium  has  partes  vel  querimoniae 
vel  miserationis  minus  convenisse.  Eeliquos  enim  omnes 
35  officium  suum  praestitisse  :  se,  qui  etiam  bona  condicione, 
et  loco  et  tempore  aequo  confligere  noluerit,  ut  quam  inte- 


COMM.  1.  CAP.  LXXXII-LXXXV. 


49 


gerrima  essent  ad  pacem  omnia;  exercitum  suum,  qui  in¬ 
juria  etiam  accepta  suisque  interfectis,  quos  in  sua  potestate 
liabuerit  conservarit  et  texerit;  illius  denique  exercitus 
milites,  qui  per  se  de  concilianda  pace  egerint,  qua  in  re 
omnium  suorum  vitae  consulendum  putarint.  Sic  omnium  5 
ordinum  partes  in  misericordia  constitisse,  ipsos  duces  a 
pace  abhorruisse ;  eos  neque  colloquii  neque  indutiarum  jura 
servasse  et  homines  imperitos  et  ]3er  colloquium  deceptos 
crudelissime  interfecisse.  Accidisse  igitur  his,  quod  ple¬ 
rumque  hominum  nimia  pertinacia  atque  arrogantia  accidere  10 
soleat,  uti  eo  recurrant  et  id  cupidissime  petant  quod  paulo 
ante  contempserint.  Neque  nunc  se  illorum  humilitate 
neque  aliqua  temporis  opportunitate  postulare,  quibus  rebus 
opes  augeantur  suae ;  sed  eos  exercitus  quos  contra  se 
multos  jam  annos  aluerint,  velle  dimitti.  Neque  enim  sex  15 
legiones  alia  de  causa  missas  in  Hispaniam  septimamque  ibi 
conscriptam,  neque  tot  tantasque  classes  paratas  neque  sum- 
missos  duces  rei  militaris  peritos.  Nihil  horum  ad  pacan¬ 
das  Hispania^,  nihil  ad  usum  provinciae  provisum,  quae 
propter  diuturnitatem  pacis  nullum  auxilium  desiderarit.  20 
Omnia  haec  jam  pridem  contra  se  parari ;  in  se  novi  generis 
imperia  constitui,  ut  idem  ad  portas  urbanis  praesideat 
rebus  et  duas  bellicosissimas  provincias  absens  tot  annis 
obtineat ;  in  se  jura  magistratuum  commutari,  ne  ex  prae¬ 
tura  et  consulatu,  ut  semper,  sed  per  paucos  probati  et  25 
electi  in  provincias  mittantur ;  in  se  etiam  aetatis  excusa¬ 
tionem  nihil  valere,  cum  superioribus  bellis  probati  ad  ob¬ 
tinendos  exercitus  evocentur ;  in  se  uno  non  servari,  quod 
sit  omnibus  datum  semper  imperatoribus,  ut  rebus  feliciter 
gestis  aut  cum  honore  aliquo  aut  certe  sine  ignominia  do-  30 
mum  revertantur  exercitumque  dimittant.  Quae  tamen 
omnia  et  se  tulisse  patienter  et  esse  laturum  ;  neque  nunc 
id  agere,  ut  ab  illis  abductum  exercitum  teneat  ipse,  quod 
tamen  sibi  difficile  non  sit,  sed  no  illi  habeant  quo  contra  se 
uti  possint.  Proinde,  ut  esset  dictum,  provinciis  excede-  35 
rent  exercitumque  dimitterent;  si  id  sit  factum,  se  noci- 
4 


50 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


turum  nemini.  Hanc  unam  atque  extremam  esse  pacis 
condicionem.  LXXXYI.  Id  vero  militibus  fuit  pergratum 
et  jucundum,  ut  ex  ipsa  significatione  cognosci  potuit,  ut, 
qui  aliquid  justi  incommodi  exspectayissent,  ultro  praemium 
missionis  ferrent.  Xam  cum  de  loco  et  tempore  ejus  rei 
controyersia  inferretur,  et  voce  et  manibus  uniyersi  ex  yallo 
ubi  constiterant  significare  coeperunt  ut  statim  dimitteren¬ 
tur,  neque  omni  interposita  fide  firmum  esse  posse,  si  in 
aliud  tempus  differretur.  Paucis  cum  esset  in  utramque 
partem  yerbis  disputatum,  res  liuc  deducitur,  ut  ei  qui 
habeant  domicilium  aut  possessionem  in  Hispania  statim, 
reliqui  ad  Varum  flumen  dimittantur ;  ne  quid  eis  noceatur, 
neu  quis  inyitus  sacramentum  dicere  cogatur,  a  Caesare 
cayetur.  LXXXVII.  Caesar  ex  eo  tempore,  dum  ad  flumen 
Varum  yeniatur,  so  frumentum  daturum  pollicetur.  Addit 
etiam,  ut,  quod  quisque  eorum  in  bello  amiserit,  quae  sint 
penes  milites  suos,  iis  qui  amiserant  restituatur ;  militibus 
aequa  facta  aestimatione  pecuniam  pro  his  rebus  dissolyit. 
Quascumque  postea  controyersias  inter  se  milites  habuerunt, 
sua  sponte  ad  Caesarem  in  jus  adierunt.  Petreius  atque 
Afranius  cum  stipendium  ab  legionibus  paene  seditione 
facta  flagitarentur,  cujus  illi  diem  nondum  yenisse  dicerent, 
Caesar  ut  cognosceret  postulatum  est,  eoque  utrique  quod 
statuit  contenti  fuerunt.  Parte  circiter  tertia  exercitus  eo 
biduo  dimissa  duas  legiones  suas  antecedere,  reliquas  sub¬ 
sequi  jussit,  ut  non  longo  inter  se  spatio  castra  facerent, 
eique  negotio  Q.  Fufium  Calenum  legatum  praeficit.  Hoc 
ejus  praescripto  ex  Hispania  ad  Varum  flumen  est  iter 
factum,  atque  ibi  reliqua  pars  exercitus  dimissa  est. 


COMMENTARIUS  SECUNDUS. 


I.  Dum  liaec  in  Hispania  geruntur,  C.  Trebonius  legamus, 
qui  ad  oppugnationem  Massiliae  relictus  erat,  duabus  ex 
partibus  aggerem,  vineas  turresque  ad  oppidum  agere  in¬ 
stituit.  Una  erat  proxima  portui  navalibusque,  altera  ad 
partem  qua  est  aditus  ex  Gallia  atque  Hispania,  ad  id  mare  5 
quod  adjacet  ad  ostium  Rhodani.  Massilia  enim  fere  ex 
tribus  oppidi  partibus  mari  alluitur  ;  reliqua  quarta  est  quae 
aditum  habeat  ab  terra.  Hujus  quoque  spatii  pars  ea  quae 
ad  arcem  pertinet,  loci  natura  et  valle  altissima  munita 
longam  et  difficilem  habet  oppugnationem.  Ad  ea  per-  10 
ficienda  opera  C.  Trebonius  magnam  jumentorum  atque 
hominum  multitudinem  ex  omni  provincia  vocat ;  vimina 
materiamque  comportari  jubet.  Quibus  comparatis  rebus 
aggerem  in  altitudinem  pedum  lxxx  exstruit.  II.  Sed  tanti 
erant  antiquitus  in  oppido  omnium  rerum  ad  bellum  ap-  15 
paratus  tantaque  multitudo  tormentorum,  ut  eorum  vim 
nullae  contextae  viminibus  vineae  sustinere  possent.  As¬ 
seres  enim  pedum  xii  cuspidibus  praefixi,  atque  hi  maximis 
ballistis  missi,  per  iiii  ordines  cratium  in  terra  defigebantur. 
Itaque  pedalibus  lignis  conjunctis  inter  se  porticus  intege-  20 
bantur,  atque  hac  agger  inter  manus  proferebatur.  Ante¬ 
cedebat  testudo  pedum  lx  aequandi  loci  causa  facta  item  ex 
fortissimis  lignis,  convoluta  omnibus  rebus  quibus  ignis  jactus 
et  lapides  defendi  possent.  Sed  magnitudo  operum,  altitudo 
muri  atque  turrium,  multitudo  tormentorum  omnem  admini-  25 

51 


52 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


strationem  tardabat.  Crebrae  etiam  per  Albicos  emptiones 
fiebant  ex  oppido  ignesqiio  aggeri  et  tnrribns  inferebantur ; 
quae  facile  nostri  milites  repellebant,  magnisque  ultro  illatis 
detrimentis  eos  qui  eruptionem  fecerant  in  oppidum  rejicie- 
5  bant.  III.  Interim  L.  Nasidius  ab  Cn.  Pompeio  cum  classe 
navium  xvi,  in  quibus  paucae  erant  aeratae,  L.  Domitio 
Massiliensibusque  subsidio  missus,  freto  Siciliae  imprudente 
atque  inopinante  Curione  pervehitur,  appulsi sque  Messanam 
navibus  atque  inde  propter  repentinum  terrorem  principum 
10  ac  senatus  fuga  facta,  navem  ex  navalibus  eorum  deducit. 
Hac  adjuncta  ad  reliquas  naves  cursum  Massiliam  versus 
perficit  praemissaque  clam  navicula  Domitium  Massilienses- 
que  de  suo  adventu  certiores  facit  eosque  magnopere  hortatur 
ut  rursus  cum  Bruti  classe  additis  suis  auxiliis  confligant. 
15  IV.  Massilienses  post  superius  incommodum  veteres  ad  eun¬ 
dem  numerum  ex  navalibus  productas  naves  refecerant  sum¬ 
maque  industria  armaverant  (remigum,  gubernatorum  magna 
copia  suppetebat)  piscat oriasque  adjecerant  atque  contexe¬ 
rant,  ut  essent  ab  ictu  telorum  remiges  tuti ;  has  sagittariis 
20  tormentisque  compleverunt.  Tali  modo  instructa  classe, 
omnium  seniorum,  matrum  familiae,  virginum  precibus  et 
■  fletu  excitati,  extremo  tempore  civitati  subvenirent,  non 
minore  animo  ac  fiducia  quam  ante  dimicaverant  naves  con¬ 
scendunt.  Communi  enim  fit  vitio  naturae,  ut  invisis  atque 
25  incognitis  rebus  magis  confidamus  vehementiusque  exterre¬ 
amur  ;  ut  tum  accidit.  Adventus  enim  L.  Nasidii  summa 
spe  et  voluntate  civitatem  compleverat.  Nacti  idoneum 
ventum  ex  portu  exeunt  et  Tauroenta,  quod  est  castellum 
Massiliensium,  ad  Nasidium  perveniunt  ibique  naves  exj)e- 
30  diunt  rursusque  se  ad  confligendum  animo  confirmant  et 
consilia  communicant.  Dextra  pars  attribuitur  Massilien¬ 
sibus,  sinistra  Nasidio.  V.  Eodem  Brutus  contendit  aucto 
navium  numero.  Nam  ad  eas  quae  factae  erant  Arelate  per 
Caesarem,  captivae  Massiliensium  accesserant  sex.  Has  su- 
35  perioribus  diebus  refecerat  atque  omnibus  rebus  instrpxerat. 
Itaque  suos  cohortatus,  quos  integros  superavissent  ut  victos 


COMM.  11.  CAP.  II— VI. 


53 


contemnerent,  plenus  spei  bonae  atque  animi  adversus  eos 
proficiscitur.  Eacile  erat  ex  castris  C.  Treboni  atque  om¬ 
nibus  superioribus  locis  prospicere  in  urbem,  ut  omnis  juven¬ 
tus  quae  in  oppido  remanserat,  omnesque  superioris  aetatis 
cum  liberis  atque  uxoribus  aut  in  muro  ad  caelum  manus 
tenderent,  aut  templa  deorum  immortalium  adirent  et  ante 
simulacra  projecti  victoriam  ab  dis  exposcerent.  Neque  erat 
quisquam  omnium,  quin  in  ejus  diei  casu  suarum  omnium- 
fortunarum  eventum  consistere  existimaret.  Nam  et  honesti 
ex  juventute  et  cujusque  aetatis  amplissimi  nominatim  evo¬ 
cati  atque  obsecrati  naves  conscenderant,  ut,  si  quid  adversi 
accidisset,  ne  ad  conandum  quidem  sibi  quicquam  reliqui 
fore,  viderent ;  si  superavissent,  vel  domesticis  opibus  vel 
externis  auxiliis  de  salute  urbis  confiderent.  VI.  Commisso 
proelio  Massiliensibus  res  nulla  ad  virtutem  defuit ;  sed 
memores  eorum  praeceptorum  quae  paulo  ante  ab  suis  ac¬ 
ceperant,  hoc  animo  decertabant,  ut  nullum  aliud  tempus 
ad  conandum  habituri  viderentur,  et  quibus  in  pugna  vitae 
periculum  accideret  non  ita  multo  se  reliquorum  civium 
fatum  antecedere  existimarent,  quibus  urbe  capta  eadem 
esset  belli  fortuna  patienda.  Diductisque  nostris  paulatim 
navibus  et  artificio  gubernatorum  et  mobilitati  navium  locus 
dabatur,  et  si  quando  nostri  facultatem  nacti  ferreis  mani¬ 
bus  injectis  navem  religaverant,  undique  suis  laborantibus 
succurrebant.  Neque  vero  conjuncti  Albicis  comminus  pug¬ 
nando  deficiebant  neque  multum  cedebant  virtute  nostris. 
Simul  ex  minoribus  navibus  magna  vis  eminus  missa  telo¬ 
rum  multa  nostris  de  improviso  imprudentibus  atque  im¬ 
peditis  vulnera  inferebant.  Conspicataeque  naves  triremes 
duae  navem  D.  Bruti,  quae  ex  insigni  facile  agnosci  poterat, 
duabus  ex  partibus  sese  in  eam  incitaverant.  Sed  tantum 
re  provisa  Brutus  celeritate  navis  enisus  est,  ut  parvo  mo¬ 
mento  antecederet.  Illae  adeo  graviter  inter  se  incitatae 
conflixerunt,  ut  vehementissime  utraque  ex  concursu  labo¬ 
rarent,  altera  vero  praefracto  rostro  tota  collabefieret.  Qua 
re  animadversa,  quae  proximae  ei  loco  ex  Bruti  classe  naves 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


54 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


erant,  in  eas  impeditas  impetnm  faciunt  celeriterqne  ambas 
deprimunt.  VII.  Sed  I^asidianae  naves  nullo  usui  fuerunt 
celeriterqne  pugna  excesserunt ;  non  enim  bas  aut  conspec¬ 
tus  patriae  aut  propinquorum  praecejDta  ad  extremum  vitae 
5  periculum  adire  cogebant.  Itaque  ex  eo  numero  navium 
nulla  desiderata  est ;  ex  Massiliensium  classe  Y  sunt  depres¬ 
sae,  iiii  captae,  una  cum  ^^asidianis  profugit ;  quae  omnes 
citeriorem  Hispaniam  petiverunt.  At  ex  reliquis  una  prae¬ 
missa  Massiliam  hujus  nuntii  perferendi  gratia  cum  jam 
10  appropinquaret  urbi,  omnis  sese  multitudo  effudit,  et  re 
cognita  tantus  luctus  excepit,  ut  urbs  ab  hostibus  capta 
eodem  vestigio  videretur.  Massilienses  tamen  nihilo  secius 
ad  defensionem  urbis  reliqua  apparare  coeperunt.  YIII. 
Est  animadversum  ab  legionariis  qui  dextram  partem  operis 
15  administrabant,  ex  crebris  hostium  eruptionibus  magno  sibi 
esse  praesidio  posse,  si  ibi  pro  castello  ac  receptaculo  turrim 
ex  latere  sub  muro  fecissent.  Quam  primo  ad  repentinos 
incursus  humilem  parvamque  fecerunt.  Huc  se  referebant ; 
hinc,  si  qua  major  oppresserat  vis,  propugnabant ;  hinc  ad 
20  repellendum  et  prosequendum  hostem  procurrebant.  Pate¬ 
bat  haec  quoquoversus  pedes  xxx,  sed  parietum  crassitudo 
pedes  Y.  Postea  vero,  ut  est  rerum  omnium  magister  usus, 
hominum  adhibita  sollertia  inventum  est  magno  esse  usui 
posse,  si  haec  esset  in  altitudinem  turris  elata.  Id  hac  ra- 
25  tione  perfectum  est.  IX.  Ubi  turris  altitudo  perducta  est 
ad  contabulationem,  eam  in  parietes  instruxerunt  ita,  ut, 
capita  tignorum  extrema  parietum  structura  tegerentur,  ne 
quid  emineret  ubi  ignis  hostium  adhaeresceret.  Hanc  super 
contignationem,  quantum  tectum  plutei  ac  vinearum  passum 
30  est,  latericulo  astruxerunt,  supraque  eum  locum  ii  tigna  trans¬ 
versa  injecerunt  non  longe  ab  extremis  parietibus,  quibus  sus¬ 
penderent  eam  contignationem  quae  turri  tegimento  esset 
futura,  supraque  ea  tigna  directo  transversas  trabes  injece¬ 
runt  easque  axibus  religaverunt  (has  paulo  longiores  atque 
35  eminentiores  quam  extremi  parietes  erant  effecerunt,  ut  esset 
ubi  tegimenta  praependere  possent  ad  defendendos  ictus  ac 


C0M3I.  II.  CAP.  VI— X. 


55 


repellendos,  cuini  inter  eam  contignationem  parietes  exstrue¬ 
rentur)  eamque  contabulationem  summam  lateribus  lutoque 
constraverunt,  ne  quid  ignis  liostium  nocere  posset,  cen¬ 
tonesque  insuper  injecerunt,  ne  aut  tela  tormentis  immissa 
tabulationem  perfringerent,  aut  saxa  ex  catapultis  latericium  5 
discuterent.  Storias  autem  ex  funibus  ancorariis  tres  in 
longitudinem  parietum  turris  latas  iiii  pedes  fecerunt  easque 
ex  tribus  partibus  quae  ad  hostes  vergebant,  eminentibus 
trabibus  circum  turrim  praependentes  religaverunt ;  quod 
unum  genus  tegimenti  aliis  locis  erant  experti  nullo  telo  10 
neque  tormento  trajici  posse.  Ubi  vero  ea  pars  turris  quae 
erat  perfecta,  tecta  atque  munita  est  ab  omni  ictu  hostium, 
pluteos  ad  alia  opera  abduxerunt ;  turris  tectum  per  se  ipsum 
pressionibus  ex  contignatione  prima  suspendere  ac  tollere 
coeperunt.  Ubi,  quantum  storiarum  demissio  patiebatur,  15 
tantum  elevarant,  intra  haec  tegimenta  abditi  atque  muniti 
parietes  lateribus  exstruebant  rursusque  alia  pressione  ad 
aedificandum  sibi  locum  expediebant.  Ubi  tempus  alterius 
contabulationis  videbatur,  tigna  item  ut  primo  tecta  ex¬ 
tremis  lateribus  instruebant  exque  ea  contignatione  rursus  20 
summam  contabulationem  storiasque  elevabant.  Ita  tuto  ac 
sine  ullo  vulnere  ac  periculo  sex  tabulata  exstruxerunt, 
fenestrasque  quibus  in  locis  visum  est  ad  tormenta  mittenda 
in  struendo  reliquerunt.  X.  Ubi  ex  ea  turri  quae  circum 
essent  opera  tueri  se  posse  sunt  confisi,  musculum  pedes  lx  25 
longum  ex  materia  bipedali,  quem  a  turri  latericia  ad  hos¬ 
tium  turrim  murumque  perducerent,  facere  instituerunt ; 
cujus  musculi  haec  erat  forma.  Duae  primum  trabes  in 
solo  aeque  longae  distantes  inter  se  pedes  iiii  collocantur 
inque  eis  columellae  pedum  in  altitudinem  v  defiguntur.  30 
Has  inter  se  capreolis  molli  fastigio  conjungunt,  ubi  tigna 
quae  musculi  tegendi  causa  ponant  collocentur.  Eo  super 
tigna  bipedalia  injiciunt  eaque  laminis  clavisque  religant. 

Ad  extremum  musculi  tectum  trabesque  extremas  quadratas 
regulas  iiii  patentes  digitos  defigunt,  quae  lateres  qui  super  35 
musculo  struantur  contineant.  Ita  fastigate  atque  ordinatim 


56 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


structo  tecto,  ut  trabes  erant  in  capreolis  collocatae,  lateribus 
lutoque  musculus,  ut  ab  igni  qui  ex  muro  jaceretur  tutus 
esset,  contegitur.  Super  lateres  coria  inducuntur,  ne  cana¬ 
libus  aqua  immissa  lateres  diluere  j)osset.  Coria  autem,  ne 
5  rursus  igni  ac  lapidibus  corrumpantur,  centonibus  conte¬ 
guntur.  Hoc  opus  omne  tectum  yineis  ad  ipsam  turrim 
perficiunt  subitoque  inopinantibus  hostibus  machinatione 
navali,  phalangis  subjectis,  ad  turrim  hostium  admovent,  ut 
aedificio  jungatur.  XI.  Quo  malo  perterriti  subito  oppidani 
10  saxa  quam  maxima  possunt  vectibus  promovent  praecipi- 
tataque  muro  in  musculum  devolvunt.  Ictum  firmitas  ma¬ 
teriae  sustinet,  et  quidquid  incidit  fastigio  musculi  elabitur. 
Id  ubi  vident,  mutant  consilium ;  cupas  taeda  ac  pice  re¬ 
fertas  incendunt  easque  de  muro  in  musculum  devolvunt. 
15  Involutae  labuntur,  delapsae  a  lateribus  longuriis  furcisque 
ab  opere  removentur.  Interim  sub  musculo  milites  vectibus 
infima  saxa  turris  hostium,  quibus  fundamenta  contineban¬ 
tur,  convellunt.  Musculus  ex  turri  latericia  a  nostris  telis 
tormentisque  defenditur  ;  hostes  ex  muro  ac  turribus  sum- 
20  moventur ;  non  datur  libera  muri  defendendi  facultas.  Com¬ 
pluribus  jam  lapidibus  ex  ea  quae  suberat  turri  subductis, 
repentina  ruina  pars  ejus  turris  concidit,  pars  reliqua  con¬ 
sequens  procumbebat,  cum  hostes  urbis  direptione  perterriti 
inermes  cum  infulis  se  porta  foras  universi  proripiunt,  ad 
25  legatos  atque  exercitum  supplices  manus  tendunt.  XII. 
Qua  nova  re  oblata  omnis  administratio  belli  consistit  mili¬ 
tesque  aversi  a  proelio  ad  studium  audiendi  et  cognoscendi 
feruntur.  Ubi  hostes  ad  legatos  exercitumque  joervene- 
runt,  universi  se  ad  pedes  projiciunt ;  orant  ut  adventus 
30  Caesaris  exspectetur.  Captam  suam  urbem  videre ;  opera 
perfecta,  turrim  subrutam ;  itaque  ab  defensione  desistere. 
Xullam  exoriri  moram  posse,  quominus,  cum  venisset,  si 
imperata  non  facerent  ad  nutum,  e  vestigio  diriperentur. 
Docent,  si  omnino  turris  concidisset,  non  posse  milites  con- 
35  tineri  quin  spe  praedae  in  urbem  irrumperent  urbem  que 
delerent.  Haec  atque  ejusdem  generis  complura  ut  ab  ho- 


COMM.  II.  CAP.  X—XIV. 


57 


minibus  doctis  magna  cum  misericordia  lletuque  pronuntian¬ 
tur.  XIII.  Quibus  rebus*  commoti  legati  milites  ex  opere 
deducunt,  oppugnatione  desistunt ;  operibus  custodias  re¬ 
linquunt.  Indutiarum  quodam  genere  misericordia  facto 
adventus  Caesaris  exspectatur.  Xullum  ex  muro,  nullum  a  5 
nostris  mittitur  telum ;  ut  re  confecta  omnes  curam  et 
diligentiam  remittunt.  Caesar  enim  per  litteras  Trebonio 
magnopere  mandaverat  ne  per  vim  oppidum  expugnari  pa¬ 
teretur,  ne  gravius  permoti  milites  et  defectionis  odio  et 
contemptione  sui  et  diutino  labore  omnes  puberes  interfice-  10 
rent ;  quod  se  facturos  minabantur,  aegreque  tunc  sunt 
retenti  quin  oppidum  irrumperent,  graviterque  eam  rem 
tulerunt,  quod  stetisse  per  Trebonium,  quominus  oppido 
potirentur,  videbatur.  XIV.  At  liostes  sine  fide  tempus 
atque  occasionem  fraudis  ac  doli  quaerunt*  interjectisque  15 
aliquot  diebus  nostris  languentibus  atque  animo  remissis 
subito  meridiano  tempore,  cum  alius  discessisset,  alius  ex 
diutino  labore  in  ipsis  operibus  quieti  se  dedisset,  arma  vero 
omnia  reposita  contectaque  essent,  portis  se  foras  erumpunt, 
secundo  magnoque  vento  ignem  operibus  inferunt.  Hunc  20 
sic  distulit  ventus,  uti  uno  tempore  agger,  plutei,  testudo, 
turris,  tormenta  flammam  conciperent  et  prius  baec  omnia 
consumerentur  quam  quemadmodum  accidisset  animadA^erti 
posset.  Xostri  repentina  fortuna  permoti  arma  quae  possunt 
arripiunt ;  alii  ex  castris  sese  incitant.  Fit  in  hostes  im-  25 
petus ;  sed  e  muro  sagittis  tormentisque  fugientes  persequi 
prohibentur.  Illi  sub  murum  se  recipiunt  ibique  musculum 
turrimque  latericiam  libere  incendunt.  Ita  multorum  men¬ 
sium  labor  hostium  perfidia  et  vi  tempestatis  puncto  tem¬ 
poris  interiit.  Tentaverunt  hoc  idem  Massilienses  postero  30 
die.  Eandem  nacti  tempestatem  majore  cum  fiducia  ad 
alteram  turrim  aggeremque  eruptione  pugnaverunt  mul¬ 
tumque  ignem  intulerunt.  Sed  ut  superioris  temporis 
contentionem  nostri  omnem  remiserant,  ita  proximi  diei 
casu  admoniti  omnia  ad  defensionem  paraverant.  Itaque  35 
multis  interfectis  rcli(|uos  infecta  rc  in  oppidum  repulerunt. 


58 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


XV.  Trebonius  ea  qnae  snnt  amissa  multo  majore  militum 
studio  administrare  et  reficere  instituit.  Xam  ubi  tantos  suos 
labores  et  apparatus  male  cecidisse  yiderunt  indutiisque  per 
scelus  violatis  suam  virtutem  irrisui  fore  perdoluerunt,  quod, 
5  unde  agger  omnino  comportari  posset,  niliil  erat  reliquum, 
omnibus  arboribus  longe  lateque  in  finibus  Massiliensium 
excisis  et  convectis,  aggerem  novi  generis  atque  inauditum 
ex  latericiis  duobus  muris  senum  pedum  crassitudine  atque 
eorum  murorum  contignatione  facere  instituerunt,  aequa 
10  fere  altitudine  atque  ille  congesticius  ex  materia  fuerat 
agger.  Ubi  aut  spatium  inter  muros  aut  imbecillitas  materiae 
postulare  videretur,  pilae  interponuntur,  transversaria  tigna 
injiciuntur,  quae  firmamento  esse  possint,  et  quidquid  est 
contignatum  cratibus  consternitur,  crates  luto  integuntur. 
15  Sub  tecto  miles,  dextra  ac  sinistra  muro  tectus,  adversus 
plutei  objectu,  operi  quaecumque  sunt  usui  sine  periculo 
supportat.  Celeriter  res  administratur ;  diuturni  laboris 
detrimentum  sollertia  et  virtute  militum  brevi  reconciliatur. 
Portae  quibus  locis  videtur  eruptionis  causa  in  muro  relin- 
20  quuntur.  XVI.  Quod  ubi  hostes  viderunt,  ea  quae  diu 
longoque  spatio  refici  non  posse  sperassent  paucorum  dierum 
opera  et  labore  ita  refecta,  ut  nullus  perfidiae  neque  erup¬ 
tioni  locus  esset  nec  quicquam  omnino  relinqueretur,  qua 
aut  telis  militibus  aut  igni  operibus  noceri  posset,  eodemque 
25  exemplo  sentiunt  totam  urbem,  qua  sit  aditus  ab  terra,  muro 
turribusque  circummuniri  posse,  sic  ut  ipsis  consistendi  in 
suis  munitionibus  locus  non  esset,  cum  paene  inaedificata  in 
muris  ab  exercitu  nostro  moenia  viderentur  ac  telum  manu 
conjiceretur,  suorumque  tormentorum  usum,  quibus  ipsi 
30  magna  speravissent,  spatio  propinquitatis  interire,  parique 
condicione  ex  muro  ac  turribus  bellandi  data  se  virtute  nos¬ 
tris  adaequare  non  posse  intellegunt,  ad  easdem  deditionis 
condiciones  recurrunt. 

35  XVII.  M.  Varro  in  ulteriore  Hispania  initio  cognitis  iis 
rebus  quae  sunt  in  Italia  gestae,  diffidens  Pompeianis  rebus. 


COMM.  II.  CAP.  XV—XVIIL 


59 


amicissime  de  Caesare  loquebatur  :  praeoccupatum  sese  lega^ 
tione  ab  On.  Pompeio,  teneri  obstrictum  fide ;  necessitu¬ 
dinem  quidem  sibi  niliilo  minorem  cum  Caesare  intercedere  ; 
neque  se  ignorare  quod  esset  officium  legati,  qui  fiduciariam 
operam  obtineret,  quae  vires  suae,  quae  voluntas  erga  Cae-  5 
sarem  totius  provinciae.  Haec  omnibus  ferebat  sermonibus 
neque  se  in  ullam  partem  movebat.  Postea  vero,  cum  Cae¬ 
sarem  ad  Massiliam  detineri  cognovit,  copias  Petreii  cum 
exercitu  Afranii  esse  conjunctas,  magna  auxilia  convenisse, 
magna  esse  in  spe  atque  exspectari,  et  consentire  omnem  10 
citeriorem  provinciam,  quaeque  postea  acciderant,  de  an¬ 
gustiis  ad  Ilerdam  rei  frumentariae,  accepit,  atque  baec  ad 
eum  latius  atque  inflatius  Afranius  perscribebat,  se  quoque 
ad  motus  fortunae  movere  coepit.  XVIII.  Delectum  habuit 
tota  provincia,  legionibus  completis  duabus  cohortes  circiter  15 
XXX  alarias  addidit.  Frumenti  magnum  numerum  coegit, 
quod  Massiliensibus,  item  quod  Afranio  Petreioque  mitteret. 
Xaves  longas  x  Gaditanis  ut  facerent  imperavit,  complures 
praeterea  Hispali  faciendas  curavit.  Pecuniam  omnem  om- 
niaque  ornamenta  ex  fano  Herculis  in  oppidum  Gadis  con-  20 
tulit  ;  eo  sex  cohortes  praesidii  causa  ex  provincia  misit 
Gaiumque  Gallonium,  equitem  Eomanum,  familiarem  Do¬ 
mitii,  qui  eo  procurandae  hereditatis  causa  venerat  missus  a 
Domitio,  oppido  Gadibus  praefecit ;  arma  omnia  privata  ac 
publica  in  domum  Galloni  contulit.  Ipse  habuit  graves  in  25 
Caesarem  contiones.  Saepe  ex  tribunali  praedicavit  adversa 
Caesarem  proelia  fecisse,  magnum  numerum  ab  eo  militum 
ad  Afranium  perfugisse  :  haec  se  certis  nuntiis,  certis  aucto¬ 
ribus  comperisse.  Quibus  rebus  perterritos  cives  Romanos 
ejus  provinciae  sibi  ad  rempublicam  administrandam  HS  30 
CLXXX  et  argenti  pondo  xx  milia,  tritici  modios  cxx  milia 
polliceri  coegit.  Quas  Caesari  esse  amicas  civitates  arbitra¬ 
batur,  his  graviora  onera  injungebat  praesidiaque  eo  de¬ 
ducebat  et  judicia  in  privatos  reddebat ;  qui  verba  atque 
orationem  adversus  rempublicam  habuissent,  eorum  bona  in  35 
publicum  addicebat.  Provinciam  omnem  in  sua  et  Pompeii 


60 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


verba  jusjurandum  adigebat.  Cognitis  iis  rebus  quae  sunt 
gestae  in  citeriore  Hispania  bellum  parabat.  Ratio  autem 
liaec  erat  belli,  ut  se  cum  ii  legionibus  Cades  conferret, 
naves  frumentumque  omne  ibi  contineret ;  provinciam  enim 
5  omnem  Caesaris  rebus  favere  cognoverat.  In  insula  fru¬ 
mento  navibusque  comparatis  bellum  duci  non  difficile  exis¬ 
timabat.  Caesar,  etsi  multis  necessariisque  rebus  in  Italiam 
revocabatur,  tamen  constituerat  nullam  partem  belli  in 
Hispaniis  relinquere,  quod  magna  esse  Pompeii  beneficia 
10  et  magnas  clientelas  in  citeriore  jorovincia  sciebat.  XIX. 
Itaque  duabus  legionibus  missis  in  ulteriorem  Hispaniam 
cum  Q.  Cassio,  tribuno  plebis,  ipse  cum  do  equitibus  magnis 
itineribus  progreditur  edictumque  praemittit,  ad  quam  diem 
magistratus  principesque  omnium  civitatum  sibi  esse  praesto 
15  Cordubae  vellet.  Quo  edicto  tota  provincia  pervulgato  nulla 
fuit  civitas,  quin  ad  id  tempus  partem  senatus  Cordubam 
mitteret,  non  civis  Romanus  paulo  notior,  quin  ad  diem 
conveniret.  Simul  ipse  Cordubae  conventus  j^er  se  portas 
Varroni  clausit,  custodias  vigiliasque  in  turribus  muroque 
20  disposuit,  cohortes  duas,  quae  colonicae  appellabantur,  cum 
eo  casu  venissent,  tuendi  oppidi  causa  apud  se  retinuit. 
Iisdem  diebus  Carmonenses,  quae  est  longe  firmissima  totius 
provinciae  civitas,  deductis  tribus  in  arcem  oppidi  cohortibus 
a  Varrone  praesidio,  per  se  cohortes  ejecit  portasque  j)rae- 
25  elusit.  XX.  Hoc  vero  magis  properare  Varro,  ut  cum  le¬ 
gionibus  quam  primum  Gades  contenderet,  ne  itinere  aut 
trajectu  intercluderetur  ;  tanta  ac  tam  secunda  in  Caesarem 
voluntas  provinciae  reperiebatur.  Progresso  ei  paulo  lon¬ 
gius  litterae  Gadibus  redduntur,  simul  atque  sit  cognitum 
30  de  edieto  Caesaris,  consensisse  Gaditanos  principes  cnm  tri¬ 
bunis  cohortium  quae  essent  ibi  in  praesidio,  ut  Gallonium 
ex  oppido  expellerent,  urbem  insulamque  Caesari  servarent. 
Hoc  inito  consilio  denuntiavisse  Gallonio  ut  sua  sponte,  dum 
sine  periculo  liceret,  excederet  Gadibus  ;  si  id  non  fecisset, 
35  sibi  consilium  capturos.  Hoc  timore  adductum  Gallonium 
Gadibus  excessisse.  His  cognitis  rebus  altera  ex  duabus 


COMM.  II.  CAP.  XVIII— XXL 


61 


legionibus,  quae  yernacula  appellabatur,  ex  castris  Yarronis 
adstante  et  inspectante  ipso  signa  sustulit  seseque  Hispalim 
recepit  atque  in  foro  et  porticibus  sine  maleficio  consedit. 
Quod  factum  adeo  ejus  conventus  cives  Eomani  comproba¬ 
verunt,  ut  domum  ad  sc  quisque  hospitio  cupidissime  reci-  5 
peret.  Quibus  rebus  perterritus  Varro,  cum  itinere  converso 
sese  Italicam  venturum  praemisisset,  certior  ab  suis  factus 
est  praeclusas  esse  portas.  Tum  vero  omni  interclusus  itinere 
ad  Caesarem  mittit  paratum  se  esse  legionem,  cui  jusserit, 
tradere.  Ille  ad  eum  Sextum  Caesarem  mittit  atque  huic  10 
tradi  jubet.  Tradita  legione  Varro  Cordubam  ad  Caesarem 
venit ;  relatis  ad  eum  publicis  cum  fide  rationibus,  quod 
penes  eum  est  pecuniae  tradit  et  quid  ubique  habeat  fru¬ 
menti  et  navium  ostendit.  XXI.  Caesar  contione  habita 
Cordubae  omnibus  generatim  gratias  agit  :  civibus  Eomanis,  15 
quod  oppidum  in  sua  potestate  studuissent  habere  ;  Hispanis, 
quod  praesidia  expulissent ;  Gaditanis,  quod  conatus  adver¬ 
sariorum  infregissent  seseque  in  libertatem  vindicassent ; 
tribunis  militum  centurionibusque,  qui  eo  praesidii  causa 
venerant,  quod  eorum  consilia  sua  virtute  confirmassent.  20 
Pecunias  quas  erant  in  publicum  Varroni  cives  Eomani 
polliciti,  remittit ;  bona  restituit  iis  quos  liberius  locutos 
hanc  poenam  tulisse  cognoverat.  Tributis  quibusdam  pub¬ 
licis  privatisque  praemiis  reliquos  in  posterum  bona  spe 
complet  biduumque  Cordubae  commoratus  Gades  proficis-  25 
citur  ;  pecunias  monumentaque  quae  ex  fano  Herculis  col- 
lata  erant  in  privatam  domum,  referri  in  templum  jubet. 
Provinciae  Q.  Cassium  praeficit  ;  huic  iiii  legiones  attribuit. 
Ipse  iis  navibus  quas  M.  Varro  quasque  Gaditani  jussu  Var¬ 
ronis  fecerant  Tarraconem  paucis  diebus  pervenit.  Ibi  totius  30 
fere  citerioris  provinciae  legationes  Caesaris  adventum  ex¬ 
spectabant.  Eadem  ratione  privatim  ac  publice  quibusdam 
civitatibus  habitis  honoribus  Tarracone  discedit  pedibusque 
Xarbonem  atque  inde  Massiliam  pervenit.  Ibi  legem  de 
dictatore  latam  seseque  dictatorem  dictum  a  M.  Lepido  prae-  35 
tore  cognoscit. 


62 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


XXII.  Massilienses  omnibus  defessi  malis,  rei  frumentariae 
ad  summam  inopiam  adducti,  bis  nayali  proelio  superati, 
crebris  eruptionibus  fusi,  gravi  etiam  pestilentia  conflictati 
ex  diutina  conclusione  et  mutatione  victus  (panico  enim  ve- 
5  tere  atque  liordeo  corrupto  omnes  alebantur,  quod  ad  hujus¬ 
modi  casus  antiquitus  paratum  in  publicum  contulerant), 
dejecta  turri,  labefacta  magna  parte  muri,  auxiliis  provinci¬ 
arum  et  exercituum  desperatis,  quos  in  Caesaris  potestatem 
venisse  cognoverant,  sese  dedere  sine  fraude  constituunt. 
10  Sed  paucis  ante  diebus  L.  Domitius  cognita  Massiliensium 
voluntate  navibus  iii  comparatis,  ex  quibus  duas  familiaribus 
suis  attribuerat,  unam  ipse  conscenderat,  nactus  turbidam 
tempestatem  profectus  est.  Hunc  cons23icatae  naves  quae 
missu  Bruti  consuetudine  quotidiana  ad  jDortum  excubabant, 
15  sublatis  ancoris  sequi  coeperunt.  Ex  his  unum  ipsius  navi¬ 
gium  contendit  et  fugere  perseveravit  auxilioque  tempestatis 
ex  conspectu  abiit,  duo  perterrita  concursu  nostrarum  na¬ 
vium  sese  in  portum  receperunt.  Massilienses  arma  tormen¬ 
taque  ex  oppido,  ut  est  imperatum,  proferunt,  naves  ex 
20  portu  navalibusque  educunt,  pecuniam  ex  publico  tradunt. 
Quibus  rebus  confectis  Caesar  magis  eos  pro  nomine  et 
vetustate  quam  pro  meritis  in  se  civitatis  conservans  duas 
ibi  legiones  praesidio  reliquit,  ceteras  in  Italiam  mittit ;  ipse 
ad  urbem  proficiscitur. 

25 

XXIII.  Iisdem  temporibus  C.  Curio  in  Africam  profectus 
ex  Sicilia  et  jam  ab  initio  copias  P.  Atti  Vari  despiciens, 
duas  legiones  ex  iiii  quas  acceperat  a  Caesare,  d  equites 
transportabat,  biduoque  et  noctibus  tribus  navigatione  con- 
30  sumptis  appellit  ad  eum  locum  qui  appellatur  Anquillaria, 
Hic  locus  abest  a  Clupeis  passuum  xxii  milia  habetque  non 
incommodam  aestate  stationem  et  duobus  eminentibus  pro¬ 
montoriis  continetur.  Hujus  adventum  L.  Caesar  fllius  cum 
X  longis  navibus  ad  Clupeam  praestolans,  quas  naves  Uticae 
35  ex  praedonum  bello  subductas  P.  Attius  reficiendas  hujus 
belli  causa  curaverat,  veritus  navium  multitudinem  ex  alto 


COMM.  II.  CAP.  XXII— XXV. 


63 


refugerat,  appulsaque  ad  proximum  litus  trireme  constrata 
et  in  litore  relicta 'pedibus  Adrumetum  perfugerat.  Id  op¬ 
pidum  0.  Considius  Longus  unius  legionis  praesidio  tuebatur. 
Eeliquae  Caesaris  naves  ejus  fuga  se  Adrumetum  receperunt. 
Hunc  secutus  Marcius  Eufus  quaestor  navibus  xii,  quas  5 
praesidio  onerariis  navibus  Curio  ex  Sicilia  eduxerat,  post¬ 
quam  in  litore  relictam  navem  conspexit,  lianc  remulco  ab¬ 
straxit  ;  ipse  ad  Curionem  cum  classe  redit.  XXIV.  Curio 
Marcium  Uticam  navibus  praemittit ;  ipse  eodem  cum  exer¬ 
citu  proficiscitur  biduique  iter  progressus  ad  fiumen  Ba-  10 
gradam  pervenit.  Ibi  C.  Caninium  Eebilum  legatum  cum 
legionibus  reliquit ;  ipse  cum  equitatu  antecedit  ad  Castra 
exploranda  Corneliana,  quod  is  locus  peridoneus  castris  habe¬ 
batur.  Id  autem  est  jugum  directum  eminens  in  mare, 
utraque  ex  parte  praeruptum  atque  asperum,  sed  tamen  15 
paulo  leniore  fastigio  ab  ea  parte  quae  ad  Uticam  vergit. 
Abest  directo  itinere  ab  Utica  paulo  amplius  passus  mille. 

Sed  hoc  itinere  est  fons,  quo  mare  succedit  longius,  lateque 
is  locus  restagnat ;  quem  si  qui  vitare  voluerit,  sex  milium 
circuitu  in  oppidum  pervenit.  XXV.  Hoc  explorato  loco  20 
Curio  castra  Vari  conspicit  muro  oppidoque  conjuncta  ad 
portam  quae  appellatur  bellica,  admodum  munita  natura 
loci,  una  ex  parte  ipso  oppido  Utica,  altera,  a  theatro  quod 
est  ante  oppidum,  substructionibus  ejus  operis  maximis, 
aditu  ad  castra  difficili  et  angusto.  Simul  animadvertit  25 
multa  undique  portari  atque  agi  plenissimis  viis,  quae  re¬ 
pentini  tumultus  timore  ex  agris  in  urbem  conferantur. 
Huc  equitatum  mittit,  ut  diriperet  atque  haberet  loco  prae¬ 
dae  ;  eodemque  tempore  his  rebus  subsidio  DC  equites  Xu- 
midae  ex  oppido  peditesque  cccc  mittuntur  a  Varo,  quos  30 
auxilii  causa  rex  Juba  paucis  diebus  ante  Uticam  miserat. 
Huic  et  paternum  hospitium  cum  Pompeio  et  simultas  cum 
Curione  intercedebat,  quod  tribunus  plebis  legem  promulga¬ 
verat,  qua  lege  regnum  Jubae  publicaverat.  Concurrunt 
equites  inter  se  ;  neque  vero  primum  impetum  nostrorum  35 
Numidae  ferre  potuerunt,  sed  interfectis  circiter  cxx  reliqui 


64 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


se  in  castra  ad  opj)idum  recej)erimt.  Interim  adventn  lon¬ 
garum  navium  Curio  pronuntiare  onerariis  navibus  Jubet, 
quae  stabant  ad  Uticam  numero  circiter  cc,  se  in  liostinm 
habiturum  loco  qui  non  e  vestigio  ad  Castra  Corneliana  tra- 
6  duxisset.  Qua  pronuntiatione  facta  temporis  puncto  sublatis 
ancoris  omnes  Uticam  relinquunt  et  quo  imperatum  est 
transeunt.  Quae  res  omnium  rerum  copia  complevit  ex¬ 
ercitum.  XXVI.  His  rebus  gestis  Curio  se  in  castra  ad 
Bagradam  recipit  atque  universi  exercitus  conclamatione 
10  imperator  appellatur,  posteroque  die  exercitum  Uticam  ducit 
et  prope  oppidum  castra  ponit.  Xondum  opere  castrorum 
perfecto  equites  ex  statione  nuntiant  magna  auxilia  equitum 
peditumque  ab  rege  missa  Uticam  venire ;  eodemque  tem¬ 
pore  vis  magna  pulveris  cernebatur,  et  vestigio  temporis 
15  primum  agmen  erat,  in  conspectu.  Xo  vitat  e  rei  Curio  per¬ 
motus  praemittit  equites,  qui  primum  impetum  sustineant 
ac  morentur;  ipse  celeriter  ab  opere  deductis  legionibus 
aciem  instruit.  Equitesque  committunt  proelium  et,  prius-, 
quam  plane  legiones  explicari  et  consistere  possent,  tota 
20  auxilia  regis  impedita  ac  perturbata,  quod  nullo  ordine  et 
sine  timore  iter  fecerant,  in  fugam  conjiciunt  equitatu  que 
omni  fere  incolumi,  quod  se  per  litora  celeriter  in  oppidum 
recepit,  magnum  peditum  numerum  interficiunt.  XXVII. 
Proxima  nocte  centuriones  Marsi  duo  ex  castris  Curionis  cum 
25  manipularibus  suis  xxii  ad  Attium  Varum  perfugiunt.  Hi, 
sive  vere  quam  habuerant  opinionem  ad  eum  perferunt,  sive 
etiam  auribus  Vari  serviunt  (nam  quae  volumus  et  credimus 
libenter,  et  quae  sentimus  ipsi  reliquos  sentire  speramus), 
confirmant  quidem  certe  totius  exercitus  animos  alienos  esso 
30  a  Curione,  maximeque  opus  esse  in  conspectum  exercitum 
venire .  et  colloquendi  dare  facultatem.  Qua  opinione  ad¬ 
ductus  Varus  postero  die  mane  legiones  ex  castris  educit. 
Eacit  idem  Curio,  atque  una  valle  non  magna  interjecta  suas 
uterque  copias  instruit.  XXVIII.  Erat  in  exercitu  Vari 
35  Sextus  Quintilius  Varus,  quem  fuisse  Corfini  supra  demon¬ 
stratum  est.  Hic  dimissus  a  Caesare  in  Africam  venerat, 


COMM.  II.  CAP.  XXV— XXX. 


65 


legionesqne  cas  traduxerat  Ourio  quas  superioribus  tempori¬ 
bus  Corfinio  receperat  Caesar,  adeo  ut  paucis  mutatis  cen¬ 
turionibus  iidem  ordines  manipulique  constarent.  Hanc 
nactus  appellationis  causam  Quintilius  circumire  aciem  Cu¬ 
rionis  atque  obsecrare  milites  coepit,  ne  primam  sacramenti  5 
quod  apud  Domitium  atque  apud  se  quaestorem  dixissent 
memoriam  deponerent,  neu  contra  eos  arma  ferrent  qui 
eadem  essent  usi  fortuna  eademque  in  obsidione  perpessi, 
neu  pro  bis  pugnarent  a  quibus  cum  contumelia  perfugae 
appellarentur.  Huc  pauca  ad  spem  largitionis  addidit,  quae  10 
ab  sua  liberalitate,  si  se  atque  Attium  secuti  essent,  exspec¬ 
tare  deberent.  Hac  habita  oratione  nullam  in  partem  ab 
exercitu  Curionis  fit  significatio,  atque  ita  suas  uterque  copias 
reducit.  XXIX.  At  in  castris  Curionis  magnus  omnium 
incessit  timor.  Is  variis  hominum  sermonibus  celeriter  au-  15 
getur.  Unusquisque  enim  opiniones  fingebat  et  ad  id  quod 
ab  alio  audierat,  sui  aliquid  timoris  addebat.  Hoc  ubi  uno 
auctore  ad  plures  permanaverat,  atque  alius  alii  tradiderat, 
plures  auctores  ejus  rei  videbantur.  [Civile  bellum  ;  genus 
hominum  quod  liceret  libere  facere,  et  sequi  quod  vellet ;  20 
legiones  eae  quae  paulo  ante  apud  adversarios  fuerant  (nam 
etiam  Caesaris  beneficium  mutaverat  consuetudo,  qua  offer¬ 
rentur  . )  ;  municipia  etiam  diversis 

partibus  conjuncta  (aeque  enim  ex  Marsis  Pelignisque  venie¬ 
bant,  ut  qui  superiore  nocte . ).  25 

In  contuberniis  centuriones  militesque  nonnulli  graviora 

. sermones  militum  dubii  durius 

accipiebantur,  nonnulli  etiam  ab  iis  qui  diligentiores  videri 
volebant  fingebantur.  ]  XXX.  Quibus  de  causis  consilio  con¬ 
vocato  de  summa  rerum  deliberare  incipit.  Erant  sententiae  30 
quae  conandum  omnibus  modis  castraque  Vari  oppugnanda 
censerent,  quod  in  hujusmodi  militum  consiliis  otium  max¬ 
ime  contrarium  esse  arbitrarentur ;  postremo  praestare  dice¬ 
bant  per  virtutem  in  pugna  belli  fortunam  experiri,  quam 
desertos  et  circumventos  ab  suis  gravissimum  supplicium  35 
perpeti.  Erant  qui  censerent  de  tertia  vigilia  in  Castra 


66 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


Cornelia  recedendum,  nt  majore  spatio  temporis  interjecto 
militum  mentes  sanarentur,  simul,  si  quid  gravius  accidisset, 
magna  multitudine  navium  et  tutius  et  facilius  in  Siciliam 
receptus  daretur.  XXXI.  Curio  utrumque  improbans  con- 
5  silium,  quantum  alteri  sententiae  deesset  animi  tantum 
alteri  superesse  dicebat :  bos  turpissimae  fugae  rationem 
habere,  illos  etiam  iniquo  loco  dimicandum  putare.  Qua 
enim,”  inquit,  fiducia  et  opere  et  natura  loci  munitissima 
castra  expugnari  posse  confidimus  ?  Aut  vero  quid  profici- 
10  mus,  si  accepto  magno  detrimento  ab  oppugnatione  castro¬ 
rum  discedimus  ?  Quasi  non  et  felicitas  rerum  gestarum 
exercitus  benevolentiam  imperatoribus  et  res  adversae  odia 
colligant !  Castrorum  autem  mutatio  quid  habet  nisi  turpem 
fugam  et  desperationem  omnium  et  alienationem  exercitus  ? 
15  Nam  neque  pudentes  suspicari  oportet  sibi  parum  credi, 
neque  improbos  scire  sese  timeri,  quod  illis  licentiam  timor 
augeat  noster,  his  studia  deminuat.  Quod  si  jam,”  inquit, 
^^haec  explorata  habeamus  quae  de  exercitus  alienatione 
dicuntur,  quae  quidem  ego  aut  omnino  falsa  aut  certe  mi- 
20  nora  opinione  esse  confido,  quanto  haec  dissimulari  et  occul¬ 
tari  quam  per  nos  confirmari  praestet  ?  An  non,  uti  corporis 
vulnera,  ita  exercitus  incommoda  sunt  tegenda,  ne  spem 
adversariis  augeamus  ?  At  etiam  ut  media  nocte  proficisca¬ 
mur  addunt,  quo  majorem,  credo,  licentiam  habeant  qui 
25  peccare  conentur.  Namque  hujusmodi  res  aut  pudore  aut 
metu  tenentur,  quibus  rebus  nox  maxime  adversaria  est. 
Quare  neque  tanti  sum  animi,  ut  sine  spe  castra  oppugnanda 
censeam,  neque  tanti  timoris,  ut  ipse  deficiam,  atque  omnia 
prius  experienda  arbitror  magnaque  ex  parte  jam  me  una 
30  vobiscum  de  re  judicium  facturum  confido.”  XXXII.  Di¬ 
misso  consilio  contionem  advocat  militum.  Commemorat 
quo  sit  eorum  usus  studio  ad  Corfinium  Caesar,  ut  magnam 
partem  Italiae  beneficio  atque  auctoritate  eorum  suam 
*  fecerit.  ^‘Vos  enim  vectrumque  factum  omnia,”  inquit, 
35  “  deinceps  municipia  sunt  cecuta,  neque  sine  causa  et  Caesar 
amicissime  de  vobis  et  illi  gravissime  judicaverunt.  Pom- 


COMM.  II.  CAP.  XXX— XXXII. 


C7 


peius  enim  nullo  proelio  pulsus  vestri  facti  praejudicio  de¬ 
motus  Italia  excessit ;  Caesar  me^  quem  sibi  carissimum 
habuit,  provinciam  Siciliam  atque  Africam,  sine  quibus 
urbem  atque  Italiam  tueri  non  potest,  vestrae  fidei  commisit. 
Adsunt  qui  vos  hortentur  ut  a  nobis  desciscatis.  Quid  enim  5 
est  illis  optatius  quam  uno  tempore  et-  nos  circumvenire  et 
vos  nefario  scelere  obstringere  ?  aut  quid  irati  gravius  de 
vobis  sentire  possunt  quam  ut  eos  prodatis  qui  se  vobis  om¬ 
nia  debere  judicant,  in  eorum  potestatem  veniatis  qui  se  per 
vos  perisse  existimant  ?  An  vero  in  Hispania  res  gestas  10 
Caesaris  non  audistis  ?  duos  pulsos  exercitus  ?  duos  superatos 
duces  ?  duas  receptas  provincias  ?  haec  acta  diebus  xl  quibus 
in  conspectum  adversariorum  venerit  Caesar  ?  An  qui  in¬ 
columes  resistere  non  potuerunt  perditi  resistant  ?  vos  autem 
incerta  victoria  Caesarem  secuti  dijudicata  jam  belli  fortuna  15 
victum  sequamini,  cum  vestri  officii  praemia  percipere  de¬ 
beatis  ?  Desertos  enim  se  ac  proditos  a  vobis  dicunt  et  prioris 
sacramenti  mentionem  faciunt.  Vosne  vero  L.  Domitium, 
an  vos  Domitius  deseruit  ?  Nonne  extremam  pati  fortunam 
paratos  projecit  ille  ?  nonne  sibi  clam  vobis  salutem  fuga  20 
petivit  ?  nonne  proditi  per  illum  Caesaris  beneficio  estis 
conservati  ?  Sacramento  quidem  vos  tenere  qui  potuit,  cum 
projectis  fascibus  et  deposito  imperio  privatus  et  captus  ipse 
in  alienam  venisset  potestatem  ?  Relinquitur  nova  religio, 
ut  eo  neglecto  sacramento  quo  tenemini,  respiciatis  illud  25 
quod  deditione  ducis  et  capitis  deminutione  sublatum  est. 

At,  credo,  si  Caesarem  probatis,  in  me  offenditis.  Qui  de 
meis  in  vos  meritis  praedicaturus  non  sum,  quae  sunt  adhuc 
,  et  mea  voluntate  et  vestra  exspectatione  leviora ;  sed  tamen 
sui  laboris  milites  semper  eventu  belli  praemia  petiverunt,  30 
qui  qualis  sit  futurus  ne  vos  quidem  dubitatis  ;  diligentiam 
quidem  nostram  aut,  quem  ad  finem  adhuc  res  jorocessit,  for¬ 
tunam  cur  j^raeteream  ?  An  paenitet  vos  quod  salvum  atque 
incolumem  exercitum  nulla  omnino  nave  desiderata  tra¬ 
duxerim  ?  quod  classem  hostium  primo  impetu  adveniens  35 
profligaverim  ?  quod  bis  per  biduam  equestri  proelio  supe- 


08 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


raverim  ?  quod  ex  portu  sinuque  adversariorum  cc  naves 
onerai-as  adduxerim  eoque  illos  compulerim,  ut  neque  pedes¬ 
tri  itinere  neque  navibus  commeatu  juvari  possint  ?  Hac 
vos  fortuna  atque  liis  ducibus  repudiatis  Corfiniensem  igno- 
5  miniam,  Italiae  fugam,  Hispaniarum  deditionem,  Africi  belli 
praejudicia  sequimini !  Equidem  me  Caesaris  militem  dici 
volui,  vcs  mo  imperatoris  nomine  appellavistis.  Cujus  si  vos 
poenitet,  vestrum  vobis  beneficium  remitto,  mihi  meum 
nomen  restituite,  ne  ad  contumeliam  honorem  dedisse  videa- 
10  mini.”  XXXIII.  Qua  oratione  permoti  milites  crebro  etiam 
interpellabant,  ut  magno  cum  dolore  infidelitatis  suspicionem 
sustinere  viderentur,  discedentem  vero  ex  contione  universi 
cohortantur  magno  sit  animo,  necubi  dubitet  proelium  com¬ 
mittere  et  suam  fidem  virtutemque  experiri.  Quo  facto 
15  commutata  omnium  et  voluntate  et  opinione  consensu 
summo  constituit  Curio,  cum  primum  sit  data  potestas, 
proelio  rem  committere,  posteroque  die  productos  eodem 
loco  quo  superioribus  diebus  constiterat,  in  acie  collocat. 
Xe  Varus  quidem  Attius  dubitat  copias  producere,  sive  solli- 
20  citandi  milites  sive  aequo  loco  dimicandi  detur  occasio,  ne 
facultatem  praetermittat.  XXXIV.  Erat  vallis  inter  duas 
acies,  ut  sujora  demonstratum  est,  non  ita  magna,  at  difficili 
et  arduo  ascensu.  Hanc  uterque  si  adversariorum  copiae 
transire  conarentur  exspectabat,  quo  aequiore  loco  proelium 
25  committeret.  Simul  ab  sinistro  cornu  P.  Attii  equitatus 
omnis  et  una  levis  armaturae  interjecti  comjfiures,  cum  se  in 
vallem  demitterent,  cernebantur.  Ad  eos  Curio  equitatum 
et  duas  Marrucinorum  cohortes  mittit ;  quorum  primum  im- 
2:)etum  equites  hostium  non  tulerunt,  sed  admissis  equis  ad 
30  suos  refugerunt ;  relicti  ab  his  qui  una  procurrerant  levis 
armaturae  circumveniebantur  atque  interficiebantur  ab  nos¬ 
tris.  Huc  tota  Vari  conversa  acies  suos  fugere  et  concidi 
videbat.  Tunc  Ecbilus,  legatus  Caesaris,  quem  Curio  secum 
ex  Sicilia  duxerat,  quod  magnum  habere  usum  in  re  militari 
35  sciebat,  ^^Perterritum,”  inquit,  ^Hiostem  vides,  Curio;  quid 
dubitas  uti  temporis  opportunitate?”  Ille  unum  elocutus. 


COMM.  II.  CAP.  XXXII-XXXVI 


69 


lit  memoria  tenerent  milites  ea  quae  pridie  sibi  confirmas- 
sent,  sequi  sese  jubet  et  praecurrit  ante  omnes.  Adeoque 
erat  impedita  vallis,  ut  in  ascensu  nisi  sublevati  ca  suis  primi 
non  facile  eniterentur.  Sed  praeoccupatus  animus  Attiano¬ 
rum  militum  timore  et  fuga  et  caede  suorum  niliil  de  resis-  5 
tendo  cogitabat,  omnesque  se  jam  ab  equitatu  circumveniri 
arbitrabantur.  Itaque  priusquam  telum  abjici  jiosset  aut 
nostri  propius  accederent,  omnis  Vari  acies  terga  vertit  seque 
in  castra  recepit.  XXXV.  Qua  in  fuga  Fabius  Pelignus 
quidam  ex  infimis  ordinibus  de  exercitu  Curionis  primum  10 
agmen  fugientium  consecutus  magna  voce  Varum  nomine 
appellans  requirebat,  uti  unus  esse  ex  ejus  militibus  et  mo¬ 
nere  aliquid  velle  ac  dicere  videretur.  Ubi  ille  saepius  apjiel- 
latus  aspexit  ac  restitit  et  quis  esset  aut  quid  vellet  quaesivit, 
bumerum  apertum  gladio  appetit,  paulumque  afuit  quin  15 
Varum  interficeret ;  quod  ille  periculum  sublato  ad  ejus 
conatum  scuto  vitavit.  Fabius  a  jiroximis  militibus  circum¬ 
ventus  interficitur.  Hac  fugientium  multitudine  ac  turba 
j)ortae  castrorum  occupantur  atque  iter  impeditur,  pluresque 
in  eo  loco  sine  vulnere  quam  in  proelio  aut  fuga  intereunt,  20 
neque  multum  afuit  quin  etiam  castris  expellerentur,  ac  non¬ 
nulli  protinus  eodem  cursu  in  oppidum  contenderunt.  Sed 
cum  loci  natura  et  munitio  castrorum  aditum  proliibebant, 
tum  quod  ad  proelium  egressi  Curionis  milites  iis  rebus 
indigebant  quae  ad  oppugnationem  castrorum  erant  usui.  25 
Itaque  Curio  exercitum  iii  castra  reducit  suis  omnibus  prae¬ 
ter  Fabium  incolumibus,  ex  numero  adversariorum  circiter 
DC  interfectis  ac  mille  vulneratis ;  qui  omnes  discessu  Cu¬ 
rionis  multique  praeterea  per  simulationem  vulnerum  ex 
castris  in  oj)pidum  propter  timorem  sese  recipiunt.  Qua  re  30 
animadversa  Varus  et  terrore  exercitus  cognito,  bucinatore 
in  castris  et  paucis  ad  speciem  tabernaculis  relictis,  de  tertia 
vigilia  silentio  exercitum  in  oppidum  reducit.  XXXVI. 
Postero  die  Curio  obsidere  Uticam  et  vallo  circummunire 
instituit.  Erat  in  oppido  multitudo  insolens  belli  diuturni-  35 
tate  otii,  Uticenses  pro  quibusdam  Caesaris  in  se  beneficiis 


70 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


illi  amicissimi,  conventus  is  qui  ex  variis  generibus  constaret, 
terror  ex  superioribus  proeliis  magnus.  Itaque  de  deditione 
omnes  palam  loquebantur,  et  cum  P.  Attio  agebant,  ne  sua 
pertinacia  omnium  fortunas  perturbari  vellet.  Haec  cum 
5  agerentur,  nuntii  praemissi  ab  rege  Juba  venerunt,  qui  illum 
adesse  cum  magnis  copiis  dicerent  et  de  custodia  ac  defem 
sione  urbis  hortarentur.  Quae  res  eorum  perterritos  animos 
confirmavit.  XXXVII.  Xuntiabantur  haec  eadem  Curioni, 
sed  aliquamdiu  fides  fieri  non  poterat  ;  tantam  habebat 
10  suarum  rerum  fiduciam.  Jamque  Caesaris  in  Hispania  res 
secundae  in  Africam  nuntiis  et  litteris  perferebantur.  Qui¬ 
bus  rebus  omnibus  sublatus  nihil  contra  se  regem  ausurum 
existimabat.  Sed  ubi  certis  auctoribus  comperit  minus  v  et 
XX  milibus  longe  ab  Utica  ejus  copias  abesse,  relictis  muni- 
15  tionibus  sese  in  Castra  Cornelia  recepit.  Huc  frumentum 
comportare,  castra  munire,  materiam  conferre  coepit,  statini- 
que  in  Siciliam  misit,  uti  duae  legiones  reliquusque  equitatus 
ad  se  mitteretur.  Castra  erant  ad  bellum  ducendum  aptis¬ 
sima  natura  loci  et  munitione  et  maris  propinquitate  et 
20  aquae  et  salis  copia,  cujus  magna  vis  jam  ex  proximis  erat 
salinis  eo  congesta.  Xon  materia  multitudine  arborum,  non 
frumentum,  cujus  erant  plenissimi  agri,  deficere  poterat. 
Itaque  omnium  suorum  consensu  Curio  reliquas  copias  ex¬ 
spectare  et  bellum  ducere  parabat.  XXXVIII.  His  con- 
25  stitutis  rebus  probatisque  consiliis  ex  perfugis  quibusdam 
oppidanis  audit  Jubam  revocatum  finitimo  bello  et  contro¬ 
versiis  Leptitanorum  restitisse  in  regno.  Saburram,  ejus 
praefectum,  cum  mediocribus  copiis  missum  Uticae  appro¬ 
pinquare.  His  auctoribus  temero  credens  consilium  com- 
30  mutat  et  proelio  rem  committere  constituit.  Multum  ad 
hanc  rem  probandam  adjuvat  adolescentia,  magnitudo  animi, 
superioris  temporis  proventus,  fiducia  rei  bene  gerendae. 
His  rebus  impulsus  equitatum  omnem  prima  nocte  ad  castra 
hostium  mittit  ad  fiumen  Bagradam,  quibus  praeerat  Sa- 
35  burra,  de  quo  ante  erat  auditum  ;  sed  rex  omnibus  copiis 
insequebatur  et  sex  milium  passuum  intervallo  a  Saburra 


COMM.  IL  CAP.  XXXVI— XL. 


71 


consederat.  Equites  missi  nocte  iter  conficiunt,  impruden- 
t3s  atque  inopinantes  hostes  aggrediuntur.  Numidae  enim 
quadam  barbara  consuetudine  nullis  ordinibus  passim  con¬ 
tuderant.  Hos  oppressos  somno  et  dispersos  adorti  magnum 
CDrum  numerum  interficiunt  ;  multi  perterriti  profugiunt.  5 
Quo  acto  ad  Curionem  equites  revertuntur  captivosque  ad 
eum  reducunt.  XXXIX.  Curio  cum  omnibus  copiis  quarta 
vigilia  exierat  cohortibus  v  castris  praesidio  relictis.  Pro¬ 
gressus  milia  passuum  yi  equites  convenit,  rem  gestam  cog¬ 
novit  ;  e  captivis  quaerit  quis  castris  ad  Bagradam  praesit ;  10 
respondent  Saburram.  Keliqua  studio  itineris  conficiendi 
quaerere  praetermittit  proximaque  respiciens  signa,  ^^Vide- 
tisne,”  inquit,  milites,  captivorum  orationem  cum  perfugis 
convenire  ?  abesse  regem,  exiguas  esse  copias  missas,  quae 
paucis  equitibus  pares  esse  non  potuerint  ?  Proinde  ad  15 
praedam,  ad  gloriam  properate,  ut  jam  de  praemiis  vestris 
et  de  referenda  gratia  cogitare  incipiamus.’’  Erant  per  se 
magna  quae  gesserant  equites,  praesertim  cum  eorum  exiguus 
numerus  cum  tanta  multitudine  Xumidarum  conferretur. 
Haec  tamen  ab  ipsis  infiatius  commemorabantur,  ut  de  suis  20 
homines  laudibus  libenter  praedicant.  Multa  praeterea  spolia 
praeferebantur,  capti  homines  equitesque  producebantur,  ut, 
quidquid  intercederet  temporis,  hoc  omne  victoriam  morari 
videretur.  Ita  spei  Curionis  militum  studia  non  deerant. 
Equites  sequi  jubet  sese  iterque  accelerat,  ut  quam  maxime  25 
ex  fuga  perterritos  adoriri  posset.  At  illi  itinere  totius 
noctis  confecti  subsequi  non  poterant,  atque  alii  alio  loco 
resistebant.  Xe  haec  quidem  res  Curionem  ad  spem  mora¬ 
batur.  XL.  Juba  certior  factus  a  Saburra  de  nocturno 
proelio  ii  milia  Hispanorum  et  Gallorum  equitum  quos  suae  30 
custodiae  causa  circum  se  habere  consuerat,  et  peditum  eam 
partem  cui  maxime  confidebat.  Saburrae  summisit ;  ipse 
cum  reliquis  copiis  elephantisque  lx  lentius  subsequitur. 
Suspicatus  praemissis  equitibus  ipsum  afiore  Curionem,  Sa¬ 
burra  copias  equitum  peditumque  instruit  atque  his  imperat  35 
ut  simulatione  timoris  paulatim  cedant  ac  pedem  referant ; 


72 


DE  BELLO  CLVLLL 


sese^  cum  opus  esset,  signum  proelii  daturum  et  quod  rem 
postulare  cognoyisset  imperaturum.  Curio,  ad  superiorem 
spem  addita  praesentis  temporis  opinione,  liostes  fugere  arbi¬ 
tratus  copias  ex  locis  superioribus  in  campum  ducit.  XLI. 

5  Quibus  ex  locis  cum  longius  esset  progressus,  confecto  jam 
labore  exercitu  xyi  milium  spatio  constitit.  Dat  suis  signum 
Saburra^  aciem  constituit  et  circumire  ordines  atque  liortari 
incipit ;  sed  peditatu  duntaxat  procul  ad  speciem  utitur, 
equites  in  aciem  mittit.  Xon  deest  negotio  Curio,  suosque 
10  hortatur  ut  spem  omnem  in  yirtute  reponant.  Xe  militibus 
quidem,  ut  defessis,  neque  equitibus,  ut  j)aucis  et  labore 
confectis,  studium  ad  pugnandum  yirtusque  deerat ;  sed  hi 
erant  numero  cc,  reliqui  in  itinere  substiterant.  Hi,  quam- 
cumque  in  partem  impetum  fecerant,  hostes  loco  cedere  coge- 
15  bant,  sed  neque  longius  fugientes  prosequi  nec  yehementius 
equos  incitare  poterant.  At  equitatus  hostium  ab  utroque 
cornu  circumire  aciem  nostram  et  ayersos  proterere  incipit. 
Cum  cohortes  ex  acie  procucurrissent,  Numidae  integri  cele¬ 
ritate  impetum  nostrorum  effugiebant  rursusque  ad  ordines 
20  suos  se  recipientes  circumibant  et  ab  acie  excludebant.  Sic 
neque  in  loco  manere  ordinesque  seryare  neque  procurrere  et 
casum  subire  tutum  yidebatur.  Hostium  copiae  summissis 
ab  rege  auxiliis  crebro  augebantur ;  nostros  yires  lassitudine 
deficiebant,  simul  ii  qui  yulnera  acceperant  neque  acie  exce- 
25  dere  neque  in  locum  tutum  referri  poterant,  quod  tota  acies 
equitatu  hostium  circumdata  tenebatur.  Hi  de  sua  salute 
desperantes,  ut  extremo  yitae  tempore  homines  facere  con¬ 
suerunt,  aut  suam  mortem  miserabantur  aut  parentes  suos 
commendabant,  si  quos  ex  eo  periculo  fortuna  seryare  potu- 
30  isset.  Plena  erant  omnia  timoris  et  luctus.  XLII.  Curio, 
ubi  perterritis  omnibus  neque  cohortationes  suas  neque  pre¬ 
ces  audiri  intellegit,  unam,  ut  in  miseris  rebus,  spem  reli¬ 
quam  salutis  esse  arbitratus  proximos  colles  capere  uniyersos 
atque  eo  signa  inferri  jubet.  Hos  quoque  praeoccupat  missus 
35  a  Saburra  equitatus.  Tum  yero  ad  summam  desperationem 
nostri  peryeniunt  et  partim  fugientes  ab  equitatu  interficiun- 


COMM.  II.  CAP.  XL—XLIV. 


73 


tnr,  partini  integri  procumbunt.  Hortatur  Curionem  Cu. 
Domitius,  praefectus  equitum,  cum  paucis  equitibus  circum¬ 
sistens,  ut  fuga  salutem  petat  atque  in  castra  contendat,  et 
se  ab  eo  non  discessurum  j)ollicetur.  At  Curio  numquam  se 
amisso  exercitu  quem  a  Caesare  fidei  commissum  acceperit  5 
in  ejus  conspectum  reversurum  confirmat,  atque  ita  proelians 
interficitur.  Equites  ex  proelio  perpauci  se  recipiunt ;  sed 
ii  quos  ad  novissimum  agmen  equorum  reficiendorum  causa 
substitisse  demonstratum  est,  fuga  totius  exercitus  procul 
animadversa  sese  incolumes  in  castra  conferunt.  Milites  ad  10 
unum  omnes  interficiuntur.  XLIII.  His  rebus  cognitis 
Marcius  Eufus  quaestor  in  castris  relictus  a  Curione  cohor¬ 
tatur  suos  ne  animo  deficiant.  Illi  orant  atque  obsecrant  ut 
in  Siciliam  navibus  reportentur.  Pollicetur  magistrisque 
imperat  navium  ut  primo  vespere  omnes  scaphas  ad  litus  15 
appulsas  habeant.  Sed  tantus  fuit  -omnium  terror,  ut  alii 
adesse  copias  Jubae  dicerent,  alii  cum  legionibus  instare 
Varum  jamque  se  pulverem  venientium  cernere  (quarum 
rerum  nihil  omnino  acciderat),  alii  classem  hostium  celeriter 
advolaturam  suspicarentur.  Itaque  perterritis  omnibus  sibi  20 
quisque  consulebat.  Qui  in  classe  erant  proficisci  propera¬ 
bant.  Horum  fuga  navium  onerariarum  magistros  incitabat ; 
pauci  lenunculi  ad  officium  imperiumque  conveniebant.  Sed 
tanta  erat  completis  litoribus  contentio  qui  potissimum  ex 
magno  numero  conscenderent,  ut  multitudine  atque  onere  25 
nonnulli  deprimerentur,  reliqui  hoc  timore  propius  adire 
tardarentur.  XLIV.  Quibus  rebus  accidit,  ut  pauci  milites 
patresque  familiae,  qui  aut  gratia  aut  misericordia  valerent 
aut  naves  adnare  possent,  recepti  in  Siciliam  incolumes  per¬ 
venirent.  Reliquae  copiae  missis  ad  Varum  noctu  legatorum  30 
numero  centurionibus  sese  ei  dediderunt.  Quarum  cohor¬ 
tium  milites  postero  die  ante  oppidum  Juba  conspicatus, 
suam  esse  praedicans  praedam,  magnam  partem  eorum  in¬ 
terfici  jussit,  paucos  electos  in  regnum  remisit,  cum  Varus 
suam  fidem  ab  eo  laedi  quereretur  neque  resistere  auderet.  35 
Ipse  equo  in  oppidum  vectus  prosequentibus  compluribus 


n 


DE  BELLO  CLVILI 


senatoribus,  quo  in  numero  erat  Ser.  Sulpicius  et  Licinius 
Damasippus,  paucis  quae  fieri  vellet  XJticae  constituit  atque 
imperavit,  diebusque  post  paucis  se  in  regnum  cum  omnibus  « 
copiis  recepit. 


COMMENTAEIUS  TERTIUS. 


I.  Dictatore  babente  comitia  Caesare,  consules  creantur 
Julius  Caesar  et  P.  Servilius ;  is  enim  erat  annus  quo  per 
leges  ei  consulem  fieri  liceret.  His  rebus  confectis,  cum 
fides  tota  Italia  esset  angustior  neque  creditae  pecuniae  sol- 
15  verentur,  constituit  ut  arbitri  darentur ;  per  eos  fierent 
aestimationes  possessionum  et  rerum,  quanti  quaeque  earum 
ante  bellum  fuisset,  atque  bae  creditoribus  traderentur.  Hoc 
et  ad  timorem  novarum  tabularum  tollendum  minuendum- 
que,  qui  fere  bella  et  civiles  dissensiones  sequi  consuevit,  et 
20  ad  debitorum  tuendam  existimationem  esse  aptissimum  exis¬ 
timavit.  Itemque  praetoribus  tribunisque  plebis  rogationes 
ad  populum  ferentibus,  nonnullos  ambitus  Pompeia  lege 
damnatos  illis  temporibus  quibus  in  urbe  praesidia  legionum 
Pompeius  babuerat  (quae  judicia  aliis  audientibus  judicibus, 
25  aliis  sententiam  ferentibus  singulis  diebus  erant  perfecta) 
in  integrum  restituit,  qui  se  illi  initio  civilis  belli  obtulerant, 
si  sua  opera  in  bello  uti  vellet,  proinde  aestimans  ac  si  usus 
esset,  quoniam  sui  fecissent  potestatem.  Statuerat  enim 
prius  bos  judicio  populi  debere  restitui  quam  suo  beneficio 
30  videri  receptos,  ne  aut  ingratus  in  referenda  gratia  aut  ar¬ 
rogans  in  praeripiendo  populi  beneficio  videretur.  II.  His 
rebus  et  feriis  Latinis  comitiisque  omnibus  perficiendis  xi 
dies  tribuit  dictaturaque  se  abdicat  et  ab  urbe  proficiscitur 
Brundisiumque  |)ervenit.  Eo  legiones  xii,  equitatum  om- 
35  nem  venire  jusserat.  Sed  tantum  navium  reperit,  ut  anguste 
XV  milia  legionariorum  militum,  DC  equites  transportare  pos- 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  I— IV. 


75 


sent.  Hoc  ,nnum  Caesari  ad  celeritatem  conficiendi  belli 
defuit.  Atque  bae  ipsae  copiae  lioc  infrequentiores  impo¬ 
nuntur,  quod  multi  Gallicis  tot  bellis  defecerant,  longumque 
iter  ex  Hispania  magnum  numerum  deminuerat,  et  grayis 
autumnus  in  Apulia  circumque  Brundisium  ex  saluberrimis  5 
Galliae  et  Hispaniae  regionibus  omnem  exercitum  valetudine 
tentaverat. 

III.  Pompeius  annuum  spatium  ad  comparandas  copias 
nactus,  quod  vacuum  a  bello  atque  ab  boste  otiosum  fuerat,  10 
magnam  ex  Asia  Cycladibusque  insulis,  Corcyra,  Atbenis, 
Ponto,  Bitbynia,  Syria,  Cilicia,  Pboenice,  Aegypto  classem 
coegerat,  magnam  omnibus  locis  aedificandam  curaverat ; 
magnam  imperatam  Asiae,  Syriae  regibusque  omnibus  et 
dynastis  et  tetrarchis  et  liberis  Acbaiae  populis  pecuniam  15 
exegerat,  magnam  societates  earum  provinciarum  quas  ipse 
obtinebat  sibi  numerare  coegerat.  IV.  Legiones  efiecerat 
civium  Eomanorum  viiii :  Y  ex  Italia,  quas  traduxerat ; 
unam  ex  Cilicia  veteranam,  quam  factam  ex  duabus  gemel¬ 
lam  appellabat ;  unam  ex  Creta  et  Macedonia,  ex  veteranis  20 
militibus  qui  dimissi  a  superioribus  imperatoribus  in  bis  pro¬ 
vinciis  consederant ;  duas  ex  Asia,  quas  Lentulus  consul 
conscribendas  curaverat.  Praeterea  magnum  numerum  ex 
Thessalia,  Boeotia,  Achaia  Epiroque  supplementi  nomine  in 
legiones  distribuerat ;  bis  Antonianos  milites  admiscuerat.  25 
Praeter  has  exspectabat  cum  Scipione  ex  Syria  legiones  ii. 
Sagittarios  Creta,  Lacedaemone,  ex  Ponto  atque  Syria  reli¬ 
quisque  civitatibus  iii  milia  numero  habebat,  funditorum 
cohortes  sexcenarias  ii,  equitum  Yii  milia.  Ex  quibus  DC 
Gallos  Deiotarus  adduxerat,  D  Ariobarzanes  ex  Cappadocia ;  30 
ad  eundem  numerum  Cotys  ex  Thracia  dederat  et  Sadalam 
filium  miserat ;  ex  Macedonia  cc  erant,  quibus  Ehascypolis 
praeerat,  excellenti  virtute ;  D  ex  Gabinianis  Alexandria, 
Gallos  Germanosque,  quos  ibi  A.  Gabinius  praesidii  causa 
apud  regem  Ptolemaeum  reliquerat,  Pompeius  filius  cum  35 
classe  adduxerat ;  dccc  ex  servis  pastoribusque  suis  suorum- 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


i 


G 


que  coegerat :  ccc  Tarcondarius  Castor  et  Donnilaus  ex 
Gallograecia  dederunt  (horum  alter  una  venerat,  alter  filium 
miserat) ;  cc  ex  Syria  a  Commageno  Antiocho,  cui  magna 
Pompeius  praemia  tribuit,  missi  erant,  in  his  plerique  hippo- 
5  toxotae.  Huc  Dardanos,  Bessos  partim  mercenarios,  par- 
tim  imperio  aut  gratia  comparatos,  item  Macedones,  Thessalos 
ac  reliquarum  gentium  et  civitatum  adjecerat  atque  eum 
quem  supra  demonstravimus  numerum  expleverat.  V.  Pru- 
menti  vim  maximam  ex  Thessalia,  Asia,  Aegypto,  Creta, 
10  Cyrenis  reliquisque  regionibus  comparaverat.  Hiemare  Dyr¬ 
rhachii,  Apolloniae  omnibusque  oppidis  maritimis  constitu¬ 
erat,  ut  mare  transire  Caesarem  prohiberet,  ejusque  rei  causa 
omni  ora  maritima  classem  disposuerat.  Praeerat  Aeg}q)tiis 
navibus  Pompeius  filius,  Asiaticis  D.  Laelius  et  C.  Triarius, 
15  Syriacis  C.  Cassius,  Ehodiis  C.  Marcellus  cum  C.  Coponio, 
Liburnicae  atque  Achaicae  classi  Scribonius  Libo  et  M.  Oc¬ 
tavius.  Toti  tamen  ofiicio  maritimo  M.  Bibulus  praepositus 
cuncta  administrabat ;  ad  hunc  summa  imperii  respiciebat. 

20  VI.  Caesar,  ut  Brundisium  venit,  contionatus  apud  mili¬ 
tes,  quoniam  prope  ad  finem  laborum  ac  periculorum  esset 
perventum,  aequo  animo  mancipia  atque  impedimenta  in 
Italia  relinquerent,  ipsi  expediti  naves  conscenderent,  quo 
major  numerus  militum  posset  imponi,  omniaque  ex  victoria 
25  et  ex  sua  liberalitate  sperarent,  conclamantibus  omnibus 
imperaret  quod  vellet,  quodcumque  imperavisset  se  aequo 
animo  esse  facturos,  ii  Hon.  Jan.  naves  solvit.  Impositae, 
ut  supra  demonstratum  est,  legiones  vii.  Postridie  terram 
attigit  Germiniorum.  Saxa  inter  et  alia  loca  periculosa 
30  quietam  nactus  stationem  et  j)ortus  omnes  timens,  quod 
teneri  ab  adversariis  arbitrabantur,  ad  eum  locum'  qui  appel¬ 
labatur  Palaeste,  omnibus  navibus  ad  unam  incolumibus 
milites  exposuit.  VII.  Erant  Orici  Lucretius  Vespillo  et 
Minucius  Eufus  cum  Asiaticis  navibus  xviii,  quibus  jussu 
35  D.  Laelii  praeerant,  M.  Bibulus  cum  navibus  cx  Corcyrae. 
Sed  neque  illi  sibi  confisi  ex  joertu  prodire  sunt  ausi,  cum 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  IV— IX. 


77 


Caesar  omnino  xii  naves  longas  praesidio  duxisset,  in  quibus 
erant  constratae  iiii,  neque  Bibulus  impeditis  navibus  dis- 
persisque  remigibus  satis  mature  occurrit,  quod  prius  ad 
continentem  visus  est  Caesar  quam  de  ejus  adventu  fama 
omnino  in  eas  regiones  perferretur.  VIII.  Expositis  mili-  5 
tibus  naves  eadem  nocte  Brundisium  a  Caesare  remittuntur, 
ut  reliquae  legiones  equitatusque  transportari  possent.  Huic 
officio  praepositus  erat  Fufius  Calenus  legatus,  qui  celerita¬ 
tem  in  transportandis  legionibus  adbiberet.  Sed  serius  a 
terra  provectae  naves  neque  usae  nocturna  aura  in  redeundo  10 
offenderunt.  Bibulus  enim  Corcyrae  certior  factus  de  ad¬ 
ventu  Caesaris,  sperans  alicui  se  parti  onustarum  navium 
occurrere  posse,  inanibus  occurrit  et  nactus  circiter  xxx  in 
eas  indiligentiae  suae  ac  doloris  iracundiam  erupit  omnesque 
incendit  eodemque  igne  nautas  dominosque  navium  inter-  15 
fecit,  magnitudine  poenae  reliquos  terreri  sperans.  Hoc 
confecto  negotio  a  Sasonis  ad  Curici  portum  stationes  litora- 
que  omnia  longe  lateque  classibus  occupavit,  custodiisque 
diligentius  dispositis  ipse  gravissima  bieme  in  navibus  ex¬ 
cubans  neque  ullum  laborem  aut  munus  despiciens,  ne  quod  20 
subsidium  exspectanti  Caesari  in  conspectum  venire  posset, 

•  •  •  »  ' 

•  ••••••  •  •  *  •• 

.  .  .  .  IX.  Discessu  Liburnarum  ex  Illyrico 

M.  Octavius  cum  iis  quas  babebat  navibus  Salonas  pervenit.  25 
Ibi  concitatis  Dalmatis  reliquisque  barbaris  Issam  a  Caesaris 
amicitia  avertit ;  conventum  Salonis  cum  neque  pollicita¬ 
tionibus  neque  denuntiatione  periculi  permovere  posset,  op¬ 
pidum  oppugnare  instituit.  Est  autem  oppidum  et  loci 
natura  et  colle  munitum.  Sed  celeriter  cives  Eomani,  lig-  30 
neis  effectis  turribus,  bis  sese  munierunt  et,  cum  essent 
infirmi  ad  resistendum  propter  paucitatem  bominum  crebris 
confecti  vulneribus,  ad  extremum  auxilium  descenderunt 
servosque  omnes  puberes  liberaverunt  et  praesectis  omnium 
mulierum  crinibus  tormenta  effecerunt.  Quorum  cognita  35 
sententia  Octavius  quinis  castris  oppidum  circumdedit  at- 


78 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


que  uno  tempore  obsidione  et  oppugnationibus  eos  premere 
coepit.  Illi  omnia  joerpeti  parati  maxime  a  re  frumentaria 
laborabant.  Cui  rei  missis  ad  Caesarem  legatis  auxilium  ab 
eo  petebant ;  reliqua,  ut  poterant,  incommoda  per  se  sustine» 
5  bant.  Et  longo  interposito  spatio  cum  diuturnitas  oppugna» 
tionis  neglegentiores  Octavianos  effecisset,  nacti  occasionem 
meridiani  temporis  discessu  eorum,  pueris  mulieribusquo  in 
muro  dis|)Ositis,  ne  quid  quotidianae  consuetudinis  desidera¬ 
retur,  ipsi  manu  facta  cum  iis  quos  nuper  liberaverant,  in 
10  proxima  Octavi  castra  irruperunt.  His  expugnatis  eodem 
impetu  altera  sunt  adorti,  inde  tertia  et  quarta  et  deinceps 
reliqua,  omnibusque  eos  castris  expulerunt  et  magno  numero 
interfecto  reliquos  atque  ipsum  Octavium  in  naves  confugere 
coegerunt.  Hic  fuit  oppugnationis  exitus.  Jamque  biems 
15  appropinquabat,  et  tantis  detrimentis  acceptis  Octavius  de¬ 
sperata  oppugnatione  oppidi  D3rrrhacliium  sese  ad  Pompeium 
recepit. 

X.  Demonstravimus  L.  Vibullium  Eufum,  Pompeii  prae¬ 
fectum,  bis  in  potestatem  pervenisse  Caesaris  atque  ab  eo 
20  esse  dimissum,  semel  ad  Corfinium,  iterum  in  Hispania. 
Hunc  pro  suis  beneficiis  Caesar  idoneum  judicaverat  quem 
cum  mandatis  ad  Cn.  Pompeium  mitteret,  eundemque  apud 
Cn.  Pompeium  auctoritatem  habere  intellegebat.  Erat  autem 
haec  summa  mandatorum  :  debere  utrumque  pertinaciae 
25  finem  facere  et  ab  armis  discedere  neque  amplius  fortunam 
periclitari.  Satis  esse  magna  utrimque  incommoda  accepta, 
quae  pro  disciplina  et  praeceptis  habere  possent,  ut  reliquos 
casus  timerent :  illum  Italia  expulsum  amissa  Sicilia  efc  Sar¬ 
dinia  duabusque  Hispaniis  et  cohortibus  in  Italia  atque  His- 
30  pania  civium  Eomanorum  centum  atque  xxx;  se  morte 
Curionis  et  detrimento  Africani  exercitus  tanto  militumque 
deditione  ad  Curictam.  Proinde  sibi  ac  reipublicae  parce¬ 
rent,  cum  quantum  in  bello  fortuna  posset,  jam  ipsi  incom¬ 
modis  suis  satis  essent  documento.  Hoc  unum  esse  tempus 
35  de  pace  agendi,  dum  sibi  uterque  confideret  et  pares  ambo 
viderentur  ;  si  vero  alteri  paulum  modo  tribuisset  fortuna. 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  IX—XII. 


79 


non  esse  usurum  condicionibus  pacis  eum  qui  superior  videre¬ 
tur,  neque  fore  aequa  parte  contentum  qui  se  omnia  habitu¬ 
rum  confideret.  Condiciones  pacis,  quoniam  antea  convenire 
non  j)otuissent,  Romae  ab  senatu  et  a  populo  peti  debere. 
Interea  et  reipublicae  et  ipsis  placere  ojoortere,  si  uterque  in  5 
contione  statim  Juravisset  se  triduo  proximo  exercitum  dimis¬ 
surum.  Depositis  armis  auxiliisque,  quibus  nunc  confiderent, 
necessario  populi  senatusque  judicio  fore  utrumque  conten¬ 
tum.  XI.  Vibullius  his  expositis  Corcyrae  non  minus  ne¬ 
cessarium  esse  existimavit  de  repentino  adventu  Caesaris  10 
Pompeium  fieri  certiorem,  uti  ad  id  consilium  capere  posset 
antequam  de  mandatis  agi  inciperetur,  atque  ideo  continuato 
nocte  ac  die  itinere  atque  mutatis  ad  celeritatem  jumentis  ad 
Pomj)eium  contendit,  ut  adesse  Caesarem  nuntiaret.  Pom¬ 
peius  erat  eo  tempore  in  Candavia  iterque  ex  Macedonia  in  15 
hiberna  Apolloniam  Dyrrhachiumque  habebat.  Sed  re  nova 
perturbatus  majoribus  itineribus  Apolloniam  petere  coepit,. ne 
Caesar  orae  maritimae  civitates  occuparet.  At  ille  expositis 
militibus  eodem  die  Oricum  proficiscitur.  Quo  cum  venisset, 

L.  Torquatus,  qui  jussu  PomjDcii  oppido  praeerat  praesidium-  20 
que  ibi  Parthinorum  habebat,  conatus  portis  clausis  oppidum 
defendere,  cum  Graecos  murum  ascendere  atque  arma  capere 
juberet,  illi  autem  se  contra  imperium  populi  Romani  pug¬ 
naturos  esse  negarent,  oppidani  autem  etiam  sua  sponte 
Caesarem  recipere  conarentur,  desperatis  omnibus  auxiliis  25 
portas  aperuit  et  se  atque  oppidum  Caesari  dedidit  incolu- 
misque  ab  eo  conservatus  est.  XII.  Recepto  Caesar  Orico 
nulla  interposita  mora  Apolloniam  proficiscitur.  Cujus  ad¬ 
ventu  audito  L.  Staberius,  qui  ibi  praeerat,  aquam  compor¬ 
tare  in  arcem  atque  eam  munire  obsidesque  ab  Apolloniatibus  30 
exigere  coepit.  Illi  vero  daturos  se  negare  neque  portas  con¬ 
suli  praeclusuros,  neque  sibi  judicium  sumpturos  contra 
atque  omnis  Italia  populusque  Romanus  judicavisset.  Quo¬ 
rum  cognita  voluntate  clam  profugit  Apollonia  Staberius. 

Illi  ad  Caesarem  legatos  mittunt  o^^i^idoque  recipiunt.  Hos  35 
sequuntur  Bullidenses,  Amantini  et  reliquae  finitimae  civi- 


80 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


tates  totaqiie  Epiros,  et  legatis  ad  Caesarem  missis  quae 
imperaret  facturos  pollicentur.  XIII.  At  Pompeius  cog¬ 
nitis  Ilis  rebus  quae  erant  Orici  atque  Apolloniae  gestae/ 
Dyrrliacliio  timens,  diurnis  eo  nocturnisque  itineribus  con- 
5  tendit.  Simul  Caesar  appropinquare  dicebatur,  tantusque 
terror  incidit  ejus  exercitui,  quod  projierans  noctem  diei  con¬ 
junxerat  neque  iter  intermiserat,  ut  paene  omnes  ex  Epiro 
linitimisque  regionibus  signa  relinquerent,  complures  arma 
projicerent,  ac  fugae  simile  iter  yideretur.  Sed  cum  prope 
10  Dyrrliacliium  Pompeius  constitisset  castraque  metari  j ussis¬ 
set,  perterrito  etiam  tum  exercitu  princeps  Labienus  procodit 
juratque  se  eum  non  deserturum  eundemque  casum  subitu¬ 
rum,  quemcumque  ei  fortuna  tribuisset.  Hoc  idem  reliqui 
jurant  legati  ;  tribuni  militum  centurionesque  sequuntur, 
15  atque  idem  omnis  exercitus  jurat.  Caesar  praeoccupato 
itinere  ad  Dyrrliacliium  finem  properandi  facit  castraque  ad 
flumen  Apsum  ponit  in  finibus  Apolloniatium,  ut  castellis 
vigiliisque  bene  meritae  civitates  tutae  essent,  ibique  reli¬ 
quarum  ex  Italia  legionum  adventum  exspectare  et  sub  pel- 
20  libus  hiemare  constituit.  Hoc  idem  Pompeius  fecit  et  trans 
flumen  Apsum  positis  castris  eo  copias  omnes  auxiliaque  con¬ 
duxit.  XIV.  Calenus  legionibus  equitibusque  Brundisi  in 
naves  impositis,  ut  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesare,  quantum 
navium  facultatem  habebat,  naves  solvit,  paulumque  a  portu 
25  progressus  litteras  a  Caesare  accipit,  quibus  est  certior  factus 
portus  litoraque  omnia  classibus  adversariorum  teneri.  Quo 
cognito  se  in  portum  recipit  navesque  omnes  revocat.  IJna 
ex  his,  quae  perseveravit  neque  imperio  Caleni  obtempera¬ 
vit,  quod  erat  sine  militibus  privatoque  consilio  administra- 
30  batur,  delata  Oricum  atque  a  Bibulo  expugnata  est ;  qui  de 
servis  liberisque  omnibus  ad  impuberes  supplicium  sumit  et 
ad  unum  interficit.  Ita  exiguo  tempore  magnoque  casu 
totius  exercitus  salus  constitit. 

XV.  Bibulus,  ut  supra  demonstratum  est,  erat  cum  classe 
35  ad  Oricum  et,  sicuti  mari  portibusque  Caesarem  prohibebat, 
ita  ipse  omni  terra  earum  regionum  prohibebatur ;  praesidiis 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  XII— XVI. 


81 


cnim  dispositis  omnia  litora  a  Caesare  tenebantur,  neque 
lignandi  atque  aquandi  neque  naves  ad  terram  religandi  po¬ 
testas  fiebat.  Erat  res  in  magna  difiicultate,  summisque  an¬ 
gustiis  rerum  necessariarum  premebantur,  adeo  ut  cogerentur 
sicuti  reliquum  commeatum  ita  ligna  atque  aquam  Corcyra  5 
navibus  onerariis  supportare,  atque  etiam  uno  tempore  ac¬ 
cidit  ut,  difficilioribus  usi  tempestatibus,  ex  pellibus  quibus 
erant  tectae  naves  nocturnum  excipere  rorem  cogerentur  ; 
quas  tamen  difiicultates  patienter  atque  aequo  animo  ferebant 
neque  sibi  nudanda  litora  et  relinquendos  portus  existima-  10 
bant.  Sed  cum  essent  in  quibus  demonstravi  angustiis,  ac 
se  Libo  cum  Bibulo  conjunxisset,  loquuntur  ambo  ex  navibus 
cum  M’.  Acilio  et  Statio  Murco  legatis,  quorum  alter  oppidi 
muris,  alter  praesidiis  terrestribus  praeerat  :  velle  se  de 
maximis  rebus  cum  Caesare  loqui,  si  sibi  facultas  detur.  15 
Huc  addunt  pauca  rei  confirmandae  causa,  ut  de  composi¬ 
tione  acturi  viderentur.  Interim  postulant  ut  sint  indutiae 
atque  ab  iis  impetrant.  Magnum  enim  quod  afferebant 
videbatur,  et  Caesarem  id  summe  sciebant  cupere,  et  pro¬ 
fectum  aliquid  Vibulli  mandatis  existimabatur.  XYI.  Caesar  20 
eo  tempore  cum  legione  una  profectus  ad  recipiendas  ulteri¬ 
ores  civitates  et  rem  frumentariam  expediendam,  qua  an¬ 
guste  utebatur,  erat  ad  Buthrotum  oppositum  Corcyrae. 

Ibi  certior  ab  Acilio  et  Murco  per  litteras  factus  de  postulatis 
Libonis  et  Bibuli  legionem  relinquit ;  ipse  Oricum  revertitur.  25 
Eo  cum  venisset,  evocantur  illi  ad  colloquium.  Prodit  Libo 
atque  excusat  Bibulum,  quod  is  iracundia  summa  erat  inimi¬ 
citiasque  habebat  etiam  privatas  cum  Caesare  ex  aedilitate 
et  praetura  conceptas  :  ob  eam  causam  colloquium  vitasse,  # 
ne  res  maximae  spei  maximaeque  utilitatis  ejus  iracundia  30 
impedirentur.  Summam  suam  esse  ac  fuisse  semper  volun¬ 
tatem  ut  componeretur  atque  ab  armis  discederetur,  sed 
potestatem  ejus  rei  nullam  habere,  propterea  quod  de  con¬ 
silii  sententia  summam  belli  rerumque  omnium  Pompeio 
permiserint.  Sed  postulatis  Caesaris  cognitis  missuros  ad  35 
Pompeium,  atque  illum  reliqua  per  se  acturum  hortantibus 


82 


DE  BBJLLO  CIVILI 


ipsis.  Interea  manerent  indutiae  dum  ab  illo  rediri  posset, 
neye  alter  alteri  noceret.  Huc  addit  pauca  de  causa  et  de 
copiis  auxiliisque  suis.  XVII.  Quibus  rebus  neque  tum 
respondendum  Caesar  existimavit,  neque  nunc,  ut  memoriae 
5  prodantur,  satis  causae  putamus.  Postulabat  Caesar  ut 
legatos  sibi  ad  Pompeium  sino  periculo  mittere  liceret,  idque 
ipsi  fore  reciperent  aut  acceptos  per  se  ad  eum  perducerent. 
Quod  ad  indutias  pertineret,  sic  belli  rationem  esse  divisam, 
ut  illi  classe  naves  auxiliaque  sua  impedirent,  ipse  ut  aqua 
10  terraque  eos  prohiberet.  Si  hoc  sibi  remitti  vellent,  remit¬ 
terent  ipsi  de  maritimis  custodiis ;  si  illud  tenerent,  se 
quoque  id  retenturum.  Nihilo  minus  tamen  agi  posse  de 
compositione,  ut  haec  non  remitterentur,  neque  hanc  rem 
esse  impedimenti  loco.  Ille  neque  legatos  Caesaris  recipere 
15  neque  periculum  praestare  eorum,  sed  totam  rem  ad  Pom¬ 
peium  rejicere  ;  unum  instare  de  indutiis  vehementissimeque 
contendere.  Quem  ubi  Caesar  intellexit  praesentis  periculi 
atque  inopiae  vitandae  causa  omnem  orationem  instituisse 
neque  ullam  spem  aut  condicionem  pacis  afferre,  ad  reliquam 
20  cogitationem  belli  sese  recepit.  XVIII.  Bibulus  multos  dies 
terra  prohibitus  et  graviore  morbo  ex  frigore  ac  labore  im¬ 
plicitus,  cum  neque  curari  posset  neque  susceptum  officium 
deserere  vellet,  vim  morbi  sustinere  non  potuit.  Eo  mortuo 
ad  neminem  unum  summa  imperii  redit,  sed  separatim  suam 
25  quisque  classem  ad  arbitrium  suum  administrabat.  Vibul¬ 
lius  sedato  tumultu  quem  repentinus  Caesaris  adventus  con¬ 
citaverat,  ubi  primum  e  re  visum  est,  adhibito  Libone  et  L. 
Lucceio  et  Theophane,  quibuscum  communicare  de  maximis 
«  rebus  Pompeius  consueverat,  de  mandatis  Caesaris  agere 
30  instituit.  Quem  ingressum  in  sermonem  Pompeius  inter¬ 
pellavit  et  loqui  plura  prohibuit.  Quid  mihi,”  inquit, 
‘‘aut  vita  aut  civitate  opus  est,  quam  beneficio  Caesaris 
habere  videbor  ?  cujus  rei  opinio  tolli  non  poterit,  cum  in 
Italiam,  ex  qua  profectus  sum,  reductus  existimabor.”  Bello 
35  perfecto  ab  iis  Caesar  haec  facta  cognovit  qui  sermoni  inter¬ 
fuerunt  ;  conatus  tamen  nihilo  minus  est  aliis  rationibus  de 


COMM.  III.  GAP.  XVI— XX. 


83 


pace  agere.  XIX.  Inter  bina  castra  Pompeii  atqne  Caesaris 
unum  flumen  tantum  intererat  Apsus,  crebraque  inter  se 
colloquia  milites  habebant,  neque  ullum  interim  telum  per 
pactiones  loquentium  trajiciebatur.  Mittit  P.  Vatinium  le¬ 
gatum  ad  ripam  ipsam  fluminis,  qui  ea  quae  maxime  ad  5 
pacem  pertinere  yiderentur  ageret,  et  crebro  magna  yoce  pro¬ 
nuntiaret  liceretne  ciyibus  ad  ciyes  de  pace  legatos  mittere, 
quod  etiam  fugitiyis  ab  saltu  Pyrenaeo  praedonibusque  licu¬ 
isset,  praesertim  cum  id  agerent,  ne  ciyes  cum  ciyibus  armis 
decertarent  ?  Multa  suppliciter  locutus  est,  ut  de  sua  atque  10 
omnium  salute  debebat,  silentioque  ab  utrisque  militibus 
auditus.  Eesponsum  est  ab  altera  parte  Aulum  Varronem 
proflteri  se  altera  die  ad  colloquium  yenturum,  atque  eundem 
yisurum  quemadmodum  tuto  legati  yenire  et  quae  yellent 
exponere  possent ;  certumque  ei  rei  tempus  constituitur.  15 
Quo  cum  esset  postero  die  yentum,  magna  utrimque  multi¬ 
tudo  conyenit,  magnaque  erat  exspectatio  ejus  rei,  atqne 
omnium  animi  intenti  esse  ad  pacem  yidebantur.  Qua  ex 
frequentia  Titus  Labienus  prodit,  summissa  oratione  loqui 
de  pace  atque  altercari  cum  Vatinio  incipit.  Quorum  me-  20 
diam  orationem  interrumpunt  subito  undique  tela  immissa  ; 
quae  ille  obtectus  armis  militum  yitayit  ;  yulnerantur  tamen 
complures,  in  his  Cornelius  Balbus,  M.  Plotius,  L.  Tiburtius, 
centuriones  militesque  nonnulli.  Tum  Labienus  :  Desi¬ 
nite  ergo  de  compositione  loqui  ;  nam  nobis  nisi  Caesaris  25 
capite  relato  pax  esse  nulla  potest.’^ 

XX.  Iisdem  temjDoribus  M.  Coelius  Eufus  praetor  causa 
debitorum  suscepta  initio  magistratus  tribunal  suum  juxta 
C.  Treboni,  praetoris  urbani,  sellam  collocayit  et,  si  quis 
apj)ellayisset  de  aestimatione  et  de  solutionibus  quae  per  30 
arbitrum  flerent,  ut  Caesar  praesens  constituerat,  fore  auxilio 
pollicebatur.  Sed  fiebat  aequitate  decreti  et  humanitate 
Treboni,  qui  his  temporibus  clementer  et  moderate  jus  dicen¬ 
dum  existimabat,  ut  reperiri  non  possent  a  quibus  initium 
appellandi  nasceretur.  Xam  fortasse  inopiam  excusare  et  35 
calamitatem  aut  propriam  suam  aut  temporum  queri  et  diffi- 


84 


BE  BELLO  CIVILI 


cultates  auctionandi  proponere  etiam  mediocris  est  animi ; 
integras  yero  tenere  possessiones  qui  se  debere  fateantur, 
cujus  animi  aut  cujus  impudentiae  est  ?  Itaque  lioc  qui 
postularet  reperiebatur  nemo.  Atque  ipsis  ad  quorum  com- 
5  modum  pertinebat  durior  inventus  est  Coelius  et,  ab  hoc 
profectus  initio,  ne  frustra  ingressus  turpem  causam  videre¬ 
tur,  legem  promulgavit,  ut  sexenni  die  sine  usuris  creditae 
pecuniae  solvantur.  XXI.  Cum  resisteret  Servilius  consul 
reliquique  magistratus,  et  minus  opinione  sua  efficeret,  ad 
10  hominum  excitanda  studia  sublata  priore  lege  duas  promul¬ 
gavit  ;  unam  qua  mercedes  habitationum  annuas  conduc¬ 
toribus  donavit,  aliam  tabularum  novarum,  impetuque 
multitudinis  in  C.  Trebonium  facto  et  nonnullis  vulneratis 
eum  de  tribunali  deturbavit.  De  quibus  rebus  Servilius 
15  consul  ad  senatum  retulit,  senatusque  Coelium  ab  republica 
removendum  censuit.  Hoc  decreto  eum  consul  senatu  pro¬ 
hibuit  et  contionari  conantem  de  rostris  deduxit.  Ille  igno¬ 
minia  et  dolore  permotus  palam  se  proficisci  ad  Caesarem 
simulavit  ;  clam  nuntiis  ad  Milonem  missis,  qui  Clodio 
20  interfecto  eo  nomine  erat  damnatus,  atque  eo  in  Italiam 
evocato,  quod  magnis  muneribus  datis  gladiatoriae  familiae 
reliquias  habebat,  sibi  conjunxit  atque  eum  in  Thurinum  ad 
sollicitandos  pastores  praemisit.  Ipse  cum  Casilinum  venis¬ 
set,  unoque  tempore  signa  ejus  militaria  atque  arma  Capuae 
25  essent  comprensa  et  familia  Xeapoli  missa,  quae  proditionem 
oppidi  appararet,  patefactis  consiliis  exclusus  Capua  et  peri¬ 
culum  veritus,  quod  conventus  arma  ceperat  atque  eum 
hostis  loco  habendum  existimabat,  consilio  destitit  atque  eo 
itinere  sese  avertit.  XXII.  Interim  Milo  dimissis  circum 
30  municipia  litteris,  ea  quae  faceret  jussu  atque  imperio  facere ' 
Pompeii,  quae  manda fca  ad  se  per  Vibullium  delata  essent, 
quos  ex  aere  alieno  laborare  arbitrabatur  sollicitabat.  Apud 
quos  cum  proficere  nihil  posset,  quibusdam  solutis  ergastulis 
Cosam  in  agro  Thurino  oppugnare  coepit.  Eo  cum  a  Q. 
35  Pedio  praetore  cum  legione  .  .  .  .  ,  lapide  ictus  ex 

muro  periit.  Et  Coelius  profectus,  ut  dictitabat,  ad  Caesa- 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  XX— XX  V. 


85 


rem,  pervenit  Thurios.  Ubi  cum  quosdam  ejus  municipii 
sollicitaret  equitibusque  Caesaris  Gallis  atque  Hispanis^  qui 
eo  praesidii  causa  missi  erant,  pecuniam  polliceretur,  ab  his 
est  interfectus.  Ita  magnarum  initia  rerum,  quae  occupa¬ 
tione  magistratuum  et  temporum  sollicitam  Italiam  habe-  5 
bant,  celerem  et  facilem  exitum  habuerunt. 

XXIII.  Libo  profectus  ab  Orico  cum  classe  cui  praeerat 
navium  l,  Brundisium  venit  insulamque  quae  contra  por- 
.  tum  Brundisinum  est  occupavit,  quod  praestare  arbitrabatur 
unum  locum,  qua  necessarius  nostris  erat  egressus,  quam  10 
omnia  litora  ac  portus  custodia  clausos  teneri.  Hic  repen¬ 
tino  adventu  naves  onerarias  quasdam  nactus  incendit  et 
unam  frumento  onustam  abduxit  magnumque  nostris  terro¬ 
rem  injecit  et  noctu  militibus  ac  sagittariis  in  terram  expo¬ 
sitis  praesidium  equitum  dejecit,  et  adeo  loci  opportunitate  15 
profecit,  uti  ad  Pompeium  litteras  mitteret,  naves  reliquas, 
si  vellet,  subduci  et  refici  juberet ;  sua  classe  auxilia  sese 
Caesaris  prohibiturum.  XXIV.  Erat  eo  tempore  Antonius 
Brundisii ;  qui  virtute  militum  confisus  scaphas  navium 
magnarum  circiter  lx  cratibus  pluteisque  contexit  eoque  20 
milites  delectos  imposuit  atque  eas  in  litore  pluribus  locis 
separatim  disposuit  navesque  triremes  duas,  quas  Brundisi 
faciendas  curaverat,  per  causam  exercendorum  remigum  ad 
fauces  portus  prodire  jussit.  Has  cum  audacius  progressas 
Libo  vidisset,  sperans  intercipi  posse  quadriremes  v  ad  eas  25 
misit.  Quae  cum  navibus  nostris  appropinquassent,  nostri 
veterani  in  portum  refugiebant ;  illi  studio  incitati  incautius 
sequebantur.  Jam  ex  omnibus  partibus  subito  Antonianae 
scaphae  signo  dato  se  in  hostes  incitaverunt  primoque  impetu 
unam  ex  his  quadriremem  cum  remigibus  defensoribusque  30 
suis  ceperunt,  reliquas  turpiter  refugere  coegerunt.  Ad  hoc 
detrimentum  accessit  ut  equitibus  2'>er  oram  maritimam  ab 
Antonio  dispositis  aquari  prohiberentur.  Qua  necessitate  et 
ignominia  permotus  Libo  discessit  a  Brundisio  obsessionem¬ 
que  nostrorum  omisit.  35 

XXV.  Multi  jam  menses  erant  et  hiems  praecipitaverat. 


86 


BE  BELLO  CIVILI 


neque  Brundisio  naves  legionesque  ad  Caesarem  veniebant. 
Ac  nonnullae  ejus  rei  praetermissae  occasiones  Caesari  vide¬ 
bantur,  quod  certe  saepe  flaverant  venti,  quibus  necessario 
committendum  existimabat.  Quantoque  ejus  amplius  pro- 
5  cesserat  temporis,  tanto  erant  alacriores  ad  custodias  qui 
classibus  praeerant,  majoremque  flduciam  prohibendi  habe¬ 
bant,  et  crebris  Pompeii  litteris  castigabantur,  quoniam 
primo  venientem  Caesarem  non  prohibuissent,  ut  reliquos 
ejus  exercitus  impedirent ;  duriusque  quotidie  tempus  ad 
10  transportandum  lenioribus  ventis  exspectabant.  Quibus  re¬ 
bus  permotus  Caesar  Brundisium  ad  suos  severius  scripsit, 
nacti  idoneum  ventum  ne  occasionem  navigandi  dimitterent, 
si  ad  litora  Apolloniatium  cursum  dirigere  atque  eo  naves 
ejicere  possent.  Haec  a  custodiis  classium  loca  maxime 
15  vacabant,  quod  se  longius  a  portibus  committere  non  aude¬ 
rent.  XXYI.  Illi  adhibita  audacia  et  virtute,  administran¬ 
tibus  M.  Antonio  et  Fuflo  Caleno,  multum  ipsis  militibus 
hortantibus  neque  ullum  periculum  pro  salute  Caesaris  re¬ 
cusantibus,  nacti  austrum  naves  solvunt  atque  altero  die 
20  Apolloniam  praetervehuntur.  Qui  cum  essent  ex  continenti 
visi,  Coponius,  qui  Dyrrhachi  classi  Rhodiae  praeerat,  naves 
ex  portu  educit,  et  cum  jam  nostris  remissiore  vento  appro- 
pinquasset,  idem  auster  increbuit  nostrisque  praesidio  fuit. 
Xeque  vero  ille  ob  eam  causam  conatu  desistebat,  sed  labore 
25  et  perseverantia  nautarum  et  vim  tempestatis  superari  posse 
sperabat,  praetervectosque  DpThachium  magna  vi  venti 
nihilo  secius  sequebatur.  Xostri  usi  fortunae  beneficio  tamen 
impetum  classis  timebant,  si  forte  ventus  remisisset.  Xacti 
portum  qui  appellatur  Xymphaeum,  ultra  Lissum  milia  pas- 
30  suum  III,  eo  naves  introduxerunt  (qui  portus  ab  Africo  tege¬ 
batur,  ab  austro  non  erat  tutus),  leviusque  tempestatis  quam 
classis  periculum  aestimaverunt.  Quo  simul  atque  intro  est 
itum,  incredibili  felicitate  auster,  qui  per  biduum  flaverat, 
in  Africum  se  vertit.  XXVII.  Hic  subitam  commutationem 
35  fortunae  videre  licuit.  Qui  modo  sibi  timuerant,  hos  tu¬ 
tissimus  portus  recipiebat ;  qui  nostris  navibus  periculum 


COMM.  III.  GAP.  XXV— XXIX. 


87 


intulerant^  de  suo  timere  cogebantur.  Itaque  tempore  com¬ 
mutato  tempestas  et  nostros  texit  et  naves  Ehodias  afflixit,  ita 
ut  ad  unam  omnes  constratae  numero  xvi  eliderentur  et 
naufragio  interirent,  et  ex  magno  remigum  propugnatorum¬ 
que  numero  pars  ad  scopulos  allisa  interficeretur,  pars  ab  5 
nostris  detraheretur  ;  quos  omnes  conservatos  Caesar  domum 
remisit.  XXYIII.  Xostrae  naves  duae  tardius  cursu  con¬ 
fecto  in  noctem  conjectae,  cum  ignorarent  quem  locum  reli¬ 
quae  cej)issent,  contra  Lissum  in  ancoris  constiterunt.  Has 
scaphis  minoribusque  navigiis  compluribus  summissis  Otaci-  10 
lius  Crassus,  qui  Lissi  praeerat,  expugnare  parabat ;  simul 
de  deditione  eorum  agefiat  et  incolumitatem  deditis  pollice¬ 
batur.  Harum  altera  navis  ccxx  e  legione  tironum  sustu¬ 
lerat,  altera  ex  veterana  paulo  minus  ce.  Hic  cognosci  licuit 
quantum  esset  hominibus  praesidii  in  animi  firmitudine.  15 
Tirones  enim  multitudine  navium  perterriti  et  salo  nauseaque 
confecti,  jurejurando  accepto  nihil  iis  nocituros  hostes,  se 
Otacilio  dediderunt ;  qui  omnes  ad  eum  perducti  contra  re¬ 
ligionem  juris  jurandi  in  ejus  conspectu  crudelissime  inter¬ 
ficiuntur.  At  veteranae  legionis  milites,  item  conflictati  et  20 
tempestatis  et  sentinae  vitiis,  neque  ex  pristina  virtute  re¬ 
mittendum  aliquid  putaverunt,  et  tractandis  condicionibus 
et  simulatione  deditionis  extracto  primo  noctis  tempore 
gubernatorem  in  terram  navem  ejicere  cogunt,  ipsi  idoneum 
locum  nacti  reliquam  noctis  partem  ibi  confecerunt  et  luce  25 
prima  missis  ad  eos  ab  Otacilio  equitibus  qui  eam  partem 
orae  maritimae  asservabant,  circiter  cccc,  quique  eos  ar¬ 
mati  ex  i^raesidio  secuti  sunt,  se  defenderunt  et  nonnullis 
eorum  interfectis- incolumes  se  ad  nostros  receperunt.  XXIX. 
Quo  facto  conventus  civium  Eomanorum  qui  Lissum  obtine-  30 
bant,  quod  oppidum  iis  antea  Caesar  attribuerat  munien- 
dumque  curaverat,  Antonium  recipit  omnibusque  rebus  juvit. 
Otacilius  sibi  timens  ex  oppido  fugit  et  ad  Pompeium  per¬ 
venit.  Expositis  omnibus  copiis  Antonius,  quarum  erat 
summa  veteranarum  trium  legionum  uniusque  tironum  et  35 
equitum  cccc,  plerasque  naves  in  Italiam  remittit  ad  reli- 


88 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


quos  milites  equitesque  transportandos,  pontones,  quod  est 
genus  nayium  Gallicarum,  Lissi  relinquit,  lioc  consilio,  ut, 
si  forte  Pompeius  vacuam  existimans  Italiam  eo  trajecisset 
exercitum,  quae  opinio  erat  edita  in  vulgus,  aliquam  Caesar 
5  ad  insequendum  facultatem  haberet,  nuntiosque  ad  eum 
celeriter  mittit,  quibus  regionibus  exercitum  exposuisset  et 
quid  militum  transvexisset.  XXX.  Ilaec  eodem  fere  tem¬ 
pore  Caesar  atque  Pompeius  cognoscunt.  Xam  praeter¬ 
vectas  Apolloniam  Dyrrbaebiumque  nares  viderant,  ipsi  iter 
10  secundum  eas  terra  direxerant,  sed  quo  essent  eae  delatae 
primis  diebus  ignorabant.  Cognitaque  re  diversa  sibi  ambo 
consilia  capiunt  :  Caesar,  ut  quam  primum  se  cum  Antonio 
conjungeret ;  Pompeius,  ut  venientibus  in  itinere  se  op¬ 
poneret,  si  imprudentes  ex  insidiis  adoriri  posset,  eodemque 
15  die  uterque  eorum  ex  castris  stativis  a  flumine  Apso  exer¬ 
citum  educunt  :  Pom*peius  clam  et  noctu  ;  Caesar  palam 
atque  interdiu.  Sed  Caesari  circuitu  majore  iter  orat  lon¬ 
gius  adverso  flumine,  ut  vado  transire  posset ;  Pompeius, 
quia  expedito  itinere  flumen  ei  transeundum  non  erat,  magnis 
30  itineribus  ad  Antonium  contendit,  atqne  eum  ubi  approj)in- 
quare  cognovit,  idoneum  locum  nactus,  ibi  copias  collocavit 
suosque  omnes  in  castris  continuit  ignesque  fleri  prohibuit, 
quo  occultior  esset  ejus  adventus.  Haec  ad  Antonium  statim 
per  Graecos  deferuntur.  Ille  missis  ad  Caesarem  nuntiis 
35  unum  diem  sese  castris  tenuit ;  altero  die  ad  eum  pervenit 
Caesar.  Cujus  adventu  cognito  Pompeius,  ne  duobus  cir¬ 
cumcluderetur  exercitibus,  ex  eo  loco  discedit  omnib usque 
copiis  ad  Asparagium  Dyrrhachinorum  pervenit  atque  ibi 
idoneo  loco  castra  ponit. 

30  XXXI.  His  temporibus  Scipio  detrimentis  quibusdam 
circa  montem  Amanum  acceptis  imperatorem  se  appella¬ 
verat.  Quo  facto  civitatibus  tyrannisque  magnas  impera¬ 
verat  pecunias,  item  ab  publicanis  suae  provinciae  debitam 
biennii  pecuniam  exegerat  et  ab  iisdem  insequentis  anni 
35  mutuam  praeceperat  equitesque  toti  provinciae  imperave¬ 
rat,  Quibus  coactis,  finitimis  hostibus  Parthis  post  se  re- 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  XXIX—XXXIIl. 


89 


lictis,  qui  paulo  ante  M.  Crassum  imperatorem  interfecerant 
et  M.  Bibulum  in  obsidione  habuerant,  legiones  equites¬ 
que  ex  Syria  deduxerat.  Summamque  in  sollicitudinem  ac 
timorem  Parthici  belli  provincia  cum  venisset,  ac  nonnullae 
militum  voces  cum  audirentur,  sese,  contra  hostem  si  duce-  5 
rentur,  ituros,  contra  civem  et  consulem  arma  non  laturos, 
deductis  Pergamum  atque  in  locupletissimas  urbes  in  hiberna 
legionibus  maximas  largitiones  fecit  et  confirmandorum  mili¬ 
tum  causa  diripiendas  his  civitates  dedit.  XXXII.  Interim 
acerbissime  imperatae  pecuniae  tota  provincia  exigebantur.  10 
Multa  praeterea  generatim  ad  avaritiam  excogitabantur.  In 
capita  singula  servorum  ac  liberorum  tributum  imponeba¬ 
tur  ;  columnaria,  ostiaria,  frumentum,  milites,  arma,  remiges, 
tormenta,  vecturae  imperabantur  ;  cujus  modo  rei  nomen 
reperiri  poterat,  hoc  satis  esse  ad  cogendas  pecunias  vide-  15 
batur.  Xon  solum  urbibus,  sed  paene  vicis  castellisque 
singulis  cum  imperio  praeficiebantur.  Qui  horum  quid  acer¬ 
bissime  crudelissimeque  fecerat,  is  et  vir  et  civis  optimus 
habebatur.  ■  Erat  plena  lictorum  et  imperiorum  provincia, 
difierta  praefectis  atque  exactoribus,  qui  praeter  imperatas  20 
pecunias  suo  etiam  privato  compendio  serviebant ;  dictita¬ 
bant  enim  se  domo  patriaque  expulsos  omnibus  necessariis 
egere  rebus,  ut  honesta  praescriptione  rem  turpissimam  tege¬ 
rent.  Accedebant  ad  haec  gravissimae  usurae,  quod  in  bello 
j)lerumque  accidere  consuevit  universis  imperatis  pecuniis  ;  25 
quibus  in  rebus  prolationem  diei  donationem  esse  dicebant.* 
Itaque  aes  alienum  provinciae  eo  biennio  multiplicatum  est. 
Xeque  minus  ob  eam  causam  civibus  Eomanis  ejus  provin¬ 
ciae,  sed  in  singulos  conventus  singulasque  civitates  certae 
pecuniae  imperabantur,  mutuasque  illas  ex  senatusconsulto  30 
exigi  dictitabant ;  publicanis,  ut  in  Syria  fecerant,  insequen- 
tis  anni  vectigal  promutuum.  XXXIII.  Praeterea  E|)hesi 
a  fano  Dianae  depositas  antiquitus  pecunias  Scipio  tolli  jube¬ 
bat.  Certaque  ejus  rei  die  constituta  cum  in  fanum  ventum 
esset  adhibitis  compluribus  senatorii  ordinis,  quos  advoca-  35 
verat  Scipio,  litterae  ei  redduntur  a  Pompeio,  mare  transisse 


90 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


cum  legionibus  Caesarem  :  properaret  ad  se  cum  exercitu 
venire  omuiaquo  posthaberet.  His  litteris  acceptis  quos  ad¬ 
vocaverat  dimittit ;  ipse  iter  in  Macedoniam  parare  incipit 
paucisque  post  diebus  est  profectus.  Haec  res  Epbesiae 
pecuniae  salutem  attulit. 

XXXIV.  Caesar  Antoni  exercitu  conjuncto,  deducta  Orico 
legione  quam  tuendae  orae  maritimae  causa  posuerat,  ten- 
tandas  sibi  provincias  longiusque  procedendum  existimabat ; 
et  cum  ad  eum  ex  Thessalia  Aetoliaque  legati  venissent,  qui 
praesidio  misso  pollicerentur  earum  gentium  civitates  im¬ 
perata  facturas,  L.  Cassium  Longinum  cum  legione  tironum, 
quae  appellabatur  xxvii,  atque  equitibus  cc  in  Thessaliam, 
C.  Calvisium  Sabinum  cum  cohortibus  Y  paucisque  equitibus 
in  Aetoliam  misit ;  maxime  eos,  quod  erant  propinquae  re¬ 
giones,  de  re  frumentaria  ut  providerent  hortatus  est.  Cn. 
Domitium  Calvinum  cum  legionibus  duabus,  xi  et  xii,  et 
equitibus  d  in  Macedoniam  proficisci  jussit ;  cujus  pro¬ 
vinciae  ab  ea  parte  quae  libera  appellabatur  Menedemus, 
princeps  earum  regionum,  missus  legatus,  omnium  suorum 
excellens  studium  profitebatur.  XXXY.  Ex  his  Calvisius 
primo  adventu  summa  omnium  Aetolorum  receptus  volun¬ 
tate,  a  praesidiis  adversariorum  Calydone  et  Xaupacto  relictis 
omni  Aetolia  potitus  est.  Cassius  in  Thessaliam  cum  legione 
pervenit.  Hic  cum  essent  factiones  duae,  varia  voluntate 
civitatum  utebatur  :  Hegesaretos,  veteris  homo  potentiae, 
Pompeianis  rebus  studebat ;  Petraeus,  'summae  nobilitatis 
adolescens,  suis  ac  suorum  opibus  Caesarem  enixe  juvabat. 

XXXVI.  Eodemque  tempore  Domitius  in  Macedoniam 
venit ;  et  cum  ad  eum  frequentes  civitatum  legationes  con¬ 
venire  coepissent,  nuntiatum  est  adesse  Scipionem  cum  le¬ 
gionibus,  magna  opinione  et  fama  omnium  ;  nam  plerumque 
in  novitate  rem  fama  antecedit.  Hic  nullo  in  loco  Mace¬ 
doniae  moratus  magno  impetu  tetendit  ad  Domitium  et, 
cum  ab  eo  milia  passuum  xx  afuisset,  subito  se  ad  Cassium 
Longinum  in  Thessaliam  convertit.  Hoc  adeo  celeriter 
fecit,  ut  simul  adesse  et  venire  nuntiaretur,  et  quo  iter  ex- 


C0M3I.  III.  CAP.  XXXIII— XXXVII. 


91 


peditius  faceret,  M.  Favonium  ad  flumen  Aliacmonem,  quod 
Macedoniam  a  Thessalia  dividit,  cum  cohortibus  viii  prae¬ 
sidio  impedimentis  legionum  reliquit  castellumquc  ibi  mu¬ 
niri  jussit.  Eodem  tempore  equitatus  regis  Cotyis  ad  castra 
Cassi  advolavit,  qui  circum  Thessaliam  esse  consuerat.  Tum  5 
timore  perterritus  Cassius  cognito  Scipionis  adventu  visisque 
equitibus  quos  Scipionis  esse  arbitrabatur,  ad  montes  se 
convertit  qui  Thessaliam  cingunt,  atque  ex  his  locis-  Ambra¬ 
ciam  versus  iter  facere  coepit.  At  Scipionem  properantem 
sequi  litterae  sunt  consecutae  a  M.  Favonio,  Domitium  cum  10 
legionibus  adesse  neque  se  praesidium  ubi  constitutus  esset 
sine  auxilio  Scipionis  tenere  posse.  Quibus  litteris  acceptis 
consilium  Scipio  iterque  commutat ;  Cassium  sequi  desistit. 
Favonio  auxilium  ferre  contendit.  Itaque  die  ac  nocte 
continuato  itinere  ad  eum  pervenit  tam  opportuno  tempore,  15 
ut  simul  Domitiani  exercitus  pulvis  cerneretur  et  primi 
antecursores  Scipionis  viderentur.  Ita  Cassio  industria  Do¬ 
mitii,  Favonio  Scipionis  celeritas  salutem  attulit.  XXXYII. 
Scipio  biduum  castris  stativis  moratus  ad  flumen  quod  inter 
eum  et  Domitii  castra  fluebat,  Aliacmonem,  tertio  die  prima  20 
luce  exercitum  vado  traducit  et  castris  positis  postero  die 
mane  copias  ante  frontem  castrorum  instruit.  Domitius 
tum  quoque  sibi  dubitandum  non  putavit,  quin  productis 
legionibus  proelio  decertaret.  Sed  cum  esset  inter  bina  cas¬ 
tra  campus  circiter  milium  passuum  vi,  Domitius  castris  25 
Scipionis  aciem  suam  subjecit ;  ille  a  vallo  non  discedere 
perseveravit.  Ac  tamen  aegre  retentis  Domitianis  militibus 
est  factum  ne  proelio  contenderetur,  et  maxime  quod  rivus 
difficilibus  ripis  subjectus  castris  Scipionis  progressus  nostro¬ 
rum  impediebat.  Quorum  studium  alacritatemque  pugnandi  30 
cum  cognovisset  Scipio,  suspicatus  fore  ut  postero  die  aut 
invitus  dimicare  cogeretur  aut  magma  cum  infamia  castris  se 
contineret,  qui  magna  cum  exspectatione  venisset,  temere 
progressus  turpem  habuit  exitum  et  noctu  ne  conclamatis 
quidem  vasis  flumen  transit  atque  in  eandem  partem  ex  qua  35 
venerat  redit  ibique  prope  flumen  edito  natura  loco  castra 


92 


>  DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


posuit.  Paucis  diebus  interpositis  noctu  insidias  equitum 
collocavit^  quo  in  loco  superioribus  fere  diebus  nostri  pabu¬ 
lari  consuerant ;  et  cum  quotidiana  consuetudine  Q.  Varus, 
praefectus  equitum  Domitii,  venisset,  subito  illi  ex  insidiis 
5  consurrexerunt.  Sed  nostri  fortiter  impetum  eorum  tule¬ 
runt  celeriterque  ad  suos  quisque  ordines  redit  atque  ultro 
universi  in  liostes  impetum  fecerunt ;  ex  his  circiter  lxxx 
interfectis,  reliquis  in  fugam  conjectis,  duobus  amissis  in 
castra  se  receperunt.  XXXVIII.  His  rebus  gestis  Domitius 
10  sperans  Scipionem  ad  pugnam  elici  posse,  simulavit  sese 
angustiis  rei  frumentariae  adductum  castra  movere,  vasisque 
militari  more  conclamatis  progressus  milia  passuum  iii  loco 
idoneo  et  occulto  omnem  exercitum  equitatumque  collocavit. 
Scipio  ad  sequendum  ^^aratus  equitum  magnam  partem  ad 
15  explorandum  iter  Domitii  et  cognoscendum  praemisit.  Qui 
cum  essent  progressi,  primaeque  turmae  insidias  intravissent, 
ex  fremitu  equorum  illata  suspicione  ad  suos  se  recipere 
coeperunt,  quique  hos  sequebantur  celerem  eorum  receptum 
conspicati  restiterunt.  Xostri  cognitis  insidiis,  ne  frustra 
20  reliquos  exspectarent,  duas  nacti  turmas  exceperunt,  quarum 
perpauci  fuga  se  ad  suos  receperunt  ;  in  his  fuit  M.  Opimius 
praefectus  equitum.  Reliquos  omnes  earum  turmarum  aut 
interfecerunt  aut  captos  ad  Domitium  deduxerunt. 

XXXIX.  Deductis  orae  maritimae  praesidiis  Caesar,  ut 
25  supra  demonstratum  est,  iii  cohortes  Orici  oppidi  tuendi 
causa  reliquit  iisdemque  custodiam  navium  longarum  tra¬ 
didit  quas  ex  Italia  traduxerat.  Huic  officio  oppidoque 
Manius  Acilius  legatus  praeerat.  Is  naves  nostras  interiorem 
in  portum  post  oppidum  reduxit  et  ad  terram  deligavit  fauci- 
30  busque  portus  navem  onerariam  submersam  objecit  et  huic 
alteram  conjunxit ;  super  quas  turrim  effectam  ad  ipsum 
introitum  portus  opposuit  et  militibus  complevit  tuendam- 
que  ad  omnes  repentinos  casus  tradidit.  XL.  Quibus  cog¬ 
nitis  rebus  Cn.  Pompeius  filius,  qui  classi  Aegyptiae  praeerat, 
35  ad  Oricum  venit  submersamque  navem  remulco  multisquo 
contendens  funibus  adduxit,  atque  alteram  navem,  quae  erat 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  XXXVII— XLI. 


93 


ad  custodiam  ab  Acilio  posita,  pluribus  aggressus  nayibus, 
in  quibus  ad  libram  fecerat  turres,  ut  ex  superiore  pugnans 
loco  integrqsque  semper  defatigatis  summittens  et  reliquis 
partibus  simul  ex  terra  scalis  et  classe  moenia  oppidi  ten  tans, 
uti  adversariorum  manus  diduceret,  labore  et  multitudine  5 
telorum  nostros  vieit,  dejectisque  defensoribus,  qui  omnes 
scaphis  excepti  refugerant,  eam  navem  expugnavit  eodemque 
tempore  ex  altera  parte  molem  tenuit  naturalem  objectam, 
quae  paene  insulam  oppidum  effecerat,  quattuorque  biremes 
subjectis  scutulis  impulsas  vectibus  in  interiorem  portum  10 
traduxit.  Ita  ex  utraque  parte  naves  longas  aggressus  quae 
erant  deligatae  ad  terram  atque  inanes,  iiii  ex  his  abduxit, 
reliquas  incendit.  Hoc  confecto  negotio  D.  Laelium  ab 
Asiatica  classe  abductum  reliquit,  qui  commeatus  Bullide 
atque  Amantia  importari  in  oppidum  prohibebat.  Ipse  15 
Lissum  profectus  naves  onerarias  xxx  a  M.  Antonio  relictas 
intra  portum  aggressus  omnes  incendit  ;  Lissum  expugnare 
conatus  defendentibus  civibus  Romanis  qui  ejus  conventus 
erant  militibusque  quos  praesidii  causa  miserat  Caesar,  tri¬ 
duum  moratus  paucis  in  oppugnatione  amissis  re  infecta  20 
inde  discessit. 

XLI.  Caesar,  postquam  Pompeium  ad  Asparagium  esse 
cognovit,  eodem  cum  exercitu  profectus  expugnato  in  itinere 
oppido  Parthinorum,  in  quo  Pompeius  praesidium  habebat, 
tertio  die  ad  Pompeium  pervenit  juxtaque  eum  castra  posuit  25 
et  postridie  eductis  omnibus  copiis  acie  instructa  decernendi 
potestatem  Pompeio  fecit.  Ubi  illum  suis  locis  se  tenere 
animadvertit,  reducto  in  castra  exercitu  aliud  sibi  consilium 
capiendum  existimavit.  Itaque  postero  die  omnibus  copiis 
magno  circuitu  difficili  angustoque  itinere  Dyrrhachium  pro-  30 
fectus  est,  sperans  Pompeium  aut  Dyrrhachium  compelli  aufc 
ab  eo  intercludi  posse,  quod  omnem  commeatum  totiusque 
belli  apparatum  eo  contulisset ;  ut  accidit.  Pompeius  enim 
primo  ignorans  ejus  consilium,  quod  diverso  ab  ea  regione 
itinere  profectum  videbat,  angustiis  rei  frumentariae  com-  35 
pulsum  discessisse  existimabat ;  postea  per  exploratores  cer- 


94 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


tior  factus  postero  die  castra  movit,  breviore  itinere  se 
occurrere  ei  posse  sperans.  Quod  fore  suspicatus  Caesar 
militesque  adhortatus  ut  aequo  animo  laborem  ferrent,  parva 
parte  noctis  itinere  intermisso  mane  Dyrrhachium  venit,  cum 
5  primum  agmen  Pompeii  procul  cerneretur,  atque  ibi  castra 
posuit.  XLII.  Pompeius  interclusus  Dyrrhachio,  ubi  pro¬ 
positum  tenere  non  potuit,  secundo  usus  consilio  edito  loco, 
qui  appellatur  Petra  aditumque  habet  navibus  mediocrem 
atque  eas  a  quibusdam  protegit  ventis,  castra  communit. 
10  Eo  partem  navium  longarum  convenire,  frumentum  com¬ 
meatumque  ab  Asia  atque  omnibus  regionibus  quas  tenebat 
comportari  imperat.  Caesar  longius  bellum  ductum  iri  ex¬ 
istimans  et  de  Italicis  commeatibus  desperans,  quod  tanta 
diligentia  omnia  litora  a  Pompeianis  tenebantur  classesque 
15  ipsius,  quas  hieme  in  Sicilia,  Gallia,  Italia  fecerat,  mora¬ 
bantur,  in  Epirum  rei  frumentariae  causa  Q.  Tillium  et  L. 
Canuleium  legatum  misit,  quodque  hae  regiones  aberant 
longius,  locis  certis  horrea  constituit  vecturasque  frumenti 
finitimis  civitatibus  descripsit.  Item  Lisso  Parthinisque  et 
20  omnibus  castellis  quod  esset  frumenti  conquiri  jussit.  Id 
erat  perexiguum  cum  ipsius  agri  natura,  quod  sunt  loca 
aspera  et  montuosa,  ac  plerumque  frumento  utuntur  impor¬ 
tato,  tum  quod  Pompeius  haec  providerat  et  superioribus 
diebus  praedae  loco  Parthinos  habuerat  frumentumque  omne 
25  conquisitum  spoliatis  efiossisque  eorum  domibus  per  equites 
comportarat.  XLIII.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis  Caesar  consilium 
capit  ex  loci  natura.  Erant  enim  circum  castra  Pompeii 
permulti  editi  atque  asperi  colles.  Hos  primum  praesidiis 
tenuit  castellaque  ibi  communit.  Inde,  ut  loci  cu  jusque  na- 
30  tura  ferebat,  ex  castello  in  castellum  perducta  munitione  cir-  • 
cumvallare  Pompeium  instituit,  haec  spectans,  quod  angusta 
re  frumentaria  utebatur,  quodque  Pompeius  multitudine 
equitum  valebat,  quo  minore  periculo  undique  frumentum 
commeatumque  exercitui  supportare  posset,  simul,  uti  pabu- 
35  latione  Pompeium  prohiberet  equitatumque  ejus  ad  rem 
gerendam  inutilem  efficeret ;  tertio,  ut  auctoritatem,  qua 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  XLI—XLV. 


95 


ille  maxime  apud  exteras  nationes  niti  yidebatur,  minueret, 
cum  fama  per  orbem  terrarum  percrebuisset,  illum  a  Caesare 
obsideri  neque  audere  proelio  dimicare.  XLIV.  Pompeius 
neque  a  mari  Dyrrhacbioque  discedere  yolebat,  quod  omnem 
apparatum  belli,  tela,  arma,  tormenta  ibi  collocayerat  fru-  5 
mentumque  exercitui  nayibus  supportabat,  neque  munitiones 
Caesaris  prohibere  poterat,  nisi  ;groelio  decertare  yellet ; 
quod  eo  tempore  statuerat  non  esse  faciendum.  Kelinque- 
batur  ut  extremam  rationem  belli  sequens  quam  plurimos 
colles  occuparet  et  quam  latissimas  regiones  praesidiis  tene-  10 
ret,  Caesarisque  copias  quam  maxime  posset  distineret ; 
idque  accidit.  Castellis  enim  xxiiii  effectis  xv  milia  pas¬ 
suum  circuitu  amplexus,  hoc  spatio  pabulabatur  ;  multaque 
erant  intra  eum  locum  manu  sata,  quibus  interim  jumenta 
pasceret.  Atque  ut  nostri  perpetuas  munitiones  addebant  15 
perductas  ex  castellis  in  proxima  castella,  ne  quo  loco  erum¬ 
perent  Pompeiani  ac  nostros  post  tergum  adorirentur,  ita 
illi  interiore  spatio  perpetuas  munitiones  efficiebant,  ne  quem 
locum  nostri  intrare  atque  ipsos  a  tergo  circumyenire  pos¬ 
sent.  Sed  illi  operibus  yincebant,  quod  et  numero  militum  20 
praestabant  et  interiore  spatio  minorem  circuitum  habebant. 
Quae  cum  erant  loca  Caesari  capienda,  etsi  prohibere  Pom¬ 
peius  totis  copiis  et  dimicare  non  constituerat,  tamen  suis 
locis  sagittarios  funditoresque  mittebat,  quorum  magnum 
habebat  numerum,  multique  ex  nostris  yulnerabantur,  mag-  25 
nusque  incesserat  timor  sagittarum,  atque  omnes  fere  milites 
aut  ex  coaetis  aut  ex  centonibus  aut  ex  coriis  tunicas  aut 
tegimenta  fecerant,  quibus  tela  yitarent.  XLV.  In  occu¬ 
pandis  praesidiis  magna  yi  uterque  nitebatur :  Caesar,  ut 
quam  angustissime  Pompeium  contineret ;  Pompeius,  ut  30 
quam  plurimos  colles  quam  maximo  circuitu  occuparet ;  cre- 
braque  ob  eam  causam  proelia  fiebant.  In  his  cum  legio 
Caesaris  nona  praesidium  quoddam  occupayisset  et  munire 
coepisset,  huic  loco  propinquum  et  contrarium  collem  Pom¬ 
peius  occupayit  nostrosqiie  opere  prohibere  coepit,  et  cum  35 
una  ex  parte  prope  aequum  aditum  haberet,  primum  sagitta- 


96 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


riis  funditoribusqiie  circumjectis,  postea  levis  armaturae 
magna  multitudine  missa  tormentisque  prolatis  munitiones 
impediebat ;  neque  erat  facile  nostris  uno  tempore  propug¬ 
nare  et  munire.  Caesar,  cum  suos  ex  omnibus  partibus 
5  vulnerari  videret,  recipere  se  jussit  et  loco  excedere.  Erat 
per  declive  receptus.  Illi  autem  boc  acrius  instabant  neque 
regredi  nostros  patiebantur,  quod  timore  adducti  locum  re¬ 
linquere  videbantur.  Dicitur  eo  tempore  glorians  apud  suos 
Pompeius  dixisse  :  non  recusare  se  quin  nullius  usus  im- 
10  perator  existimaretur,  si  sine  maximo  detrimento  legiones 
Caesaris  sese  recepissent  inde  quo  temere  essent  progressae. 
XLVI.  Caesar  receptui  suorum  timens  crates  ad  extremum 
tumulum  contra  hostem  proferri  et  adversas  locari,  intra 
has  mediocri  latitudine  fossam  tectis  militibus  obduci  jussit 
15  locumque  in  omnes  partes  quam  maxime  impediri.  Ipse 
idoneis  locis  funditores  instruxit,  ut  praesidio  nostris  se 
recipientibus  essent.  His  rebus  confectis  legionem  reduci 
jussit.  Pompeiani  hoc  insolentius  atque  audacius  nostros 
premere  et  instare  coeperunt  cratesque  pro  munitione  ob- 
20  jectas  propulerunt,  ut  fossas  transcenderent.  Quod  cum 
animadvertisset  Caesar,  veritus  ne  non  reducti  sed  rejecti 
viderentur,  majusque  detrimentum  caperetur,  a  medio  fere 
spatio  suos  per  Antonium,  qui  ei  legioni  praeerat,  cohor¬ 
tatus,  tuba  signum  dari  atque  in  hostes  impetum  fieri  jussit. 
25  Milites  legionis  viiii  subito  conspirati  pila  conjecerunt  et  ex 
inferiore  loco  adversus  clivum  incitati  cursu  praecipites  Pom- 
peianos  egerunt  et  terga  vertere  coegerunt  ;  quibus  ad  reci¬ 
piendum  crates  disjectae  longuriiquc  objecti  et  institutae 
fossae  magno  impedimento  fuerunt.  Nostri  vero,  qui  satis 
30  habebant  sine  detrimento  discedere,  compluribus  interfectis 
v  omnino  suorum  amissis  quietissime  se  receperunt  pauloque 
citra  eum  locum  aliis  comprehensis  collibus  munitiones  per¬ 
fecerunt.  XLYII.  Erat  nova  et  inusitata  belli  ratio  cum 
tot  castellorum  numero  tantoque  spatio  et  tantis  munitioni- 
35  bus  et  toto  obsidionis  genere,  tum  etiam  reliquis  rebus.  Nam 
quicumque  alterum  obsidere  conati  sunt,  perculsos  atque 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  XLV—XLIX. 


97 


infirmos  hostes  adorti  ant  proelio  superatos  aut  aliqua  offen¬ 
sione  permotos  continuerunt,  cum  ipsi  numero  equitum 
militumque  praestarent ;  causa  autem  obsidonis  haec  fere 
esse  consuevit,  ut  frumento  hostes  prohiberent.  At  tum 
integras  atque  incolumes  copias  Caesar  inferiore  militum  5 
numero  continebat,  cum  illi  omnium  rerum  copia  abunda¬ 
rent  ;  quotidie  enim  magnus  undique  navium  numerus  con¬ 
veniebat,  quae  commeatum  supportarent,  neque  ullus  fiare 
ventus  poterat,  quin  aliqua  ex  parte  secundum  cursum  habe¬ 
rent.  '  Ipse  autem  consumptis  omnibus  longe  lateque  fru-  10 
mentis  summis  erat  in  angustiis.  Sed  tamen  haec  singulari 
23atientia  milites  ferebant.  Eecordabantur  enim  eadem  se 
superiore  anno  in  Hispania  perpessos  labore  et  patientia 
maximum  bellum  confecisse  ;  meminerant  ad  Alesiam  mag¬ 
nam  se  inopiam  perpessos,  multo  etiam  majorem  ad  Avari-  15 
cum,  maximarum  gentium  victores  discessisse.  Non,  illis 
hordeum  cum  daretur,  non  legumina  recusabant  ;  pecus 
vero,  cujus  rei  summa  erat  ex  Epiro  copia,  magno  in  honore 
habebant.  XLVIII.  Est  etiam  genus  radicis  inventum  ab 
iis  qui  fuerant  in  vallibus,  quod  appellatur  chara,  quod  ad-  20 
mixtum  lacte  multum  inopiam  levabat.  Id  ad  similitu¬ 
dinem  panis  efficiebant.  Ejus  erat  magna  copia.  Ex  hoc 
effectos  panes,  cum  in  colloquiis  Pompeiani  famem  nostris 
objectarent,  vulgo  in  eos  jaciebant,  ut  spem  eorum  minue¬ 
rent.  XLIX.  Jamque  frumenta  maturescere  incipiebant,  25 
atque  ipsa  spes  inopiam  sustentabat,  quod  celeriter  se  habi¬ 
turos  copiam  confidebant ;  crebraeque  voces  militum  in  vigi¬ 
liis  colloquiisque  audiebantur,  prius  se  cortice  ex  arboribus 
victuros  quam  Pompeium  e  manibus  dimissuros.  Libenter 
etiam  ex  perfugis  cognoscebant  eques  eorum  tolerari,  reliqua  30 
vero  jumenta  interisse  ;  uti  autem  ipsos  valetudine  non  bona 
cum  angustiis  loci  et  odore  taetro  ex  multitudine  cadaverum 
et  quotidianis  laboribus  insuetos  operum,  tum  aquae  summa 
inopia  affectos.  Omnia  enim  flumina  atque  omnes  rivos 
qui  ad  mare  pertinebant,  Caesar  aut  averterat  aut  magnis  35 
operibus  obstruxerat,  atque  ut  erant  loca  montuosa  et  ad 


98 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI' 


specus  angustiae  vallium,  has  sublicis  in  terram  demissio 
praesepserat  terramque  adjecerat,  ut  aquam  contineret. 
Itaque  illi  necessario  loca  sequi  demissa  ac  palustria  et 
puteos  fodere  cogebantur  atque  hunc  laborem  ad  quotidiana 
5  opera  addebant ;  qui  tamen  fontes  a  quibusdam  praesidiis 
aberant  longius  et  celeriter  aestibus  exarescebant.  At  Cae¬ 
saris  exercitus  optima  valetudine  summaquo  aquae  copia 
utebatur,  tum  commeatus  omni  genero  praeter  frumentum 
abundabat ;  cujus  quotidie  melius  succedere  tempus  majo- 
10  remque  spem  maturitate  frumentorum  proponi  videbant.  L. 
In  novo  genere  belli  novae  ab  utrisque  bellandi  rationes  re- 
periebantur.  Illi,  cum  animadvertissent  ex  ignibus  nocte 
cohortes  nostras  ad  munitiones  excubare,  silentio  aggressi 
universi  intra  multitudinem  sagittas  conjiciebant  et  se  con- 
15  festim  ad  suos  recipiebant.  Quibus  rebus  nostri  usu  docti 
haec  reperiebant  remedia,  ut  alio  loco  ignes  facerent  . 


LI.  Interim  certior  factus  P.  Sulla,  quem  discedens  castris 
20  praefecerat  Caesar,  auxilio  cohorti  venit  cum  legionibus 
duabus  ;  cujus  adventu  facile  sunt  repulsi  Pompeiani.  Ne¬ 
que  vero  conspectum  aut  impetum  nostrorum  tulerunt, 
primisque  dejectis  reliqui  se  verterunt  et  loco  cesserunt. 
Sed  insequentes  nostros,  ne  longius  prosequerentur,  Sulla 
25  revocavit.  At  plerique  existimant,  si  acrius  insequi  volu¬ 
isset,  bellum  eo  die  potuisse  finire.  Cujus  consilium  re¬ 
prehendendum  non  videtur.  Aliae  enim  sunt  legati  partes 
atque  imperatoris  :  alter  omnia  agere  ad  praescriptum ; 
alter  libere  ad  summam  rerum  consulere  debet.  Sulla  a 
30  Caesare  castris  relictus  liberatis  suis  hoc  fuit  contentus 
neque  proelio  decertare  voluit,  quae  res  tamen  fortasse  ali¬ 
quem  reciperet  casum,  no  imperatorias  sibi  partes  sumpsisse 
videretur.  Pompeianis  magnam  res  ad  receptum  difficulta¬ 
tem  afferebat.  Nam  ex  iniquo  progressi  loco  in  summo  con- 
35  stiterant  ;  si  per  declivo  sese  reciperent,  nostros  ex  superiore 
insequentes  loco  verebantur  ;  neque  multum  ad  solis  occasum 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  XLIX—LIV. 


99 


temporis  supererat ;  S23e  enim  conficiendi  ^negotii  prope  in 
noctem  rem  duxerant.  Ita  necessario  atque  ex  tempore 
capto  consilio  Pomi^eius  tumulum  quondam  occupavit,  qui 
tantum  aberat  a  nostro  castello,  ut  telum  termentumve 
missum  adigi  non  posset.  Hoc  consedit  loco  atque  eum  5 
communivit  omnesquo  ibi  coj)ias  continuit.  LII.  Eodem 
tempore  duobus  praeterea  loeis  jragnatum  est ;  nam  plura 
castella  Pompeius  pariter  distinendae  manus  causa  tentaverat, 
ne  ex  proximis  praesidiis  succurri  j)osset.  IJno  loco  Volcatius 
Tullus  impetum  legionis  sustinuit  cohortibus  tribus  atque  10 
eam  loco  depulit ;  altero  Germani  munitiones  nostras  egressi 
compluribus  interfectis  sese  ad  suos  incolumes  receperunt. 
LIII.  Ita  uno  die  vi  ]3roeliis  factis,  tribus  ad  Dyrrliacbium, 
tribus  ad  munitiones,  cum  liorum  omnium  ratio  haberetur, 
ad  duorum  milium  numero  ex  Pomj)eianis  cecidisse  reperie-  15 
bamus,  evocatos  centurionesque  complures  (in  eo  fuit  nu¬ 
mero  Valerius  Flaccus  L.  filius,  ejus  qui  praetor  Asiam 
obtinuerat);  signaque  sunt  militaria  sex  relata.  Hostri  non 
amplius  xx  omnibus  sunt  proeliis  desiderati.  Sed  in  castello 
nemo  fuit  omnino  militum  quin  vulneraretur,  quattuorque  20 
ex  una  cohorte  centuriones  oculos  amiserunt.  Et  cum 
laboris  sui  pcriculique,  testimonium  allerre  vellent,  milia 
sagittarum  circiter  xxx  in  castellum  conjecta  Caesari  re¬ 
numeraverunt,  scutoque  ad  cum  relato  Scaevae  centurionis 
inventa  sunt  in  eo  foramina  cxx.  Quem  Caesar,  ut  erat  de  25 
se  meritus  et  de  republica,  donatum  milibus  cc  .  .  .  atque 
ab  octavis  ordinibus  ad  primipilum  se  traducere  ]3ronuntiavit 
(ejus  enim  opera  castellum  magna  ex  parte  conservatum  esse 
constabat)  cohortemque  postea  duplici  stipendio,  frumento, 
veste,  congiariis  militaribusque  donis  amplissime  donavit.  30 
LIV.  Pompeius  noctu  magnis  additis  munitionibus  reliquis 
diebus  turres  exstruxit  et  in  altitudinem  jicdum  xv  effectis 
operibus  vincis  eam  jDartem  castrorum  obtexit,  et  quinque 
intermissis  diebus  alteram  noctem  subnubilam  nactus  ob¬ 
structis  omnibus  castrorum  portis  et  ad  impediendum  objec-  35 
tis,  tertia  inita  vigilia  silentio  exercitum  eduxit  et  se  in 


100 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


antiquas  munitid^ies  recepit.  LV.  Omnibus  deinceps  diebus 
Caesar  exercitum  in  aciem  aequum  in  locum  produxit,  si 
Pompeius  proelio  decertare  yellet,  ut  paene  castris  Pompeii 
legiones  subjiceret  ;  tantumque  a  vallo  ejus  acies 

5  aberat,  uti  ne  telo  tormentove  adjici  posset.  Pompeius 

autem,  ut  famam  opinionemque  bominum  teneret,  sic  pro 
castris  exercitum  constituebat,  ut  tertia  acies  vallum  con¬ 
tingeret,  omnis  quidem  instructus  exercitus  telis  ex  vallo 
abjectis  protegi  posset. 

10  LVI.  Aetolia,  Acarnania,  Ampliilocbis  per  Cassium  Lon¬ 
ginum  et  Calvisium  Sabinum,  ut  demonstravimus,  receptis 
tentandam  sibi  Achaiam  ac  paulo  longius  progrediendum 
existimabat  Caesar.  Itaque  eo  Calenum  misit  eique  Sabinum 
et  Cassium  cum  cohortibus  adjungit.  Quorum  cognito  ad- 
15  ventu  Eutilius  Lupus,  qui  Achaiam  missus  a  Pompeio  ob¬ 
tinebat,  Isthmum  praemunire  instituit,  ut  Achaia  Fufium 
prohiberet.  Calenus  Delphos,  Thebas,  Orchomenum  volun¬ 
tate  ipsarum  civitatum  recepit,  nonnullas  urbes  per  vim  ex¬ 
pugnavit,  reliquas  civitates  circummissis  legationibus  amicitia 
20  Caesari  conciliare  studebat.  In  his  rebus  fere  erat  Fufius 
occupatus.  LVII.  Haec  cum  in  Achaia  atque  apud  Dyr¬ 
rhachium  gererentur,  Scipionem  que*  in  Macedoniam  venisse 
constaref,  non  oblitus  pristini  instituti  Caesar  mittit  ad  eum 
A.  Clodium,  suum  atque  illius  familiarem,  quem  ab  illo 
25  traditum  initio  et  commendatum  in  suorum  necessariorum 
numero  habere  instituerat.  Huic  dat  litteras  mandataque 
ad  eum,  quorum  haec  erat  summa :  sese  omnia  de  pabe  ex¬ 
pertum  nihil  adhuc  arbitrari  vitio  factum  eorum  quos  esse 
auctores  ejus  rei  voluisset,  quod  sua  mandata  perferre  non 
30  opportuno  tempore  ad  Pompeium  vererentur.  Scii^ionem  ea 
esse  auctoritate,  ut  non  solum  libere  quae  probasset  exjDonere, 
sed  etiam  ex  magna  parte  compellere  atque  errantem  regere 
posset ;  praeesse  autem  suo  nomine  exercitui,  ut  praeter 
auctoritatem  vires  quoque  ad  coercendum  haberet.  Quod  si 
35  fecisset,  quietem  Italiae,  pacem  provinciarum,  salutem  im- 
j)ei’ii  uni  omnes  acceptam  relaturos.  Haec  ad  eum  mandata 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  LIY—LX. 


101 


Clodius  refert  ac  primis  diebus,  ut  videbatur,  libenter  audi¬ 
tus,  reliquis  ad  colloquium  non  admittitur  castigato  Scipione 
a  Favonio,  ut  postea  confecto  bello  reperiebamus,  infectaque 
re  sese  ad  Caesarem  recepit. 

LVIII.  Caesar,  quo  facilius  equitatum  Pompeianum  ad  5 
Dyrrbacliium  contineret  et  pabulatione  prohiberet,  aditus 
duos,  quos  esse  angustos  demonstravimus,  magnis  operibus 
praemunivit  castellaque  his  locis  posuit.  Pompeius,  ubi 
nihil  profici  equitatu  cognovit,  paucis  intermissis  diebus 
rursum  eum  navibus  ad  se  intra  munitiones  recipit.  Erat  10 
summa  inopia  pabuli,  adeo  ut  foliis  ex  arboribus  strictis  et 
teneris  arundinum  radicibus  contusis  equos  alerent  ;  fru¬ 
menta  enim  quae  fuerant  intra  munitiones  sata  consumpse¬ 
rant.  Cogebantur  Corcyra  atque  Acarnania  longo  interjecto 
navigationis  spatio  pabulum  supportare,  quodque  erat  ejus  15 
rei  minor  copia,  hordeo  adaugere  atque  his  rationibus, equita¬ 
tum  tolerare.  Sed  postquam  non  modo  hordeum  pabulumque 
omnibus  locis  herbaeque  desectae,  sed  etiam  frons  ex  arbori¬ 
bus  deficiebat,  corruptis  equis  macie  conandum  sibi  aliquid 
Pompeius  de  eruptione  existimavit.  LIX.  Erant  apud  Cae-  20 
sarem  equitum  numero  Allobroges  ii  fratres,  Eaucillus  et 
Egus,  Adbucilli  filii,  qui  principatum  in  civitate  multis  annis 
obtinuerat,  singulari  virtute  homines,  quorum  opera  Caesar 
omnibus  Gallicis  bellis  optima  fortissimaque  erat  usus.  His 
domi  ob  has  causas  amplissimos  magistratus  mandaverat  25 
atque  eos  extra  ordinem  in  senatum  legendos  curaverat 
agrosque  in  Gallia  ex  hostibus  captos  praemiaque  rei  pc- 
cuniuriae  magna  tribuerat  locupletesque  ex  egentibus  fecerat. 

Hi  propter  virtutem  non  solum  apud  Caesarem  in  honore 
erant,  sed  etiam  apud  exercitum  cari  habebantur  ;  sed  freti  30 
amicitia  Caesaris  et  stulta  ac  barbara  arrogantia  elati  des¬ 
piciebant  suos  stipendiumque  equitum  fraudabant  et  prae¬ 
dam  omnem  domum  avertebant.  Quibus  illi  rebus  permoti 
universi  Caesarem  adierunt  palam  que  de  eorum  injuriis  sunt 
questi  et  ad  cetera  addiderunt  falsum  ab  his  equitum  nu-  35 
merum  deferri,  quorum  stipendium  averterent.  LX.  Caesar 


102 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


neque  tempus  illud  animadversionis  esse  existimans  et  multa 
virtuti  eorum  concedens  rem  totam  distulit ;  illos  secreto 
castigavit,  quod  quaestui  equites  haberent,  monuitque  ut  ex 
sua  amicitia  omnia  exspectarent  et  ex  praeteritis  suis  officiis 
5  reliqua  sperarent.  Magnam  tamen  hacc  res  illis  offensionem 
et  contemptionem  ad  omnes  attulit,  idque  ita  esse  cum  ex 
aliorum  objectationibus,  tum  etiam  ex  domestico  judicio 
atque  animi  conscientia  intellegebant.  Quo  pudore  adducti 
et  fortasse  non  se  liberari,  sed  in  aliud  tempus  reservari 
10  arbitrati,  discedere  a  nobis  et  novam  tentare  fortunam  novas- 
que  amicitias  experiri  constituerunt.  Et  cum  paucis  col¬ 
locuti  clientibus  suis,  quibus  tantum  facinus  committere 
audebant,  primum  conati  sunt  praefectum  equitum  0.  Yolu- 
senum  interficere,  ut  ]oostea  bello  confecto  cognitum  est, 
15  ut  cum  munere  aliquo  perfugisse  ad  Pompeium  viderentur ; 
postquam  id  difficilius  visum  est  neque  facultas  perficiendi 
dabatur,  quam  maximas  potuerunt  pecunias  mutuati,  pro¬ 
inde  ac  suis  satisfacere  et  fraudata  restituere  vellent,  multis 
coemptis  equis  ad  Pompeium  transierunt  cum  iis  quos  sui 
20  consilii  participes  habebant.  LXI.  Quos  Pompeius,  quod 
erant  honesto  loco  nati  et  instructi  liberaliter  magnoque 
comitatu  et  multis  jumentis  venerant  virique  fortes  habe¬ 
bantur  et  in  honore  apud  Caesarem  fuerant,  quodque  novum 
et  praeter  consuetudinem  acciderat,  omnia  sua  praesidia  cir- 
25  cumduxit  atque  ostentavit.  Nam  ante  id  tempus  nemo  aut 
miles  aut  eques  a  Caesare  ad  Pompeium  transierat,  cum 
paene  quotidie  a  Pompeio  ad  Caesarem  perfugerent,  vulgo 
vero  universi  in  Epiro  atque  Aetolia  conscripti  milites 
earumque  regionum  omnium  quae  a  Caesare  tenebantur. 
30  Sed  hi  cognitis  omnibus  rebus,  seu  quid  in  munitionibus 
perfectum  non  erat,  seu  quid  a  peritioribus  rei  militaris  de¬ 
siderari  videbatur,  temporibusque  rerum  et  s]3atiis  locorum, 
custodiarum  varia  diligentia  animadversa,  prout  cujusque 
eorum  qui  negotiis  praeerant  aut  natura  aut  studium  ferebat, 
35  haec  ad  Pompeium  omnia  detulerunt.  LXII.  Quibus  ille 
cognitis  eruptionisque  jam  ante  capto  consilio,  ut  demon- 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  LX—LXIII. 


103 


stratum  est,  tegimenta  galeis  milites  ex  viminibus  facere 
atque  aggerem  jubet  comportare.  His  paratis  rebus  magnum 
numerum  levis  armaturae  et  sagittariorum  aggeremque  om¬ 
nem  noctu  in  scaplias  et  naves  actuarias  imponit,  et  de  media 
nocte  cohortes  lx  ex  maximis  castris  praesidiisque  deductas  5 
ad  eam  partem  munitionum  ducit  quae  pertinebat  ad  mare 
longissimeque  a  maximis  castris  Caesaris  aberat.  Eodem 
naves,  quas  demonstravimus  aggere  et  levis  armaturae  mili¬ 
tibus  completas,  quasque  ad  Dyrrhachium  naves  longas  habe¬ 
bat,  mittit  et  quid  a  quoque  fieri  velit  praecipit.  Ad  eas  10 
munitiones  Caesar  Lentulum  Marcellinum  quaestorem  cum 
legione  viiii  positum  habebat.  Huic,  quod  valetudine  minus 
commoda  utebatur,  Fulvium  Postumum  adjutorem  summi- 
serat.  LXIII.  Erat  eo  loco  fossa  pedum  xv  et  vallum  contra 
hostem  in  altitudinem  pedum  x,  tantundemque  ejus  valli  15 
agger  in  latitudinem  patebat ;  ab  eo  intermisso  spatio  pedum 
DC  alter  conversus  in  contrariam  partem  erat  vallus  humi¬ 
liore  paulo  munitione.  Hoc  enim  superioribus  diebus  timens 
Caesar,  ne  navibus  nostri  circumvenirentur,  duplicem  eo 
loco  fecerat  vallum,  ut,  si  ancipiti  proelio  dimicaretur,  posset  20 
resisti.  Sed  operum  magnitudo  et  continens  omnium  dierum 
labor,  quod  milia  passuum  in  circuitu  xyii  erat  complexus, 
perficiendi  spatium  non  dabat.  Itaque  contra  mare  trans¬ 
versum  vallum,  qui  has  duas  munitiones  conjungeret,  non¬ 
dum  perfecerat.  Quae  res  nota  erat  Pompeio,  delata  per  -25 
Allobrogas  perfugas,  magnumque  nostris  attulerat  incommo¬ 
dum.  Nam  ut  ad  mare  duae  cohortes  nonae  legionis  ex¬ 
cubuerant,  accessere  subito  prima  luce  Pompeiani  ;  simul 
navibus  circumvecti  milites  in  exteriorem  vallum  tela  jacie¬ 
bant,  fossaeque  aggere  complebantur,  et  legionarii  interioris  30 
munitionis  defensores  scalis  admotis  tormentis  cu jusque  ge¬ 
neris  telisque  terrebant,  magnaque  multitudo  sagittariorum 
ab  utraque  parte  circumfundebatur.  Multum  autem  ab  ictu 
lapidum,  quod  unum  nostris  erat  telum,  viminea  tegimenta 
galeis  imposita  defendebant.  Itaque  cum  omnibus  rebus  35 
nostri  premerentur  atque  aegre  resisterent,  animadversum 


104 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


est  yitiiim  munitionis,  quod  supra  demonstratum  est,  atque 
inter  duos  yallos,  qua  perfectum  opus  non  erat,  per  mare  na- 
yibus  expositi  in  ayersos  nostros  impetum  fecerunt  atque  ex 
utraque  munitione  dejectos  terga  yertere  coegerunt.  LXIV. 

5  Hoc  tumultu  nuntiato  Marcellinus  .  .  cohortes  subsidio 
nostris  laborantibus  summittit  ex  castris ;  quae  fugientes 
conspicatae  neque  illos  suo  adyentu  confirmare  potuerunt 
neque  ipsae  hostium  impetum  tulerunt.  Itaque  quodeumque 
addebatur  subsidio,  id  corrupturn  timore  fugientium  terrorem 
10  et  periculum  augebat ;  hominum  enim  multitudine  receptus 
impediebatur.  In  eo  proelio  cum  grayi  yulnere  esset  afiectus 
aquilifer  et  a  yiribus  deficeretur,  conspicatus  equites  nostros. 
Hanc  ego,’’  inquit,  ^^et  yiyus  multos  j)er  annos  magna 
diligentia  defendi  et  nunc  moriens  eadem  fide  Caesari  res- 
15  tituo.  Xolite,  obsecro,  committere,  quod  ante  in  exercitu 
Caesaris  non  accidit,  ut  rei  militaris  dedecus  admittatur,  in- 
columemque  ad  eum  deferte.”  Hoc  casu  aquila  conseryatur 
omnibus  primae  cohortis  centurionibus  interfectis  praeter 
principem  priorem.  LXV.  Jamque  Pompeiani  magna  caede 
20  nostrorum  castris  Marcellini  appropinquabant  non  mediocri 
terrore  illato  reliquis  cohortibus,  et  M.  Antonius,  qui  proxi¬ 
mum  locum  praesidiorum  tenebat,  ea  re  nuntiata  cum  cohor¬ 
tibus  XII  descendens  ex  loco  superiore  cernebatur.  Cujus 
adyentiis  Pompeianos  compressit  nostrosque  firmayit,  ut  se 
25  ex  maximo  timore  colligerent.  Xeque  multo  post  Caesar  sig¬ 
nificatione  per  castella  fumo  facta,  ut  erat  superioris  temporis 
consuetudo,  deductis  quibusdam  cohortibus  ex  joraesidiis 
eodem  yenit.  Qui  cognito  detrimento  cum  animadyertisset 
Pompeium  extra  munitiones  egressum  secundum  mare,  ut 
30  libere  j)abulari  posset  nec  minus  aditum  nayibus  haberet, 
commutata  ratione  belli,  quoniam  propositum  non  tenuerat, 
castra  juxta  Pompeium  munire  jussit.  LXVI.  Qua  perfecta 
munitione  animadyersum  est  a  speculatoribus  Caesaris  co¬ 
hortes  quasdam,  quod  instar  legionis  yideretur,  esse  post 
35  silyam  et  in  yetera  castra  duci.  Castrorum  hic  situs  erat. 
Superioribus  diebus  nona  Caesaris  legio,  cum  se  objecisset 


COMM,  III.  CAP.  LXIII—LXVIII. 


105 


Pompeianis  copiis  atque  opere,  ut  demonstravimus,  circum¬ 
muniret,  castra  eo  loco  posuit.  Haec  silvam  quandam  con¬ 
tingebant  neque  longius  a  mari  passibus  ccc  aberant.  Post 
mutato  consilio  quibusdam  de  causis  Caesar  paulo  ultra  eum 
locum  castra  transtulit,  paucisque  intermissis  diebus  eadem  5 
Pompeius  occupaverat  efc,  quod  eo  loco  plures  erat  legiones 
habiturus,  relicto  interiore  vallo  majorem  adjecerat  muni¬ 
tionem.  Ita  minora  castra  inclusa  majoribus  castelli  atque 
arcis  locum  obtinebant.  Item  ab  angulo  castrorum  sinistro 
munitionem  ad  flumen  perduxerat,  circiter  passus  cccc,  quo  10 
liberius  a  periculo  milites  aquarentur.  Sed  is  quoque  mutato 
consilio  quibusdam  de  causis,  quas  commemorari  necesse  non 
est,  eo  loco  excesserat.  Ita  complures  dies  manserant  castra ; 
munitiones  quidem  omnes  integrae  erant.  LXVII.  Eo  signa 
legionis  illata  speculatores  Caesari  renuntiarunt.  Hoc  idem  15 
visum  ex  superioribus  quibusdam  castellis  confirmaverunt. 

Is  locus  aberat  a  novis  Pompeii  castris  circiter  passus  quin¬ 
gentos.  Hanc  legionem  sperans  Caesar  se  opprimere  posse 
et  cupiens  ejus  diei  detrimentum  sarcire  reliquit  in  opere 
cohortes  duas,  quae  speciem  munitionis  praeberent  ;  ipse  20 
diverso  itinere,  quam  potuit  occultissime,  reliquas  cohortes, 
numero  xxxiii,  in  quibus  erat  legio  nona  multis  amissis 
centurionibus  deminutoque  militum  numero,  ad  legionem 
Pompeii  castraque  minora  duplici  acie  eduxit.  Xeque  eum 
prima  opinio  fefellit.  Xam  et  pervenit  priusquam  Pompeius  25 
sentire  posset,  et  tametsi  erant  munitiones  castrorum  mag¬ 
nae,  tamen  sinistro  cornu,  ubi  erat  ipse,  celeriter  aggressus 
Pompeianos  ex  vallo  deturbavit.  Erat  objectus  portis  ericius. 

Hic  paulisper  est  pugnatum,  cum  irrumpere  nostri  conaren¬ 
tur,  illi  castra  defenderent,  fortissime  Tito  Pulione,  cujus  30 
opera  proditum  exercitum  C.  Antoni  demonstravimus,  e 
loco  propugnante.  Sed  tamen  nostri  virtute  vicerunt  exciso- 
que  ericio  primo  in  majora  castra,  post  etiam  in  castellum, 
quod  erat  inclusum  majoribus  castris,  irruperunt  et,  quod  eo 
pulsa  legio  sese  receperat,  nonnullos  ibi  repugnantes  inter-  35 
fecerunt.  LXVIII.  Sed  fortuna,  quae  plurimum  potest  cum 


106 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


in  reliquis  rebus  tum  praecipue  in  bello,  parvis  momentis 
magnas  rerum  commutationes  efficit ;  ut  tum  accidit.  Muni¬ 
tionem,  quam  pertinere  a  castris  ad  flumen  supra  demon¬ 
stravimus,  dextri  Caesaris  cornus  cohortes  ignorantia  loci 
5  sunt  secutae,  cum  portam  quaererent  castrorumque  eam 
munitionem  esse  arbitrarentur.  Quod  cum  esset  animad¬ 
versum  conjunctam  esse  flumini,  prorutis  munitionibus  de¬ 
fendente  nullo  transcenderunt,  omnisque  noster  equitatus 
eas  cohortes  est  secutus.  LXIX.  Interim  Pompeius  hac 
10  satis  longa  interjecta  mora  et  re  nuntiata  v  legiones  ab  opere 
deductas  subsidio  suis  duxit ;  eodemque  tempore  equitatus 
ejus  nostris  equitibus  appropinquabat,  et  acies  instructa  a 
nostris  qui  castra  occupaverant  cernebatur,  omniaque  sunt 
subito  mutata.  Legio  Pompeiana  celeris  spe  subsidii  con- 
15  firmata  ab  decumana  porta  resistere  conabatur  atque  ultro 
in  nostros  impetum  faciebat.  Equitatus  Caesaris,  quod  an¬ 
gusto  itinere  per  aggeres  ascendebat,  receptui  suo  timens 
initium  fugae  faciebat.  Dextrum  cornu,  quod  erat  a  sinistro 
seclusum,  terrore  equitum  animadverso,  ne  intra  munitionem 
20  opprimeretur,  ea  parte  quam  proruerat  sese  reci23iebat,  ac 
plerique  ex  his,  ne  in  angustias  inciderent,  ex  x  jiedum  muni¬ 
tione  se  in  fossas  praecipitabant,  primisque  oppressis  reliqui 
per  horum  corpora  salutem  sibi  atque  exitum  pariebant. 
Sinistro  cornu  milites,  cum  ex  vallo  Pompeium  adesse  et 
25  suos  fugere  cernerent,  veriti  ne  angustiis  intercluderentur, 
cum  extra  et  intus  hostem  haberent,  eodem  quo  venerant 
receptu  sibi  consulebant,  omniaque  erant  tumultus,  timoris, 
fugae  plena,  adeo  ut,  cum  Caesar  signa  fugientium  manu 
prenderet  et  consistere  juberet,  alii  demissis  signis  eundem 
30  cursum  confugerent,  alii  ex  metu  etiam  signa  dimitterent, 
neque  quisquam  omnino  consisteret.  LXX.  His  tantis  malis 
haec  subsidia  succurrebant  quominus  omnis  deleretur  exer¬ 
citus,  quod  Pompeius  insidias  timens,  credo,  quod  haec 
praeter  spem  acciderant  ejus  qui  joaulo  ante  ex  castris 
35  fugientes  suos  conspexerat,  munitionibus  appropinquare  ali¬ 
quamdiu  non  audebat,  equitesque  ejus  angustiis  atque  his  ab 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  LXVIII-LXXIL 


107 


Caesaris  militibus  occupatis  ad  insequendum  tardabantur. 

Ita  parvae  res  magnum  in  utramque  partem  momentum 
habuerunt.  Munitiones  enim  a  castris  ad  flumen  perductae 
expugnatis  jam  castris  Pompeii  propriam  expedi tamque  Cae¬ 
saris  victoriam  interpellaverunt,  eadem  res  celeritate  inse-  5 
quentium  tardata  nostris  salutem  attulit.  LXXI.  Duobus 
Ilis  unius  diei  proeliis  Caesar  desideravit  milites  dcccclx  et 
notos  equites  Eomanos  Tuticanum  Gallum,  senatoris  filium, 

C.  Fleginatem  Placentia,  A.  Granium  Puteolis,  M.  Sacrati- 
virum  Capua,  tribunos  militum,  et  centuriones  xxxii ;  sed  10 
horum  omnium  pars  magna  in  fossis  munitionibusque  et 
fluminis  ripis  oppressa  suorum  in  terrore  ac  fuga  sine  ullo 
vulnere  interiit ;  signaque  sunt  militaria  amissa  xxxii.  Pom¬ 
peius  eo  proelio  imperator  est  appellatus.  Hoc  nomen  ob¬ 
tinuit,  atque  ita  se  postea  salutari  passus  est,  sed  in  litteris  15 
numquam  scribere  est  solitus,  neque  in  fascibus  insignia 
laureae  praetulit.  At  Labienus,  cum  ab  eo  impetravisset  ut 
sibi  captivos  tradi  juberet,  omnes  productos  ostentationis,  ut 
videbatur,  causa,  quo  major  perfugae  fides  haberetur,  com¬ 
militones  appellans  et  magna  verborum  contumelia  interro-  20 
gans,  solerentne  veterani  milites  fugere,  in  omnium  conspectu 
interfecit. 

LXXII.  His  rebus  tantum  fiduciae  ac  spiritus  Pompeianis 
accessit,  ut  non  de  ratione  belli  cogitarent,  sed  vicisse  jam 
viderentur.  Xon  illi  paucitatem  nostrorum  militum,  non  25 
iniquitatem  loci  atque  angustias  praeoccupatis  castris  et  an- 
cipitem  terrorem  intra  extraque  munitiones,  non  abscisum 
in  duas  partes  exercitum,  cum  altera  alteri  auxilium  ferre 
non  posset,  causae  fuisse  cogitabant.  Xon  ad  haec  addebant 
non  concursu  acri  facto,  non  proelio  dimicatum,  sibique  ipsos  30 
multitudine  atque  angustiis  majus  attulisse  detrimentum 
quam  ab  hoste  accepissent.  Xon  denique  communes  belli 
casus  recordabantur,  quam  parvulae  saepe  causae  vel  falsae 
suspicionis  vel  terroris  repentini  vel  objectae  religionis  magna 
detrimenta  intulissent,  quotiens  vel  ducis  vitio  vel  culpa  tri-  35 
buni  in  exercitu  esset  offensum ;  sed,  proinde  ac  si  virtute 


108 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


yicissent  neque  ulla  commutatio  rerum  posset  accidere,  per 
orbem  terrarum  fama  ac  litteris  victoriam  ejus  diei  concele¬ 
brabant.  LXXIII.  Caesar  a  superioribus  consiliis  depulsus 
omnem  sibi  commutandam  belli  rationem  existimavit.  Itaque 
5  uno  tempore  praesidiis  omnibus  deductis  et  oppugnatione 
dimissa  coactoque  in  unum  locum  exercitu  contionem  apud 
milites  babuit  bortatusque  est  ne  ea  quae  accidissent  graviter 
ferrent,  neve  bis  rebus  terrerentur,  multisque  secundis  proe¬ 
liis  unum  adversum  et  id  mediocre  opponerent.  Habendam 
10  fortunae  gratiam,  quod  Italiam  sine  aliquo  vulnere  cepissent, 
quod  duas  Hispanias  bellicosissimorum  bominum  peritissimis 
atque  exercitatissimis  ducibus  pacavissent,  quod  finitimas 
frumentariasque  provincias  in  potestatem  redegissent ;  deni¬ 
que  recordari  debere  qua  felicitate  inter  medias  bostium  clas- 
15  ses,  oppletis  non  solum  portibus,  sed  etiam  litoribus,  omnes 
incolumes  essent  transportati.  Si  non  omnia  caderent  se¬ 
cunda,  fortunam  esse  industria  sublevandam.  Quod  esset 
acceptum  detrimenti,  cujusvis  potius  quam  suae  culpae  de¬ 
bere  tribui.  Locum  se  aequum  ad  dimicandum  dedisse, 
20  potitum  esse  bostium  castris,  expulisse  ac  superasse  pugnan¬ 
tes.  Sed  sive  ipsorum  perturbatio  sive  error  aliquis  sive 
etiam  fortuna  partam  jam  praesentemque  victoriam  inter¬ 
pellavisset,  dandam  omnibus  operam,  ut  acceptum  incom¬ 
modum  virtute  sarciretur.  Quod  si  esset  factum,  fore  ut 
25  detrimentum  in  bonum  verteret,  uti  ad  Gergoviam  accidisset, 
atque  ei  qui  ante  dimicare  timuissent  ultro  se  proelio  offer¬ 
rent.  LXXIV.  Hac  babita  contione  nonnullos  signiferos 
ignominia  notavit  ac  loco  movit.  Exercitui  quidem  omni 
tantus  incessit  ex  incommodo  dolor  tantumque  studium  in- 
30  famiae  sarciendae,  ut  nemo  aut  tribuni  aut  centurionis 
imperium  desideraret  et  sibi  quisque  etiam  poenae  loco  gra¬ 
viores  imponeret  labores,  simulque  omnes  arderent  cupiditate 
pugnandi,  cum  superioris  etiam  ordinis  nonnulli  ratione 
permoti  manendum  eo  loco  et  rem  proelio  committendam 
35  existimarent.  Contra  ea  Caesar  neque  satis  militibus  per¬ 
territis  confidebat  spatiumque  interponendum  ad  recreandos 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  LXXII—LXXVI. 


109 


animos  putabat,  et  relictis  ninnitionibus  magnopere  rei  fru¬ 
mentariae  timebat.  LXXV.  Itaqne  nulla  interposita  mora 
sanciornm  modo  et  aegrornm  liabita  ratione  impedimenta 
omnia  silentio  prima  nocte  ex  castris  Apolloniam  praemisit. 
Haec  conquiescere  ante  iter  confectum  yetnit.  His  una  5 
legio  missa  praesidio  est.  His  explicitis  rebus  duas  in  castris 
legiones  retinuit,  reliquas  de  quarta  yigilia  compluribus  por¬ 
tis  eductas  eodem  itinere  praemisit,  paryoque  spatio  inter¬ 
misso,  ut  et  militare  institutum  seryaretur  et  quam  serissime 
ejus  profectio  cognosceretur,  conclamari  jussit  statimque  10 
egressus  et  noyissimum  agmen  consecutus  celeriter  ex  con¬ 
spectu  castrorum  discessit.  Xeque  yero  Pompeius  cognito 
consilio  ejus  moram  ullam  ad  insequendum  intulit ;  sed  id 
spectans,  si  itinere  impeditos  perterritos  deprehendere  posset, 
exercitum  e  castris  eduxit  equitatumque  j)raemisit  ad  noyis-  15 
simum  agmen  demorandum,  neque  consequi  potuit,  quod 
multum  expedito  itinere  antecesserat  Caesar.  Sed  cum  yen- 
tum  esset  ad  flumen  Genusum,  quod  ripis  erat  impeditis, 
consecutus  equitatus  noyissimos  proelio  detinebat.  Huic 
suos  Caesar  equites  opposuit  expeditosque  antesignanos  ad-  20 
miscuit  cccc,  qui  tantum  profecerunt,  ut  equestri  proelio 
commisso  pellerent  omnes  compluresque  interficerent  ipsique 
incolumes  se  ad  agmen  reciperent.  LXXVI.  Confecto  justo 
itinere  ejus  diei  quod  proposuerat  Caesar,  traductoque  exer¬ 
citu  flumen  Genusum  yeteribus  suis  in  castris  contra  Aspa-  25 
regium  consedit  militesque  omnes  intra  yallum  castrorum 
continuit  equitatumque  per  causam  pabulandi  emissum  con- 
festim  decumana  porta  in  castra  se  recipere  jussit.  Simili 
ratione  Pompeius  confecto  ejus  diei  itinere  in  suis  yeteribus 
castris  ad  Asparagium  consedit.  Ejus  milites,  quod  ab  opere  30 
integris  munitionibus  yacabant,  alii  lignandi  pabulandique 
causa  longius  progrediebantur,  alii  quod  subito  consilium 
profectionis  ceperant  magna  parte  impedimentorum  et  sar¬ 
cinarum  relicta,  ad  haec  repetenda  inyitati  propinquitate 
superiorum  castrorum  depositis  in  contubernio  armis  yallum  35 
relinquebant.  Quibus  ad  sequendum  impeditis  Caesar,  quod 


110 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


fore  proYiderat,  meridiano  fere  tempore  signo  profectionis 
dato  exercitum  educit  duplicatoque  ejus  diei  itinere  viii 
milia  passuum  ex  eo  loco  procedit ;  quod  facere  Pompeius 
discessu  militum  non  potuit.  LXXVII.  Postero  die  Caesar 
5  similiter  praemissis  prima  nocte  impedimentis  de  quarta 
vigilia  ipse  egreditur,  ut,  si  qua  esset  imposita  dimicandi 
necessitas,  subitum  casum  expedito  exercitu  subiret.  Hoc 
idem  reliquis  fecit  diebus.  Quibus  rebus  perfectum  est  ut 
altissimis  fluminibus  atque  impeditissimis  itineribus  nullum 
10  acciperet  incommodum.  Pompeius  primi  diei  mora  illata  et 
reliquorum  dierum  frustra  labore  suscepto,  cum  se  magnis 
itineribus  extenderet  et  praegressos  consequi  cuperet,  quarto 
die  flnem  sequendi  fecit  atque  aliud  sibi  consilium  capiendum 
existimavit.  LXXYIII.  Caesari  ad  saucios  deponendos,  sti- 
15  pendium  exercitui  dandum,  socios  confirmandos,  praesidium 
urbibus  relinquendum  necesse  erat  adire  Apolloniam.  Sed 
bis  rebus  tantum  temporis  tribuit,  quantum  erat  properanti 
necesse  ;  timens  Domitio,  ne  adventu  Pompeii  praeoccupare¬ 
tur,  ad  eum  omni  celeritate  et  studio  incitatus  ferebatur. 
20  Totius  autem  rei  consilium  his  rationibus  explicabat,  ut,  si 
Pompeius  eodem  contenderet,  abductum  illum  a  mari  atque 
ab  iis  copiis  quas  Dyrrhachii  comparaverat,  frumento  ac 
commeatu  abstractum  pari  condicione  belli  secum  decertare 
cogeret ;  si  in  Italiam  transiret;  conjuncto  exercitu  cum 
25  Domitio  per  Illyricum  Italiae  subsidio  proficisceretur;  si 
Apolloniam  Oricumque  oppugnare  et  se  omni  maritima  ora 
excludere  conaretur,  obsesso  Scipione  necessario  illum  suis 
auxilium  ferre  cogeret.  Itaque  praemissis  nuntiis  ad  Cn. 
Domitium  Caesar  scripsit  et  quid  fieri  vellet  ostendit,  prae- 
30  sidioque  Apolloniae  cohortibus  iiii,  Lissi  i,  iii  Orici  relictis, 
quique  erant  ex  vulneribus  aegri  depositis,  per  Epirum  atque 
Athamaniam  iter  facere  coepit.  Pompeius  quoque  de  Cae¬ 
saris  consilio  conjectura  judicans  ad  Scipionem  properandum 
sibi  existimabat :  si  Caesar  iter  illo  haberet,  ut  subsidium 
35  Scipioni  ferret ;  si  ab  ora  maritima  Oricoque  discedere  nollet, 
quod  legiones  equitatumque  ex  Italia  exspectaret,  ipse  ut 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  LXXVI—LXXX. 


Ill 


omnibus  copiis  Domitium  aggrederetur.  LXXIX.  His  de 
causis  uterque  eorum  celeritati  studebat,  et  suis  ut  esset 
auxilio,  et  ad  opprimendos  adyersarios  ne  occasioni  temporis 
deesset.  Sed  Caesarem  Apollonia  a  directo  itinere  averte¬ 
rat  ;  Pompeius  per  Candaviam  iter  in  Macedoniam  expeditum  5 
habebat.  Accessit  etiam  ex  improviso  aliud  incommodum, 
quod  Domitius,  qui  dies  complures  castris  Scipionis  castra 
collata  habuisset,  rei  frumentariae  causa  ab  eo  discesserat  et 
Heracliam,  quae  est  subjecta  Candaviae,  iter  fecerat,  ut  ipsa 
fortuna  illum  objicere  Pompeio  videretur.  Haec  ad  id  tem-  10 
pus  Caesar  ignorabat.  Simul  a  Pompeio  litteris  per  omnes 
provincias  civitatesque  dimissis  proelio  ad  DjTrhachium 
facto,  latius  inllatiusque  multo  quam  res  erat  gesta  fama  23er- 
crebuerat :  pulsum  fugere  Caesarem  paene  omnibus  copiis 
amissis.  Haec  itinera  infesta  reddiderat,  haec  civitates  non-  15 
nullas  ab  ejus  amicitia  avertebat.  Quibus  accidit  rebus,  ut 
pluribus  dimissi  itineribus  a  Caesare  ad  Domitium  et  a 
Domitio  ad  Caesarem  nulla  ratione  iter  conficere  possent. 

Sed  Allobroges,  Eaucilli  atque  Egi  familiares,  quos  perfugisse 
ad  Pompeium  demonstravimus,  conspicati  in  itinere  expio-  20 
ratores  Domitii,  seu  pristina  sua  consuetudine,  quod  una  in 
Gallia  bella  gesserant,  seu  gloria  elati,  euncta,  ut  erant  acta, 
exposuerunt  et  Caesaris  profectionem,  adventum  Pompeii 
docuerunt.  A  quibus  Domitius  certior  factus  vix  iiii  hora¬ 
rum  spatio  antecedens  hostium  beneficio  2)ericulum  vitavit  25 
et  ad  Aeginium,  quod  est  objectum  Thessaliae,  Caesari  veni¬ 
enti  occurrit.  LXXX.  Conjuncto  exercitu  Caesar  Gom¬ 
phos  pervenit,  quod  est  oppidum  primum  Thessaliae  venien¬ 
tibus  ab  Epiro ;  quae  gens  paucis  ante  mensibus  ultro  ad 
Caesarem  legatos  miserat,  ut  suis  omnibus  facultatibus  utere-  30 
tur,  i^raesi diumque  ab  eo  militum  petierat.  Sed  eo  fama 
jam  joraecLirrerat,  quam  supra  docuimus,  de  proelio  Dyrrha¬ 
chino,  quod  multis  auxerat  j)artibus.  Itaque  Androsthenes, 
praetor  Thessaliae,  cum  se  victoriae  Pom^^eii  comitem  esse 
mallet  quam  socium  Caesaris  in  rebus  adversis,  omnem  ex  35 
agris  multitudinem  servorum  ac  liberorum  in  oppidum  cogit 


112 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


portasque  praecludit  et  ad  Scipionem  Pompeiumque  nuntios 
mittit,  ut  sibi  subsidio  yeniant :  se  confidere  munitionibus 
oppidi,  si  celeriter  succurratur ;  longinquam  oppugnationem 
sustinere  non  posse.  Scipio  discessu  exercituum  ab  Djrrrha- 
6  cilio  cognito  Larisam  legiones  adduxerat ;  Pompeius  nondum 
Thessaliae  apjiropinquabat.  Caesar  castris  munitis  scalas 
musculosque  ad  repentinam  oppugnationem  fieri  et  crates 
parari  jussit.  Quibus  rebus  effectis  cohortatus  milites  docuit 
quantum  usum  haberet  ad  sublevandam  omnium  rerum  in- 
10  opiam  potiri  oppido  pleno  atque  opulento,  simul  reliquis 
civitatibus  hujus  urbis  exemplo  inferre  terrorem  et  id  fieri 
celeriter,  priusquam  auxilia  concurrerent.  Itaque  usus  sin¬ 
gulari  militum  studio  eodem  quo  venerat  die  post  horam 
nonam  oppidum  altissimis  moenibus  oppugnare  aggressus, 
15  ante  solis  occasum  expugnavit  et  ad  diripiendum  militibus 
concessit,  statimque  ab  oppido  castra  movit  et  Metropolim 
venit,  sic  ut  nuntios  expugnati  oppidi  famamque  antecederet. 
LXXXI.  Metropolitae  primum  eodem  usi  consilio  iisdem 
permoti  rumoribus  portas  clauserunt  murosque  armatis  com- 
20  pleverunt ;  sed  postea  casu  civitatis  Gomphensis  cognito  ex 
captivis  quos  Caesar  ad  murum  producendos  curaverat,  por¬ 
tas  aperuerunt.  Quibus  diligentissime  conservatis,  collata 
fortuna  Metropolitum  cum  casu  Gomphensium,  nulla  Thes¬ 
saliae  fuit  civitas  praeter  Larisaeos,  qui  magnis  exercitibus 
25  Scipionis  tenebantur,  quin  Caesari  parerent  atque  imperata 
facerent.  Ille  idoneum  locum  in  agris  nactus  plenis  fru¬ 
mentorum,  quae  prope  jam  matura  erant,  ibi  adventum  ex¬ 
spectare  Pompeii  eoque  omnem^  belli  rationem  conferre 
constituit. 

30  LXXXII.  Pompeius  paucis  post  diebus  in  Thessaliam 
pervenit  contionatusque  apud  cunctum  exercitum  suis  agit 
gratias,  Scipionis  milites  cohortatur  ut  parta  jam  victoria 
praedae  ac  praemiorum  velint  esse  participes,  receptisque 
omnibus  in  una  castra  legionibus  suum  cum  Scipione  hono- 
35  rem  partitur  classicumque  apud  eum  cani  et  alterum  illi 
jubet  praetorium  tendi.  Auctis  copiis  Pompeii  duobusque 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  LXXX—LXXXiV. 


113 


magnis  exercitibus  conjunctis  pristina  omnium  confirmatur 
opinio  et  spes  yictoriae  augetur,  adeo  ut,  quidquid  inter¬ 
cederet  temporis,  id  morari  reditum  in  Italiam  videretur,  et, 
si  quando  quid  Pompeius  tardius  aut  consideratius  faceret, 
unius  esse  negotium  diei,  sed  illum  delectari  imperio  et  5 
consulares  praetoriosque  servorum  habere  numero  dicerent. 
Jamque  inter  se  palam  de  praemiis  ac  sacerdotiis  contende¬ 
bant  in  annosque  consulatum  definiebant,  alii  domos  bonaque 
eorum  qui  in  castris  erant  Caesaris  petebant ;  magnaque 
inter  eos  in  consilio  fuit  controversia,  oporteretne  Lucili  10 
Hirri,  quod  is  a  Pompeio  ad  Parthos  missus  esset,  proximis 
comitiis  praetoriis  absentis  rationem  haberi,  cum  ejus  neces¬ 
sarii  fidem  implorarent  Pompeii  praestaret  quod  proficiscenti 
recepisset,  ne  per  ejus  auctoritatem  deceptus  videretur,  reli¬ 
qui,  in  labore  pari  ac  periculo  ne  unus  omnes  antecederet,  15 
recusarent.  LXXXIII.  Jam  de  sacerdotio  Caesaris  Domi¬ 
tius,  Scipio  Spintherque  Lentulus  quotidianis  contentionibus 
ad  gravissimas  verborum  contumelias  palam  descenderunt, 
cum  Lentulus  aetatis  honorem  ostentaret,  Domitius  urbanam 
gratiam  dignitatemque  jactaret,  Scipio  affinitate  Pompeii  20 
confideret.  Postulavit  etiam  L.  Afranium  proditionis  exer¬ 
citus  Acutius  Rufus  apud  Pompeium,  quod  gestum  in  His¬ 
pania  diceret.  Et  L.  Domitius  in  consilio  dixit  placere  sibi 
bello  confecto  ternas  tabellas  dari  ad  judicandum  iis  qui  or¬ 
dinis  essent  senatorii  belloque  una  cum  ipsis  interfuissent,  25 
sententiasque  de  singulis  ferrent  qui  Romae  remansissent 
quique  intra  praesidia  Pompeii  fuissent  neque  operam  in  re 
militari  praestitissent :  unam  fore  tabellam  qui  liberandos 
omni  periculo  censerent ;  alteram  qui  capitis  damnarent ; 
tertiam  qui  pecunia  multarent.  Postremo  omnes  aut  de  30 
honoribus  suis  aut  de  praemiis  pecuniae  aut  de  persequendis 
inimicitiis  agebant,  nec  quibus  rationibus  superare  possent, 
sed  quemadmodum  uti  victoria  deberent  cogitabant. 

LXXXIV.  Re  frumentaria  praeparata  confirmatisque  mili¬ 
tibus  et  satis  longo  spatio  temporis  a  Dyrrhacliinis  proeliis  35 
intermisso,  quo  satis  perspectum  habere  militum  animum 


114 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


videretur,  tentandum  Caesar  existimavit  quidnam  Pompeius 
propositi  aut  voluntatis  ad  dimicandum  haberet.  Itaque  ex 
castris  exercitum  eduxit  aciemque  instruxit,  primo  suis  locis 
pauloque  a  castris  Pompeii  longius,  continentibus  vero  diebus 
5  ut  progrederetur  a  castris  suis  collibusque  Pompeianis  aciem 
subjiceret.  Quae  res  in  dies  confirmatiorem  ejus  exercitum 
efi&ciebat.  Superius  tamen  institutum  in  equitibus,  quod 
demonstravimus,  servabat,  ut,  quoniam  numero  multis  par¬ 
tibus  esset  inferior,  adolescentes  atque  expeditos  ex  antesig- 
10  nanis  electis  ad  joernicitatem  armis  inter  equites  proeliari 
juberet,  qui  quotidiana  consuetudine  usum  quoque  ejus  ge¬ 
neris  proeliorum  perciperent.  His  erat  rebus  effectum  ut 
equitum  mille  etiam  apertioribus  locis  yii  milium  Pompeia- 
norum  impetum,  cum  adesset  usus,  sustinere  auderent  neque 
15  magnopere  eorum  multitudine  terrerentur.  Namque  etiam 
per  eos  dies  proelium  secundum  equestre  fecit  atque  unum 
Allobrogem  ex  duobus  quos  perfugisse  ad  Pompeium  supra 
docuimus,  cum  quibusdam  interfecit.  LXXXV.  Pompeius, 
qui  castra  in  colle  habebat,  ad  infimas  radices  montis  aciem 
20  instruebat,  semper,  ut  videbatur,  exspectans,  si  iniquis  locis 
Caesar  se  subjiceret.  Caesar  nulla  ratione  ad  pugnam  elici 
posse  PomjDeium  existimans  hanc  sibi  commodissimam  belli 
rationem  judicavit,  uti  castra  ex  eo  loco  moveret  semperque 
esset  in  itineribus,  haec  spectans,  ut  movendis  castris  pluri- 
25  busque  adeundis  locis  commodiore  re  frumentaria  uteretur, 
simulque  in  itinere  ut  aliquam  occasionem  dimicandi  nan¬ 
cisceretur  et  insolitum  ad  laborem  Pompeii  exercitum  quoti¬ 
dianis  itineribus  defatigaret.  His  constitutis  rebus  signo 
jam  profectionis  dato  tabernaculisque  detensis,  animadver- 
30  sum  est  paulo  ante  extra  quotidianam  consuetudinem  longius 
a  vallo  esse  aciem  Pompeii  progressam,  ut  non  iniquo  loco 
posse  dimicari  videretur.  Tunc  Caesar  apud  suos,  cum  jam 
esset  agmen  in  portis,  Differendum  est,”  inquit,  iter  in 
praesentia  nobis  et  de  proelio  cogitandum,  sicut  semper  de- 
35  poposcimus.  Animo  simus  ad  dimicandum  parati  :  non 
facile  occasionem  postea  reperiemus confestimque  expe- 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  LXXXIV—LXXXVIL 


115 


ditas  copias  educit.  LXXXVI.  Pompeius  quoque,  ut  ^^ostea 
cognitum  est,  suorum  omnium  liortatu  statuerat  proelio 
decertare.  Xamque  etiam  in  consilio  superioribus  diebus 
dixerat,  priusquam  concurrerent  acies  fore  uti  exercitus  Cae¬ 
saris  pelleretur.  Id  cum  essent  pleri  que  admirati,  Scio  5 
me,^’  inquit,  paene  incredibilem  rem  polliceri ;  sed  rati¬ 
onem  consilii  mei  accipite,  quo  firmiore  animo  in  proelium 
prodeatis.  Persuasi  equitibus  nostris,  idque  mibi  facturos 
confirmaverunt,  ut,  cum  propius  sit  accessum,  dextrum  Cae¬ 
saris  cornu  ab  latere  aperto  aggrederentur  et  circumventa  ab  10 
tergo  acie  prius  perturbatum  exercitum  pellerent  quam  a 
nobis  telum  in  hostem  jaceretur.  Ita  sine  periculo  legionum 
et  paene  sine  vulnere  bellum  conficiemus.  Id  autem  difficile 
non  est,  cum  tantum  equitatu  valeamus.”  Simul  denuntia¬ 
vit  ut  essent  animo  parati  in  posterum  et,  quoniam  fieret  15 
dimicandi  potestas,  ut  saepe  cogitavissent,  ne  usu  manuque 
reliquorum  opinionem  fallerent.  LXXXVII.  Hunc  Labie¬ 
nus  excepit  et,  cum  Caesaris  copias  despiceret,  Pompeii  con¬ 
silium  summis  laudibus  efiterret,  ^^Xoli,”  inquit,  existimare, 
Pompei,  hunc  esse  exercitum  qui  Galliam  Germaniamque  20 
devicerit.  Omnibus  interfui  proeliis,  neque  temere  incogni¬ 
tam  rem  pronuntio.  Perexigua  pars  illius  exercitus  superest ; 
magna  pars  deperiit,  quod  accidere  tot  proeliis  fuit  necesse, 
multos  autumni  pestilentia  in  Italia  consumpsit,  multi  do¬ 
mum  discesserunt,  multi  sunt  relicti  in  continenti.  An  non  25 
audistis,  ex  iis  qui  per  causam  valetudinis  remanserunt  cohor¬ 
tes  esse  Brundisi  factas  ?  Hae  copiae  quas  videtis  ex  delectibus 
horum  annorum  in  citeriore  Gallia  sunt  refectae,  et  plerique 
sunt  ex  coloniis  Transpadanis.  Ac  tamen  quod  fuit  roboris 
duobus  proeliis  Djrrrhachinis  interiit.”  Haec  cum  dixisset,  30 
juravit  se  nisi  victorem  in  castra  non  reversurum,  reliquosque 
ut  idem  facerent  hortatus  est.  Hoc  laudans  Pompeius  idem 
juravit ;  nec  vero  ex  reliquis  fuit  quisquam  qui  jurare  dubi¬ 
taret.  Haec  cum  facta  sunt  in  consilio,  magna  spe  et  laetitia 
omnium  discessum  est ;  ac  jam  animo  victoriam  praecipie-  35 
bant,  quod  de  re  tanta  et  a  tam  perito  imperatore  nihil 


IIG 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


frustra  confirmari  yidebatur.  LXXXVIII.  Caesar,  cum 
Pompeii  castris  appropinquasset,  ad  liunc  modum  aciem  ejus 
instructam  animadyertit.  Erant  iii  sinistro  cornu  legiones 
duae  traditae  a  Caesare  initio  dissensionis  ex  senatusconsulto  ; 

5  quarum  una  prima,  altera  tertia  appellabatur.  In  eo  loco 
ipse  erat  Pompeius.  Mediam  aciem  Scipio  cum  legionibus 
Syriacis  tenebat.  Ciliciensis  legio  conjuncta  cum  cohortibus 
nispanis,  quas  traductas  ab  Afranio  docuimus,  in  dextro 
cornu  erant  collocatae.  Has  firmissimas  se  habere  Pompeius 
10  existimabat.  Eeliquas  inter  aciem  mediam  cofnuaque  in¬ 
terjecerat  numeroque  cohortes  cx  expleyerat.  Haec  erant 
milia  xlv,  eyocatorum  circiter  duo,  quae  ex  beneficiariis 
superiorum  exercituum  ad  eum  conyenerant  ;  quae  tota  acie 
disperserat.  Eeliquas  cohortes  Yii  in  castris  propinquisque 
15  castellis  praesidio  disposuerat.  Dextrum  cornu  ejus  riyus 
quidam  impeditis  ripis  muniebat ;  quam  ob  causam  cunctum 
equitatum,  sagittarios  funditoresque  omnes  sinistro  cornu 
objecerat.  LXXXIX.  Caesar  superius  institutum  seryans  x 
legionem  in  dextro  cornu,  nonam  in  sinistro  collocayerat, 
20  tametsi  erat  Dyrrhachinis  proeliis  yehementer  attenuata,  et 
huic  sic  adjunxit  octaxam,  ut  paene  unam  ex  duabus  effice¬ 
ret,  atque  alteram  alteri  praesidio  esse  jusserat.  Cohortes 
in  acie  lxxx  constitutas  habebat,  quae  summa  erat  milium 
XXII ;  cohortes  duas  castris  praesidio  reliquerat.  Sinistro 
25  cornu  Antonium,  dextro  P.  Sullam,  media  acie  Cn.  Domi¬ 
tium  praeposuerat.  Ipse  contra  Pompeium  constitit.  Simul 
his  rebus  animadyersis  quas  demonstrayimus,  timens  ne  a 
multitudine  equitum  dextrum  cornu  circumyeniretur,  cele¬ 
riter  ex  tertia  acie  singulas  cohortes  detraxit  atque  ex  his 
30  quartam  instituit  equitatuique  opposuit  et  quid  fieri  yellet 
ostendit,  monuitque  ejus  diei  yictoriam  in  earum  cohortium 
yirtute  constare.  Simul  tertiae  aciei  totique  exercitui  im- 
perayit  ne  injussu  suo  concurreret :  se,  cum  id  fieri  yellet, 
yexillo  signum  daturum.  XC.  Exercitum  cum  militari  more 
35  ad  pugnam  cohortaretur  suaque  in  eum  perpetui  temporis 
officia  praedicaret,  imprimis  commemorayit  :  testibus  se  mi- 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  LXXXVII—XCIII. 


in 


litibus  uti  posse,  quanto  studio  pacem  petisset ;  quae  per 
Vatinium  in  colloquiis,  quae  per  Aulum  Clodium  cum  Sci¬ 
pione  egisset,  quibus  modis  ad  Oricum  cum  Libone  dc  mit¬ 
tendis  legatis  contendisset.  Neque  se  umquam  abuti  militum 
sanguine  neque  rempublicam  alterutro  exercitu  privare  volu-  5 
isse.  Hac  habita  oratione  exposcentibus  militibus  et  studio 
pugnae  ardentibus  tuba  signum  dedit.  XCI.  Erat  Crasti¬ 
nus  evocatus  in  exercitu  Caesaris,  qui  superiore  anno  apud 
eum  primum  pilum  in  legione  x  duxerat,  vir  singulari  vir¬ 
tute.  Hic  signo  dato,  Sequimini  me, inquit,  ^^manipu-  10 
lares  mei  qui  fuistis,  et  vestro  imperatori  quam  constituistis 
operam  date.  Unum  hoc  proelium  superest ;  quo  confecto 
et  ille  suam  dignitatem  et  nos  nostram  libertatem  recupe¬ 
rabimus.”  Simul  respiciens  Caesarem,  Faciam,”  inquit, 
hodie,  imperator,  ut  aut  vivo  mihi  aut  mortuo  gratias  agas.”  15 
Haec  cum  dixisset,  primus  ex  dextro  cornu  procucurrit, 
atque  eum  electi  milites  circiter  cxx  voluntarii  ejusdem  cen¬ 
turiae  sunt  prosecuti.  XCII.  Inter  duas  acies  tantum  erat 
relictum  spatii,  ut  satis  esset  ad  concursum  utriusque  exer¬ 
citus.  Sed  Pompeius  suis  praedixerat  ut  Caesaris  impetum  20 
exciperent  neve  se  loco  moverent,  aciemque  ejus  distrahi 
paterentur ;  idque  admonitu  C.  Triarii  fecisse  dicebatur,  ut 
primus  excursus  visque  militum  infringeretur  aciesque  disten¬ 
deretur,  atque  in  suis  ordinibus  dispositi  dispersos  adoriren¬ 
tur  ;  leviusque  casura  pila  sperabat  in  loco  retentis  militibus  25 
quam  si  ipsi  immissis  telis  occucurrissent ;  simul  fore  ut 
duplicato  cursu  Caesaris  milites  exanimarentur  et  lassitudine 
conficerentur.  Quod  nobis  quidem  nulla  ratione  factum  a 
Pompeio  videtur,  propterea  quod  est  quaedam  animi  incitatio 
atque  alacritas  naturaliter  innata  omnibus,  quae  studio  pug-  30 
nae  incenditur.  Hanc  non  reprimere,  sed  augere  imperatores 
debent ;  neque  frustra  antiquitus  institutum  est  ut  signa 
undique  concinerent  clamoremquc  universi  tollerent ;  qui¬ 
bus  rebus  et  hostes  terreri  et  suos  incitari  existimaverunt. 
XCIII.  Sed  nostri  milites  dato  signo  cum  infestis  pilis  procu-  35 
currissent  atque  animadvertissent  non  concurri  a  Pompeianis, 


118 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


usu  periti  ac  superioribus  pugnis  exercitati  sua  sj)onte  cur¬ 
sum  represserunt  et  ad  medium  fere  sjDatium  constiterunt, 
ne  consumptis  yiribus  appropinquarent,  parvoque  intermisso 
temporis  spatio  ac  rursus  renovato  cursu  pila  miserunt  cele- 
5  riterque,  ut  erat  praeceptum  a  Caesare,  gladios  strinxerunt. 
Neque  vero  Pompeiani  huic  rei  defuerunt.  Nam  et  tela 
missa  exceperunt  et  impetum  legionum  tulerunt  et  ordines 
conservarunt  pilisque  missis  ad  gladios  redierunt.  Eodem 
tempore  equites  ab  sinistro  Pompeii  cornu,  ut  erat  impera- 
10  tum,  universi  procucurrerunt,  omnisque  multitudo  sagitta¬ 
riorum  se  profudit ;  quorum  impetum  noster  equitatus  non 
tulit,  sed  paulatim  loco  motus  cessit ;  equitesque  Pompeii  boc 
acrius  instare  et  se  turmatim  explicare  aciemque  nostram  a 
latere  aperto  circumire  coeperunt.  Quod  ubi  Caesar  animad- 
15  vertit,  quartae  aciei,  quam  instituerat  sex  cohortium,  dedit 
signum.  Illi  celeriter  procucurrerunt  infestisque  signis  tanta 
vi  in  Pompeii  equites  impetum  fecerunt,  ut  eorum  nemo 
consisteret  omnesque  conversi  non  solum  loco  excederent, 
sed  protinus  incitati  fuga  montes  altissimos  peterent.  Quibus 
20  summotis  omnes  sagittarii  funditoresque  destituti  inermes 
sine  praesidio  interfecti  sunt.  Eodem  impetu  cohortes  sinis¬ 
trum  cornu  pugnantibus  etiam  tum  ac  resistentibus  in  acie 
Pompeianis  circumierunt  eosque  a  tergo  sunt  adorti.  XCIY. 
Eodem  tempore  tertiam  aciem  Caesar,  quae  quieta  fuerat  et  ' 
25  se  ad  id  tempus  loco  tenuerat,  procurrere  jussit.  Ita  cum 
recentes  atque  integri  defessis  successissent,  alii  autem  a 
tergo  adorirentur,  sustinere  Pompeiani  non  potuerunt  atque 
universi  terga  verterunt.  Neque  vero  Caesarem  fefellit,  quin 
ab  iis  cohortibus  quae  contra  equitatum  in  quarta  acie  collo- 
30  catae  essent,  initium  victoriae  oriretur,  ut  ipse  in  cohortandis 
militibus  pronuntiaverat.  Ab  his  enim  primum  equitatus 
est  pulsus,  ab  iisdem  factae  caedes  sagittariorum  ac  fundi¬ 
torum,  ab  iisdem  acies  Pompeiana  a  sinistra  parte  circumita 
atque  initium  fugae  factum.  Sed  Pomioeius,  ut  equitatum 
35  suum  pulsum  vidit  atque  eam  partem  cui  maxime  confidebat 
perterritam  animadvertit,  aliis  quoque  diffisus  acie  excessit 


COMM.  III.  GAP.  XCIII—XCVL 


119 


protimisque  se  in  castra  equo  contulit  et  iis  centurionibus 
quos  in  statione  ad  praetoriani  portam  posuerat,  clare,  ut 
milites  exaudirent,  Tuemini,”  inquit,  castra  et  defendite 
diligenter,  si  quid  durius  acciderit.  Ego  reliquas  portas 
circumeo  et  castrorum  praesidia  confirmo.”  Haec  cum  dix-  5  . 
isset,  se  in  praetorium  contulit  summae  rei  diffidens  et  tamen 
eventum  exspectans.  XCV.  Caesar  Pompeianis  ex  fuga  intra 
vallum  compulsis  nullum  spatium  perterritis  dare  ojiortere 
existimans,  milites  cohortatus  est  ut  beneficio  fortunae  ute¬ 
rentur  castraque  oppugnarent.  Qui,  etsi  magno  aestu  (nam  10 
ad  meridiem  res  erat  perducta),  tamen  ad  omnem  labo¬ 
rem  animo  parati  imperio  paruerunt.  Castra  a  cohortibus 
quae  ibi  praesidio  erant  relictae  industrie  defendebantur, 
multo  etiam  acrius  a  Thracibus  barbarisque  auxiliis.  Xain 
qui  acie  refugerant  milites,  et  animo  perterriti  et  lassitudine  15 
confecti  missis  plerique  armis  signisque  militaribus  magis  do 
reliqua  fuga  quam  de  castrorum  defensione  cogitabant.  Xe- 
que  vero  diutius  qui  in  vallo  constiterant  multitudinem 
telorum  sustinere  potuerunt,  sed  confecti  vulneribus  locum 
reliquerunt,  protinusque  omnes  ducibus  usi  centurionibus  20 
tribunisque  militum  in  altissimos  montes,  qui  ad  castra  per¬ 
tinebant,  confngerunt.  XCVI.  In  castris  Pompeii  videre 
licuit  trichilas  structas,  magnum  argenti  pondus  expositum, 
recentibus  cespitibus  tabernacula  constrata,  Lucii  etiam  Len¬ 
tuli  et  nonnullorum  tabernacula  protecta  edera,  multaque  25 
praeterea  quae  nimiam  luxuriam  et  victoriae  fiduciam  desig¬ 
narent,  ut  facile  existimari  posset  nihil  eos  de  eventu  ejus 
diei  timuisse,  qui  non  necessarias  conquirerent  voluptates. 

At  hi  miserrimo  ac  ^^atientissimo  exercitu  Caesaris  luxuriem 
objiciebant,  cui  semper  omnia  ad  necessarium  usum  defuis-  30 
sent.  Pompeius,  jam  cum  intra  vallum  nostri  versarentur, 
equum  nactus  detractis  insignibus  imperatoris  decumana 
porta  se  ex  castris  ejecit  protinusque  equo  citato  Larisam 
contendit.  Xeque  ibi  constitit,  sed  eadem  celeritate  paucos 
suos  ex  fuga  nactus,  nocturno  itinere  non  intermisso,  comi-  35 
tatu  equitum  xxx  ad  mare  jocrvenit  navemque  frumentariam 


120 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


conscendit,  saepe,  ut  dicebatur,  querens  tantum  se  opinionem 
fefellisse,  nt,  a  quo  genere  hominum  yictoriam  sperassct,  ab 
eo  initio  fugae  facto  paene  proditus  videretur.  XCVII. 
Caesar  castris  potitus,  a  militibus  contendit  no  in  praeda 
^5  occupati  reliqui  negotii  gerendi  facultatem  dimitterent.  Qua 
re  impetrata  montem  opere  circummunire  instituit.  Pom- 
peiani,  quod  is  mons  erat  sine  aqua,  diffisi  ei  loco,  relicto 
monte  universi  jugis  ejus  Larisam  versus  se  recipere  coepe¬ 
runt.  Qua  re  animadversa  Caesar  copias  suas  divisit  partem- 
10  que  legionum  in  castris  Pompeii  remanere  jussit,  partem  in 
sua  castra  remisit,  iiii  secum  legiones  duxit  commodioreque 
itinere  Pompeianis  occurrero  coepit  et  progressus  milia  pas¬ 
suum  Yi  aciem  instruxit.  Qua  re  animadversa  Pompeiani 
in  quodam  monte  constiterunt.  Hunc  montem  flumen  sub- 
15  luebat.  Caesar  milites  cohortatus,  etsi  totius  diei  continenti* 
labore  erant  confecti  noxque  jam  suberat,  tamen  munitione 
flumen  a  monte  seclusit,  ne  noctu  aquari  Pompeiani  possent. 
Quo  perfecto  opere  illi  de  deditione  missis  legatis  agere  coe¬ 
perunt.  Pauci  ordinis  senatorii,  qui  se  cum  iis  conjunxerant, 
20  nocte  fuga  salutem  petiverunt.  XCVIII.  Caesar  prima  luce 
omnes  eos  qui  in  monte  consederant  ex  superioribus  locis  in 
planiciem  descendere  atque  arma  projicere  jussit.  Quod  ubi 
sine  recusatione  fecerunt  passisque  palmis  projecti  ad  terram 
flentes  ab  eo  salutem  petiverunt,  consolatus  consurgere  jussit 
25  et  pauca  apud  eos  de  lenitate  sua  locutus,  quo  minore  essent 
timore,  omnes  conservavit,  militibusque  suis  commendavit, 
ne  qui  eorum  violaretur,  neu  quid  sui  desiderarent.  Hac 
adhibita  diligentia  ex  castris  sibi  legiones  alias  occurrere  et 
eas  quas  secum  duxerat  in  vicem  requiescere  atque  in  castra 
30  reverti  jussit,  eodemque  die  Larisam  pervenit.  XCIX.  In 
eo  proelio  non  amplius  cc  milites  desideravit,  sed  centu¬ 
riones,  fortes  viros,  circiter  xxx  amisit.  Interfectus  est 
etiam  fortissime  pugnans  Crastinus,  cujus  mentionem  supra 
fecimus,  gladio  in  os  adversum  conjecto.  Xeque  id  fuit 
35  falsum  quod  ille  in  pugnam  proficiscens  dixerat.  Sic  enim 
Caesar  existimabat,  eo  proelio  excellentissimam  virtutem 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  XCVI—CI. 


121 


Crastini  fuisse,  optimeque  eum  de  se  meritum  judicabat.  Ex 
Pompeiano  exercitu  circiter  milia  xv  cecidisse  videbantur, 
sed  in  deditionem  venerunt  amplius  milia  xxiiii  (namque 
etiam  coliortes  quae  praesidio  in  castellis  fuerant  sese  Sullae 
dediderunt),  multi  praeterea  in  finitimas  civitates  refuge-  5 
runt ;  signaque  militaria  ex  proelio  ad  Caesarem  sunt  relata 
CLXXX  ct  aquilae  Yiiii.  L.  Domitius  ex  castris  in  montem 
refugiens,  cum  vires  eum  lassitudine  defecissent,  ab  equitibus 
est  interfectus. 

C.  Eodem  tempore  D.  Laelius  cum  classe  ad  Brundisium  10 
venit  eademque  ratione,  qua  factum  a  Libone  antea  demon¬ 
stravimus,  insulam  objectam  portui  Brundisino  tenuit.  Si¬ 
militer  Vatinius,  qui  Brundisio  praeerat,  tectis  instructisque 
scaphis  elicuit  naves  Laelianas  atque  ex  his  longius  produc¬ 
tam  unam  quinqueremem  et  minores  duas  in  angustiis  portus  15 
cepit,  itemque  per  equites  dispositos  aqua  prohibere  classiarios 
instituit.  Sed  Laelius  tempore  anni  commodiore  usus  ad 
'  navigandum  onerariis  navibus  Corcyra  Dyrrhachioque  aquam 
suis  supportabat  neque  a  proposito  deterrebatur,  neque  ante 
proelium  in  Thessalia  factum  cognitum  aut  ignominia  amis-  20 
sarum  navium  aut  necessariarum  rerum  inopia  ex  portu  insu¬ 
laque  expelli,  potuit.  CI.  Iisdem  fere  temporibus  Cassius  cum 
classe  Syrorum  et  Phoenicum  et  Cilicum  in  Siciliam  venit, 
et  cum  esset  Caesaris  classis  divisa  in  duas  partes,  dimidiae 
parti  praeesset  P.  Sulpicius  praetor  Vibone  ad  fretum,  dimi-  25 
diae  M.  Pomponius  ad  Messanam,  prius  Cassius  ad  Messanam 
navibus  advolavit  quam  Pomponius  de  ejus  adventu  cognos¬ 
ceret,  j)erturbatumque  eum  nactus  nullis  custodiis  neque 
ordinibus  certis,  magno  vento  et  secundo  completas  onerarias 
naves  taeda  et  pice  et  stupa  reliquisque  rebus  quae  sunt  ad  30 
incendia  in  Pomponianam  classem  immisit  atque  omnes 
naves  incendit  xxxv,  e  quibus  erant  xx  constratae.  Tan- 
tusque  eo  facto  timor  incessit,  ut  cum  esset  legio  praesidio 
Messanae,  vix  oppidum  defenderetur,  et  nisi  eo  ipso  tempore 
quidam  nuntii  de  Caesaris  victoria  per  dispositos  equites  35 
essent  allati,  existimabant  plerique  futurum  fuisse  uti  amit- 


122 


DE  BELLO  GLVLLI 


teretur.  Sed  opportunissime  nuntiis  allatis  oppidum  est 
defensum ;  Cassiusque  ad  Sulpicianam  inde  classem  profec¬ 
tus  est  Yibonem,  applicatisque  nostris  ad  terram  navibus 
circiter  xl  propter  eundem  timorem,  pari  atque  antea  ra- 
5  tione  secundum  nactus  ventum  onerarias  naves  praeparatas  ad 
incendium  immisit,  et  flamma  ab  utroque  cornu  comprensa 
naves  sunt  combustae  quinque.  Cumque  ignis  magnitu* 
dine  venti  latius  serperet,  milites,  qui  ex  veteribus  legionibus 
erant  relicti  praesidio  navibus  ex  numero  aegrorum,  igno- 
10  miniam  non  tulerunt,  sed  sua  sponte  naves  conscenderunt  et 
a  terra  solverunt  impetuque  facto  in  Cassianam  classem  quin¬ 
queremes  duas,  in  quarum  altera  erat  Cassius,  cej)erunt ;  sed 
Cassius  exceptus  scapba  refugit ;  praeterea  duae  sunt  depres¬ 
sae  triremes.  ^^Teque  multo  post  de  proelio  facto  in  Thessalia 
15  cognitum  est,  ut  ipsis  Pompeianis  fides  fieret ;  nam  ante  id 
tempus  fingi  a  legatis  amicisque  Caesaris  arbitrabantur.  Qui¬ 
bus  rebus  cognitis  ex  bis  locis  Cassius  cum  classe  discessit. 

CII.  Caesar  omnibus  rebus  relictis  persequendum  sibi 
Pompeium  existimavit,  quascumque  in  partes  se  ex  fuga 
20  recepisset,  ne  rursus  copias  comparare  alias  et  bellum  re¬ 
novare  posset,  et  quantumcumque  itineris  equitatu  eflicere 
poterat  quotidie  progrediebatur,  legionemque  unam  mino¬ 
ribus  itineribus  subsequi  jussit.  Erat  edictum  Pompeii 
nomine  Amphipoli  propositum,  uti  omnes  ejus  provinciae 
25  juniores,  Graeci  civesque  Romani,  jurandi  causa  convenirent. 
Sed  utrum  avertendae  suspicionis  causa  Pompeius  proposu¬ 
isset,  ut  quam  diutissime  longioris  fugae  consilium  occul¬ 
taret,  an  novis  delectibus,  si  nemo  premeret,  Macedoniam 
tenere  conaretur,  existimari  non  poterat.  Ij)se  ad  ancoram 
30  una  nocte  constitit  et  vocatis  ad  se  Amphipoli  hospitibus  et 
pecunia  ad  necessarios  sumptus  corrogata  cognito  Caesaris 
adventu  ex  eo‘loco  discessit  et  Mytilenas  paucis  diebus  venit. 
Biduum  tempestate  retentus  navibusque  aliis  additis  actuariis 
in  Ciliciam  atque  inde  Cyprum  pervenit.  Ibi  cognoscit  con- 
35  sensu  omnium  Antiochensium  civiumque  Romanorum  qui 
illic  negotiarentur  arcem  captam  esse  excludendi  sui  causa 


COMM.  III.  GAP.  Cl— CIV. 


123 


nuntiosque  dimissos  ad  eos  qui  se  ex  fuga  in  finitimas  civi¬ 
tates  recepisse  dicerentur,  ne  Antiochiam  adirent  :  id  si 
fecissent,  magno  eorum  capitis  periculo  futurum.  Idem 
hoc  L.  Lentulo,  qui  superiore  anno  consul  fuerat,  et  P.  Len¬ 
tulo  consulari  ac  nonnullis  aliis  acciderat  Rhodi ;  qui  cum  5 
ex  fuga  Pompeium  sequerentur  atque  in  insulam  venissent, 

oppido  ac  portu  recepti  non  erant  missisque  ad  eos  nuntiis 

« 

ut  ex  his  locis  discederent,  contra  voluntatem  suam  naves 
solverunt.  Jam  que  de  Caesaris  adventu  fama  ad  civitates 
perferebatur.  OIII.  Quibus  cognitis  rebus  Pompeius  de-  10 
posito^  adeundae  Syriae  consilio  pecunia  societatis  sublata  et 
a  quibusdam  j)rivatis  sumpta  et  aeris  magno  pondere  ad 
militarem  usum  in  naves  imposito  duobusque  milibus  ho¬ 
minum  armatis,  partim  quos  ex  familiis  societatum  delegerat, 
partim  a  negotiatoribus  coegerat,  quosque  ex  suis  quisque  ad  15 
hanc  rem  idoneos  existimabat,  Pelusium  pervenit.  Ibi  casu 
rex  erat  Ptolemaeus,  puer  aetate,  magnis  copiis  cum  sorore 
Cleopatra  bellum  gerens,  quam  paucis  ante  mensibus  per 
suos  propinquos  atque  amicos  regno  expulerat ;  castraque 
Cleopatrae  non  longo  S23atio  ab  ejus  castris  distabant.  Ad  20 
eum  Pompeius  misit,  ut  pro  hospitio  atque  amicitia  patris 
Alexandria  reciperetur  atque  illius  opibus  in  calamitate  tege¬ 
retur.  Sed  qui  ab  eo  missi  erant,  confecto  legationis  officio, 
liberius  cum  militibus  regis  colloqui  coeperunt  eosque  hortari 
ut  suum  officium  Pompeio  j^i’aestarent  neve  ejus  fortunam  25 
despicerent.  In  hoc  erant  numero  complures  Pompeii  mili¬ 
tes,  quos  ex  ejus  exercitu  acceptos  in  Syria  Gabinius  Alex- 
andriam  traduxerat  belloque  confecto  apud  Ptolemaeum, 
patrem  pueri,  reliquerat.  CIV.  His  tunc  cognitis  rebus 
amici  regis,  qui  propter  aetatem  ejus  in  curatione  erant  regni,  30 
sive  timore  adducti,  ut  postea  praedicabant,  sollicitato  exer¬ 
citu  regio,  ne  Pompeius  Alexandriam  Aegyptumque  occu¬ 
paret,  sive  despecta  ejus  fortuna,  ut  plerumque  in  calamitate 
ex  amicis  inimici  exsistunt,  bis  qui  erant  ab  eo  missi  palam 
liberaliter  responderunt  eumque  ad  regem  venire  jusserunt ;  35 
ipsi  clam  consilio  inito  Acbillam,  praefectum  regium,  singu- 


124 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


lari  iLominem  audacia,  et  L.  Septimium,  tribunum  militum, 
ad  interficiendum  Pompeium  miserunt.  Ab  his  liberaliter 
ipse  appellatus  et  quadam  notitia  Septimii  productus,  quod 
bello  praedonum  apud  eum  ordinem  duxerat,  naviculam  par- 
5  vulam  conscendit  cum  paucis  suis ;  ibi  ab  Achilla  et  Sep¬ 
timio  interficitur.  Item  L.  Lentulus  comprehenditur  ab 

reere  et  in  custodia  necatur. 

^  » 

OV.  Caesar,  cum  in  Asiam  venisset,  reperiebat  T.  Ampium 
conatum  esse  pecunias  tollere  Epheso  ex  fano  Dianae  e  jusque 
10  rei  causa  senatores  omnes  ex  provincia  evocasse,  ut  his  tes¬ 
tibus  in  summa  pecuniae  uteretur,  sed  interpellatum  adventu 
Caesaris  profugisse.  Ita  duobus  temporibus  Ephesiae  pecu¬ 
niae  Caesar  auxilium  tulit.  Item  eonstabat  Elide  in  templo 
Minervae  repetitis  atque  enumeratis  diebus,  quo  die  proelium 
15  secundum  Caesar  fecisset,  simulacrum  Victoriae,  quod  ante 
ipsam  Minervam  eollocatum  esset  et  ante  ad  simulacrum 
Minervae  spectavisset,  ad  valvas  se  templi  limenque  conver¬ 
tisse.  Eodemque  die  Antiochiae  in  Syria  bis  tantus  exer¬ 
citus  clamor  et  signorum  sonus  exauditus  est,  ut  in  muris 
20  armata  civitas  discurreret.  Hoc  idem  Ptolemaide  accidit. 
Pergami  in  occultis  ac  reconditis  templi,  quo  praeter  sacer¬ 
dotes  adire  fas  non  est,  quae  Craeei  advra  appellant,  tym¬ 
pana  sonuerunt.  Item  Trallibus  in  templo  Victoriae,  ubi 
Caesaris  statuam  consecraverant,  palma  per  eos  dies  inter 
25  coagmenta  lapidum  ex  pavimento  exstitisse  ostendebatur. 
CVI.  Caesar  paucos  dies  in  Asia  moratus  cum  audisset  Pom¬ 
peium  Cypri  visum,  conjectans  eum  Aegyptum  iter  habere 
propter  necessitudines  regni  reliquasque  ejus  loci  opportuni¬ 
tates,  cum  legione  una,  quam  se  ex  Thessalia  sequi  jusserat, 
30  et  altera,  quam  ex  Achaia  a  Q.  Eufio  legato  evocaverat,  equi¬ 
tibusque  Dccc  et  navibus  longis  Ehodiis  x  et  Asiaticis  paucis 
Alexandriam  pervenit.  In  his  erant  legionibus  hominum 
milia  tria  cc  ;  reliqui  vulneribus  ex  proeliis  et  labore  ac 
magnitudine  itineris  confecti  consequi  non  potuerant.  Sed 
35  Caesar  confisus  fama  rerum  gestarum  infirmis  auxiliis  pro¬ 
ficisci  non  dubitaverat,  aeque  omnem  sibi  locum  tutum  fore 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  CIV— C IX. 


125 


existimans.  Alexandriae  de  Pompeii  morte  cognoscit  atque 
ibi  primum  e  naye  egrediens  clamorem  militum  audit,  quos 
rex  in  oppido  praesidii  causa  reliquerat,  et  concursum  ad  se 
fieri  videt,  quod  fasces  anteferrentur.  In  hoc  omnis  multi¬ 
tudo  majestatem  regiam  minui  praedicabat.  Hoc  sedato  5 
tumultu  crebrae  continuis  diebus  ex  concursu  multitudinis 
concitationes  fiebant  compluresque  milites  hujus  urbis  omni¬ 
bus  partibus  interficiebantur.  CVII.  Quibus  rebus  ani¬ 
madversis  legiones  sibi  alias  ex  Asia  adduci  jussit,  quas  ex 
Pompeianis  militibus  confecerat.  Ipse  enim  necessario  ete-  10 
siis  tenebatur,  qui  navigantibus  Alexandria  sunt  adversissimi 
venti.  Interim  controversias  regum  ad  populum  Eomanum 
et  ad  se,  quod  esset  consul,  pertinere  existimans,  atque  eo 
magis  officio  suo  convenire,  quod  superiore  consulatu  cum 
patre  Ptolemaeo  et  lege  et  senatusconsulto  societas  erat  facta,  15 
ostendit  sibi  placere  regem  Ptolemaeum  atque  ejus  sororem 
Cleopatram  exercitus  quos  haberent  dimittere,  et  de  contro¬ 
versiis  jure  apud  se  potius  quam  inter  se  armis  disceptare. 
CVIII.  Erat  in  procuratione  regni  propter  aetatem  pueri 
nutricius  ejus,  eunuchus  nomine  Pothinus.  Is  primum  20 
inter  suos  queri  atque  indignari  coepit  regem  ad  causam 
dicendam  evocari ;  deinde  adjutores  quosdam  consili  sui 
nactus  ex  regis  amicis,  exercitum  a  Pelusio  clam  Alexan- 
driam  evocavit  atque  eundem  Achillam,  cujus  supra  me¬ 
minimus,  omnibus  copiis  praefecit.  Hunc,  incitatum  suis  25 
et  regis  inflatum  j)ollicitationibus,  quae  fieri  vellet  litteris 
nuntiisque  edocuit.  In  testamento  Ptolemaei  patris  heredes 
erant  scripti  ex  duobus  filiis  major  et  ex  duabus  filiabus 
ea  quae  aetate  antecedebat.  Haec  uti  fierent,  per  omnes 
deos  perque  foedera  quae  Eomae  fecisset,  eodem  testa-  30 
mento  Ptolemaeus  poiDulum  Eomanum  obtestabatur.  Tabu¬ 
lae  testamenti  unae  per  legatos  ejus  Eomam.  erant  allatae, 
ut  in  aerario  ponerentur  (hae,  cum  propter  publicas  occu¬ 
pationes  poni  non  potuissent,  apud  Pompeium  sunt  de¬ 
positae),  alterae  eodem  exemplo  relictae  atque  obsignatae  35 
Alexandriae  proferebantur.  CIX.  De  his  rebus  cum  agere- 


•126 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI 


tur  apud  Caesarem,  isqiie  maxime  vellet  pro  communi  amico 
atque  arbitro  controversias  regum  componere,  subito  exerci¬ 
tus  regius  equitatusque  omnis  venire  Alexandriani  nuntiatur. 
Caesaris  copiae  nequaquam  erant  tantae,  ut  eis  extra  oppi- 
5  dum,  si  esset  dimicandum,  confideret.  Eelinquebatur  ut  se 
suis  locis  oppido  teneret  consiliumqiie  Acliillae  cognosceret. 
Milites  tamen  omnes  in  armis  esso  jussit,  regemque  hortatus 
est  ut  ex  suis  necessariis  quos  haberet  maximae  auctoritatis 
'  legatos  ad  Achillam  mitteret,  et  quid  esset  suae  voluntatis 
10  ostenderet,  A  quo  missi  Dioscorides  et  Serapion,  qui  ambo 
legati  Eomae  fuerant  magnamque  apud  patrem  Ptolemaeum 
auctoritatem  habuerant,  ad  Achillam  pervenerunt.  Quos 
ille,  cum  in  conspectum  ejus  venissent,  priusquam  audiret 
aut  cujus  rei  causa  missi  essent  cognosceret,  corripi  atque 
15  interfici  jussit ;  quorum  alter  accepto  vulnere  occupatus  per 
suos  pro  occiso  sublatus,  alter  interfectus  est.  Quo  facto 
regem  ut  in  sua  potestate  haberet  Caesar  efficit,  magnam 
regium  nomen  apud  suos  auctoritatem  habere  existimans,  et 
ut  potius  privato  paucorum  et  latronum  quam  regio  consilio 
20  susceptum  bellum  videretur.  CX.  Erant  cum  Achilla  copiae, 
ut  neque  numero  neque  genere  hominum  neque  usu  rei  mili¬ 
taris  contemnendae  viderentur.  Milia  enim  xx  in  armis 
habebat.  Haec  constabant  ex  Gabinianis  militibus,  qui  jam 
in  consuetudinem  Alexandrinae  vitae  ac  licentiae  venerant 
25  et  nomen  disciplinamque  populi  Eomani  dedidicerant  uxo¬ 
resque  duxerant,  ex  quibus  plerique  liberos  habebant.  Huc 
accedebant  eollecti  ex  praedonibus  latronibusque  Syriae 
Oiliciaeque  provinciae  finitimarumque  regionum.  Multi 
23raeterea  caj)itis  damnati  exulesque  convenerant ;  fugitivis 
30  omnibus  nostris  eertus  erat  Alexandriae  recej)tus  certaque 
vitae  eondicio,  ut  dato  nomine  militum  essent  numero  ;  si 
quis  a  domino  prehenderetur,  consensu  militum  eripiebatur, 
qui  vim  suorum,  quod  in  simili  culpa  versabantur,  ijosi  2)ro 
suo  periculo  defendebant.  Hi  regum  amicos  ad  mortem  de- 
35  jioscere,  hi  bona  locupletum  diripere,  stipendii  augendi  causa 
regis  domum  obsidere,  regno  expellere,  alios  arcessere  vetere 


COMM.  III.  CAP.  CIX—CXIl. 


127 


quodam  Alexandrini  exercitus  instituto  consuerant.  Erant 
praeterea  equitum  milia  duo.  Inyeteraverant  lii  omnes  com- 
2:)luribus  Alexandriae  bellis  ;  Ptolemaeum  patrem  in  regnum 
reduxerant,  Bibuli  filios  duos  interfecerant,  bella  cum  Aegyp¬ 
tiis  gesserant.  Hunc  usum  rei  militaris  habebant.  CXI.  5 
His  copiis  fidens  Achillas  paucitatemque  militum  Caesaris 
despiciens  occupabat  Alexandriani  jiraeter  eam  oppidi  par¬ 
tem  quam  Caesar  cum  militibus  tenebat,  primo  impetu 
domum  ejus  irrumpere  conatus ;  sed  Caesar  dispositis  per 
vias  cohortibus  impetum  ejus  sustinuit.  Eodemque  tempore  10 
pugnatum  est  ad  portum,  ac  longe  maximam  ea  res  attulit 
dimicationem.  Simul  enim  diductis  copiis  jhuribus  viis 
pugnabatur,  et  magna  multitudine  naves  longas  occupare 
hostes  conabantur  :  quarum  erant  L  auxilio  missae  ad  Pom¬ 
peium  proelioque  in  Thessalia  facto  domum  redierant,  illae  15 
triremes  omnes  et  quinqueremes  aptae  instructaeque  omni¬ 
bus  rebus  ad  navigandum,  praeter  has  xxii  quae  j)raesidii 
causa  Alexandriae  esse  consuerant,  constratae  omnes ;  quas 
si  occupavissent,  classe  Caesari  erepta  portum  ac  mare  totum 
in  sua  potestate  haberent,  commeatu  auxiliisque  Caesarem  20 
prohiberent.  Itaque  tanta  est  contentione  actum  quanta  agi 
debuit,  cum  illi  celerem  in  ea  re  victoriam,  hi  salutem  suam 
consistere  viderent.  Sed  rem  obtinuit  Caesar  omnesque  eas 
naves  et  reliquas  quae  erant  in  navalibus  incendit,  quod  tam 
late  tueri  parva  manu  non  poterat,  confestimque  ad  Pharum  25 
navibus  milites  exposuit.  CXII.  Pharus  est  in  insula  turris 
magna  altitudine,  mirificis  operibus  exstructa ;  quae  nomen 
ab  insula  accepit.  Haec  insula  objecta  Alexandriae  portum 
efficit ;  sed  a  superioribus  regionibus  in  longitudinem  pas¬ 
suum  Dcccc  in  mare  jactis  molibus  angusto  itinerant  ponte  30 
cum  oppido  conjungitur.  In  hac  sunt  insula  domicilia 
Aegyptiorum  et  vicus  oppidi  magnitudine  ;  quaeque  ibi  cum¬ 
que  naves  imprudentia  aut  tempestate  paulum  suo  cursu 
decesserunt,  has  more  praedonum  diripere  consuerunt.  Iis 
autem  invitis  a  quibus  Pharus  tenetur,  non  potest  esse  prop-  35 
ter  angustias  navibus  introitus  in  portum.  Hoc  tum  veritus 


128 


DE  BELLO  CIVILI. 


Caesar  hostibus  in  pugna  occupatis  militibus  expositis  Pha¬ 
rum  prehendit  atque  ibi  praesidium  posuit.  Quibus  est  rebus 
eHectum  ut  tuto  frumentum  auxiliaque  nayibus  ad  eum  suj)- 
.portari  possent.  Dimisit  enim  circum  omnes  propinquas 
5  proyincias  atque  inde  auxilia  eyocayit.  Eeliquis  oppidi  par¬ 
tibus  sic  est  pugnatum,  ut  aequo  proelio  discederetur  et 
neutri  pellerentur  (id  efficiebant  angustiae  loci),  paucisque 
utrimque  interfectis  Caesar  loca  maxime  necessaria  com¬ 
plexus  noctu  praemunit.  In  hoc  tractu  oppidi  pars  erat 
10  regiae  exigua,  in  quam  ipse  habitandi  causa  initio  erat  in¬ 
ductus,  et  theatrum  conjunctum  domui,  quod  arcis  tenebat 
locum  aditusque  habebat  ad  portum  et  ad  reliqua  nayalia. 
Has  munitiones  insequentibus  auxit  diebus,  ut  pro  muro 
objectas  haberet  neu  dimicare  inyitus  cogeretur.  Interim 
15  filia  minor  Ptolemaei  regis  yacuam  possessionem  regni  spe¬ 
rans  ad  Achillam  sese  ex  regia  trajecit  unaque  bellum  ad¬ 
ministrare  coepit.  Sed  celeriter  est  inter  eos  de  principatu 
controyersia  orta ;  quae  res  apud  milites  largitiones  auxit ; 
magnis  enim  jacturis  sibi  quisque  eorum  animos  conciliabat. 
20  Haec  dum  apud  hostes  geruntur,  Pothinus,  nutricius  pueri 
et  procurator'  regni,  in  parte  Caesaris,  cum  ad  Achillam 
nuntios  mitteret  hortareturque  ne  negotio  desisteret  neye 
animo  deficeret,  indicatis  deprehensisque  internuntiis  a  Cae¬ 
sare  est  interfectus.  Haec  initia  belli  Alexandrini  fuerunt. 


NOTES. 


REFERENCES  AND  ABBREVIATIONS 


USED  IN  THE 

NOTES. 


Unless  otherwise  specified,  all  dates  are  b.c.  References  to  the  Bellum 
Civile  are  made  either  by  page  and  line  of  this  edition  (e.g.  p.  13,  6),  or  by 
book  and  chapter  (e.g.  iii,  79) ;  to  the  Bellum  Grallicum  by  the  latter  only. 
The  current  abbreviations  of  grammatical  terms  generally  explain  them^ 
selves  ;  the  following  only  may  need  notice ; 


App. 

— 

Appendix. 

B.  G. 

— 

Bellum  OalUcum. 

Cf. 

— 

confer,  compare. 

ff. 

= 

(and)  following. 

G. 

Gildersleeve’s  Latin  Grammar  (1881). 

Gr. 

Allen  and  Greenough’s  Latin  Grammar  (1881). 

H. 

Harkness’s  Latin  Grammar  (1881). 

Int. 

Introduction. 

lit. 

literal,  literally. 

0.  0. 

Oratio  Ohliqua. 

0.  R. 

Oratio  Recta. 

sc. 

scilicet,  understand. 

subj. 

subject,  subjective. 

subjv. 

= 

subjunctive. 

NOTES. 

BOOK  I. 


A.  OUTBREAK  OP  THE  CIVIL  WAR.  CHAP.  I— VI. 

Chap,  I.  Caesar’s  letter  the  consuls  allow  to  be  read  before  the  senate, 
but  refuse  to  let  a  vote  be  taken  upon  its  propositions.  Len¬ 
tulus  and  Scipio  speak  against  Caesar  and  for  Pompey.  (Jan. 

1st,  B.c.  49,  A.u.c.  705.) 

PAGE 

Lines  1-4.  Litteris ...  redditi s :  abl.  abs.,  after  the  letter  from  11 
Gains  Caesar  had  been,  etc.,  G.  409;  Gr.  255,  Note;  H.  431,2.  For  the 
letter  spoken  of,  see  last  lines  of  Introduction. — consulibus:  Lucius 
Lentulus  and  Gains  Marcellus  the  younger,  elected  for  the  year  49 
because  they  were  enemies  of  Caesar.  See  for  these  and  all  other 
prominent  characters  the  biographies  in  Appendix  I. — redditis:  = 
traditis,  losing  the  force  of  the  re-.  In  hi.  79,  Caesar  uses  the  word 
in  the  sense  of  render,  make. — aegre.  .  .  recitarentur:  with  difficulty 
was  permission  extorted  from  them .  .  .  to  have  it  read  in  the  senate. 

2.  impetratum  est :  used  as  an  impersonal  in  the  passive  (G.  199,  R.  2 ; 

Gr.  146,  c;  n.  301,1),  having  lor  its  subject  the  clause  ut .  .  .  recita¬ 
rentur.  G.  557  (adverbial  sentence  of  tendency)  ;  Gr.  332,  a ;  II.  501, 
i,  1. — tribunorum  plebis:  Marc  Antony  and  Quintus  Cassius.  See 
App.  I,  and  App.  II,  7. — contentione :  effort,  G.  401 ;  Gr.  248,  R. ;  H. 

419,  hi.  3.  recitarentur:  G.  510;  Gr.  286;  H.  493,1. — vero:  and 
indeed,  G.  489;  Gr.  156,  k. ;  H.  569,  hi. — ex  litteris:  in  accordance 
with  the  letter.  The  regular  phrase  for  making  a  motion  to  the  senate 
is  seen  in  the  next  sentence,  de  aliqua  re  referre.  The  consuls, 
as  presiding  officers,  had  the  right  of  refusing  to  put  a  question  to 
vote.  Cf.  App.  II,  11.  4.  referretur:  a  passive  impersonal  containing 

its  own  subject,  and  with  ut  vero,  etc.  forming  the  subject  of  potuit, 
on  which  impetrari  depends  ;  that  a  motion  should  he  made,  or,  per¬ 
mission  to  make  a  motion  .  .  .  could  not  he  extorted.  Cf.  impetratum 
est .  .  .  ut  recitarentur  above. 


132 


CAESAR’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

11  4-10.  Referunt:  G.  220]  Gr.  276,  d;  H.  467,  iii,  1. — de  republica 

infinite :  about  the  condition  of  the  state  in  general,  so  as  to  avoid  mo¬ 
tions  based  on  Caesar’s  definite  propositions  (r  e  f  e  r  r  e  de  singulis 
rebus  finite),  which  would  be  likely  to  pass.  Appendix  II,  5,  b. 
5.  senatui  reique  publicae:  with  non  defuturum  (desum),  G.  345; 
Gr.  231,  a;  H.  386.  6.  se:  G.  521;  Gr.  196,  a;  H.  449,1. — From  se  non 

defuturum  to  receptum  (10),  we  have  an  example  of  indirect  quotation, 
indirect  discourse  (Oratio  Obliqua).  Something  is  stated  not  as  a  fact, 
but  only  as  thought  or  said  by  some  one.  The  Latin,  in  such  a  case, 
changes  all  the  leading  sentences  of  the  person  quoted  from  the  indica¬ 
tive  into  the  infinitive,  and  puts  all  the  subordinate  sentences  (and  all 
commands)  into  the  subjunctive.  Kemembering  that  indirect  discourse 
“  reports  not  the  exact  words  spoken,  but  the  general  impression  pro¬ 
duced,”  we  may  say  that  the  original  language  (Oratio  Recta)  of  Len¬ 
tulus  here  reported  by  Caesar  was  senatui  reique  publicae  non 
deero  si...  vultis  (or  volunt).  When  this  is  put  in  indirect 
form  by  Caesar,  and  made  to  depend  on  pollicetur,  deero  in  the  lead¬ 
ing  sentence  becomes  defuturum  (esse),  and  vultis  (or  volunt)  in 
the  subordinate  clause  becomes  velint.  If  Caesar  had  used  pollicetur 
according  to  its  sense  as  a  historical  tense,  velint  would  have  been 
vellent.  G.  511,  R.  1;  Gr.  287,  e;  H.  495,  ii. — The  clause  se  non 
defuturum  serves  as  object  to  pollicetur.  G.  527;  Gr.  330,1 ;  H.  535,  i. 
— non  deesse  can  be  translated  to  help,  by  Litotes.  G.  448,  R.  2;  Gr. 
209,  c ;  H.  637,  viii.  7.  sin  .  .  .  respiciant  atque . .  .  sequantur :  cor¬ 
respond  to  si  velint  above,  and  se .  .  .  capturum  (esse)  neque .  .  . 
obtemperaturum  (esse)  to  se  non  defuturum  (esse),  though  the  in¬ 
finitives  now  depend  on  an  idea  of  threatening  to  be  supplied  from 
pollicetur. — respiciant,  sequantur:  have  regard  for,  aim  to  secure. 
8.  ut .  .  .  fecerint :  as  they  had  done.  If  pollicetur  were  used  as  a 
historical  tense,  fecerint  would  be  fecissent.  Cf .  si .  .  .  velint 

above. — sibi  consilium  capturum  (esse)  would  take  measures  for  his 
own  safety,  look  out  for  his  own  interests. — neque:  and  not.  G.  482; 
Gr.  156,  a;  H.  310,1.  10.  habere:  dependent  on  the  idea  oideclarmg 

implied  in  pollicetur. — quoque:  G.  481;  Gr,  151,  a;  H.  569,  iii. — re¬ 
ceptum  :  acc.  sing,  of  receptus,  4^’’  deck ;  habere  receptum  a  d 
aliquem,  to  have  a  retreat,  i.e.  to  be  able  to  retreat  to  any  one.  Cf. 
B.  G.  vi,  9,  ne  ad  eos  Ambiorix  receptum  haberet.  Len¬ 
tulus  threatens  to  ally  himself  with  Caesar  against  the  senate,  if  he 
cannot  bring  the  senate  to  hostile  measures  against  Caesar. 

11-14.  in  eandem  sententiam:  to  the  same  effect. — Pompeio:  G. 
349;  Gr.  231;  H.  387.  12.  esse:  after  loquitur,  which  it  really  serves 

as  object,  having  non  deesse  as  its  own  subject;  that  Pompey  pur- 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


133 


PAGE 

posed  to  help  the  state  if  the  senate  followed  his  lead.  13.  lenius:  11 
compar,  of  leniter;  agere  lenius,  act  too  slowly.  G.  312,2;  Gr. 

93,  a;  H.  444,1.  14.  senatum:  subj.  of  imploraturum  (esse). 

Chap.  II.  The  senate  is  at  last  forced  into  voting  that  Caesar  must 
dismiss  his  army  or  be  held  a  public  enemy.  The  two  tribunes 
who  are  Caesar’s  friends  interpose  a  veto,  which  the  senate 
threatens  to  disregard.  (Jan.  1st  and  2d.) 

15-25.  quod:  from  the  fact  that,  because,  G.  540;  Gr.  321;  H.  516, 
i. — aderat:  was  near  hy.  As  proconsul  of  the  Spanish  provinces  and 
at  the  head  of  an  army,  it  was  illegal  for  him  to  enter  the  city.  16. 
mitti:  to  issue. — aliquis:  here  and  there  one.  17.  ut:  as  for  instance. 

So  in  11.  21  and  25. — primo:  he  was  afterwards  frightened  out  of  this 
position.  Cf.  page  2,  3-4. — M.  Marcellus :  consul  in  51,  to  be  distin¬ 
guished  from  Gaius  Marcellus  his  brother,  now  consul,  and  also  from 
his  cousin  of  the  same  name  who  had  been  consul  in  50.  See  App. 

I.— ingressus  in  earn  orationem:  who  spoke  to  the  following  effect, 
made  the  following  speech,  viz.  non  oportere.  .  .  auderet;  ingredi 
in  aliquid,  to  engage  in,  to  perform  anything.  18.  oportere: 
infin.  in  0.  0.  depending  on  the  idea  of  saying  implied  in  the  pre¬ 
ceding  phrase.  Its  subject  is  referri,  which  is  used  impersonally  like 
referretur  in  4;  that  a  motion  ought  not  to  he  made,  etc. — ante  .  .  . 
quam:  G.  576;  Gr.  262;  H.  520,  footnote  1.— ea  re:  the  matter  of 
requiring  Caesar  to  dismiss  his  army,  which  would  be  a  virtual  decla¬ 
ration  of  war.  19.  delectus:  levies,  drafts .  App.  Ill,  1. — Italia:  G. 

386;  Gr.  258,  f;  H.  425,2. — habiti  (essent),  conscripti  essent:  sub¬ 
junctives  in  a  subordinate  clause  of  0.  0.,  representing  the  fut.  perf. 
ind.  of  0.  R.  G.  578;  Gr.  337,  a;  H.  525,2.  20.  quo  praesidio:  i.e. 

ut  eo  praesidio.  G.  632;  Gr.  317 ;  H.  497. — (ea)  quae  vellet:  G.  666; 

Gr.  342 ;  H.  529,  ii. ;  for  the  omission  of  the  antecedent,  G.  621 ;  Gr.  200, 
c;  H.  445,6. — habiti  and  conscripti  essent,  vellet,  auderet,  conform 
in  tense  to  dixerat.  In  the  0.  R.  they  are  conscripti  erunt, 
velit,  audeat.  21.  censebat :  proposed. — ut .  .  .  proficisceretur : 

G.  546 ;  Gr.  331,  d ;  H.  498,  i.  22.  provincias :  Hispania  Citerior  and 

H.  Ulterior.  See  Int.  7. — ne  esset:  G.  545,3;  Gr.  317;  H.  497,  ii. — 
armorum:  =  belli.  23.  timere:  0.  R.  depending  on  the  saying 
implied  in  censebat.  Its  subject  is  Cassarem. — ereptis . . .  legionibus : 
abi.  abs.,  now  that  two  legions  had  been  taken  away  from  him.  In  53, 
while  the  two  men  were  still  on  friendly  footing,  Pompey  had  lent 
Caesar  a  legion  to  help  make  good  heavy  losse^i^Gaul.  B.  G.  vi,  1. 

In  50,  the  enemies  of  Caesar  got  the  se:^;^^^^^^B||||||h^e  calling. 


134 


CAESAR'S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

11  upon  him  and  Pompey  to  contribute  one  legion  apiece  for  the  Parthian 

war,  and  Pompey,  who  had  at  last  recognized  in  Caesar  his  strongest 
rival,  demanded  the  return  of  the  borrowed  legion,  Caesar,  though  he 
saw  that  the  design  of  the  whole  thing  was  simply  to  weaken  him,  sent 
both  legions  to  Rome,  where  they  were  now  retained  under  Pompey’s 
command.  See  Int.  8. — ne  .  .  .  videretur:  Gr.  5C2;  Gr.  331,  f ;  11.  498, 
iii;  lest  Pompey  should  openly  keep  and  hold  these  hack,  etc.  24.  ad 
ejus  periculum ;  to  endanger  him  (Caesar) ;  ejus  and  eo  (23),  not  s  u  i 
and  se,  which  would  refer  to  Calidius.  G.  521;  Gr.  19G,  a;  H.  449,1. 
— ad  urbem:  near  the  city.  25.  paucis  .  . .  rebus:  abl.  abs.,  with  only 

12  a  few  changes.  1.  sequebatur:  adopted,  seconded. 

2-12.  correpti  exagitabantur:  were  assailed  and  overvShelmed.  G. 

667,  R.  1;  Gr.  292,  R;  H.  549,5.  3.  pronuntiaturum  .  .  .  negavit : 

utterly  refused  to  put  to  vote.  App.  II,  5,  b.  4.  sua  sententia  : 
p.  11, 18-21. — vocibus,  terrore,  minis:  G.483,  2;  Gr.  208,  b;  H.  554,6; 
the  majority  (plerique),  driven  to  it  by  the  cries  of  the  consul,  etc., 
against  their  wills  and  under  compulsion  adopt  the  motion  of  Scipio. 
7.  uti .  .  .  dimittat :  the  complementary  or  object  purpose  of  the  cen¬ 
seo  implied  in  sententiam.  Cf.  ut .  .  .  proficisceretur,  p.  11,  21. — uti 
.  .  .  videri  :  0.  0.  after  the  idea  of  declaring  implied  in  the  vote  of  the 
senate,  the  infin.  having  eum  as  subject,  and  representing  videatur 
in  0.  R.  G.  598;  Gr.  307,  b;  H.  5C9;  videor  was  used  “in  official 
decisions,  as  a  guarded  opinion,  instead  of  a  positive  declaration.” 
9.  Intercedit:  G.  281,  Exc.  1;  Gr.  205,  d;  H.  463,  i;  entered  his  veto. 
See  App.  II,  7.  10.  refertur:  the  motion  was  to  ignore  the  veto  as 

an  illegal  interference.  11.  ut  quisque  .  .  .  ita  :  G.  645,  R.  2;  Gr. 
107;  H.  458,2.  12.  quam  maxime:  G.  317;  Gr.  93,  b;  H.  444,3;  the 

more  bitterly  ...  so  much  the  more  especially,  etc. 

Chap.  III.  The  senate  is  dismissed  (Jan.  2d)  without  deciding  upon 
the  legality  of  the  tribunes’  veto.  Pompey’s  friends  are  rallied 
in  such  numbers  for  the  next  session  (Jan.  5th),  that  Caesar’s 
friends  are  overav/cd.  Some  however  venture  to  propose  that 
the  senate  communicate  further  with  Caesar. 

13-23.  ad  vesperum:  towards  evening.  A  vote  could  not  be  taken 
after  sunset.  App.  II,  5,  b.  14.  or’dinis :  body,  rank.  G.  365 ;  Gr. 
214,  c;  H.  402. — evocantur:  i.e.  out  of  the  city.  See  on  aderat  p.  11, 
15. — Laudat:  supply  as  object  some  word  like  acriores,  the  opposite 
of  segniores.  15.  in  posterum:  sc.  tempus,  for  the  future.  17. 
ordinum  :  centum  onshins.  Cf.  App.  Ill,  11,  a. — duabus  legionibus  : 
see  on  p.^.Ui^^^^^^^^^'uitium  :  here  =  forum.  In  a  narrower 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


PAGE 

sense  the  word  denotes  the  N.  W.  part  of  the  forum,  where  the  tribes  12 
formerly  assembled  to  vote. — tribunis  :  sc.  militum.  See  App. 

Ill,  9.  20.  evocatis :  veterans,  called  forth  from  their  retirement. 

See  App.  Ill,  12.  20.  necessarii :  followers,  whether  kinsmen  or  not. 

21.  inimicitias  cum  aliquo  gerere:  to  he  on  had  terms  with  any 
one.  23.  infirmiores:  the  less  resolute  of  the  senators,  dubii,  the 
wavering  friends  of  Pompey. — plerisque :  with  eripitur.  G.  34G,  last 
Ex. ;  Gr.  229 ;  H.  380,2. — decernendi :  of  voting,  used  of  the  individual 
senator’s  act;  in  p.  11,  20,  of  the  whole  senate’s. 

24-28.  censor,  praetor  ;  App.  II,  10, 13.  25.  qui  .  .  .  doceant : 

G.  632;  Gr.  317  ;  H.  497,  i.  Translate  by  an  infinitive.  26.  sex  dies 
.  .  .  spatii:  G.  367;  Gr.  216,  a,  1;  H.  397,1;  six  days’  term  or  time, 
three  to  go  to  Eavenna  (p.  13,  29),  and  three  to  return.  Both  time  and 
space  are  denoted  by  spatium  . — ad  earn  rem  conficiendam:  G.  428; 

Gr.  296,  300;  H.  542,  iii,  544,1.  27.  nonnullis  :  G.  448,  R.  4;  Gr. 

150;  H.  553,1. — ut .  .  .  mittantur  :  follows  in  the  object  relation  the 
multi  censebant  implied  in  the  preceding  passive  phrase.  See 
on  uti .  .  .  dimittat,  p.  12,  7.  These  sentences  may  be  regarded  also  as 
substantive  appositive.  28.  qui  .  .  .  proponant:  cf.  qui  .  .  .  doceant, 

I.  25. 

Chap.  IV.  But  Caesar’s  enemies  refuse,  especially  Cato,  Lentulus  and 
Scipio,  whose  motives  for  wishing  war  are  explained,  as  well  as 
those  of  Pompey. 

29-34.  resistitur:  G.  345, 11.3;  Gr.  230;  11.384,5.  31.  Caesaris: 

G.  361,2;  Gr.  217;  II.  396,  iii. — dolor  repulsae:  the  chagrin  arising 
from  his  defeat,  viz.  in  his  canvass  for  the  consulship.  See  Biog.  G. 

361, 1 ;  Gr.  214 ;  H.  396,  ii.  32.  aeris  alieni :  gen.  of  aes  alienum, 
the  money  of  another,  i.e.  debts.  If  war  was  successfully  made  against 
Caesar,  Lentulus  could  hope  for  tabulae  novae,  i.e.  official  release 
of  debtors  from  their  debts,  and  he  would  be  sure  of  the  customary 
province  after  his  consulship,  from  which  to  extort  wealth.  .  Cf.  App. 

II,  12.  33.  regum  appellandorum  largitionibus:  hy  the  prospective 

hrihes  for  entitling  Icings,  i.e.  of  those  who  wished  the  title  of  Icing. 

The  senate  voted  the  title  of  rex,  or  amicus  populi  Romani, 
or  both,  to  a  foreign  prince  whom  it  wished  to  keep  on  friendly  terms, 
and  was  often  induced  to  do  this  by  bribes.  Cf.  App.  II,  1.  Lentulus 
thought  that  in  case  cf  war  such  titles  would  be  bestowed  more  freely 
than  usual,  and  that  the  customary  bribes  would  pass  through  his 
hands,  as  consul  and  presiding  officer  of  the  senate. — appellandorum: 

=  quas  ex  appellando  reges  capturus  sit.  G.429;  Gr.298; 


/ 


PAGE 

12  H.  542,  i,  544,  1. — alterum  fore  Sullam:  that  he  would  he  a  second 
Sulla,  i.e.  would,  lead  the  aristocratic  party  to  power  again.  34. 
ad  quern . . .  redeat:  to  whom  the  sovereignty  would  fitly  fall,  Gr.  633 ; 
Gr.  320 ;  H.  500,  i .  The  same  in  0.  R. 

36— p.  13,  3.  pro  necessitudine  :  hy  virtue  of  his  relationship. 
Pompey  had  married  Scipio’s  daughter  Cornelia  after  the  death  of 

13  Julia.  See  on  illo . . .  tempore,  p.  13,  6.  1.  judiciorum  metus:  Scipio 

feared  the  courts,  because  if  men  of  Caesar’s  party  should  get  power 
in  them,  he  might  be  convicted  of  some  of  his  notorious  political 
briberies. — adulatio  atque  ostentatio:  each  of  these  nouns  is  limited 
by  both  the  genitives  sui  and  potentium  ;  his  flattery  was  exercised 
on  himself  as  well  as  on  the  men  of  influence,  and  he  made  a  display  of 
his  friendship  with  them,  as  well  as  of  himself.  3.  plurimum:  G. 
331,  R.  3;  Gr.  240,  a;  H.  378,2. 

4-9.  quod  :  as  in  p.  11,  15. — dignitate:  G.  398;  Gr.  253;  H.  424. — 
secum:  G.  414,  R.  1 ;  Gr.  99,  e;  H.  184,6.  5.  totum:  adverb,  like  pluri¬ 

mum  above. — ejus  :  same  gen.  as  Caesaris,  p.  12,  31. — cum  aliquo 
in  gratiam  redire:  to  become  reconciled  to  one.  6.  illo  affinitatis 
tempore:  G.  292,2;  Gr.  102,  b;  H.  450,4.  About  59,  Pompey  married 
Caesar’s  daughter  Julia.  She  died  in  54,  and  the  enmity  between 
the  two  men  began  soon  after.  See  Int.  5,  7.  7.  injunxerat  Cae¬ 

sari  :  had  loaded  upon  C.  8.  legionum  :  see  on  repulsae,  p.  12, 
31;  the  disgrace  coming  upon  him  from  the  detention  of,  etc.  See 
alsoonp.il,  23. — Asiae  Syriaeque:  into  Asia  and  Syria.  G.  357, 
R.  1 ;  Gr.  217;  H.  396,  iii.  The  genitives  might  be  represented  by 
adjectives,  Asiatico,  Syriaco.  G.  357;  Gr.  page  146,  note;  H. 
393.  9.  dominatumque:  G.  478;  Gr.  156,  a;  H.  554,  i,  2. — rem 

.  .  .  studebat :  was  eager  to  have  the  matter  (the  question  between 
Caesar  and  the  senate)  brought  to  the  issue  of  war.  Contrast  ad  otium 
deduci,  1.  30. 

Chap.  V.  No  delay  is  granted  Caesar  or  his  friends,  but  a  decree 
virtually  declaring  war  is  hurried  through  the  senate,  when 
Caesar’s  tribunes  fly  the  city  to  escape  violence,  and  join  him 
at  Ravenna  (Jan.  7th). 

10-17.  His  de  causis:  G.  415;  Gr.  345,  a;  H.  569,  ii,  1.  11.  docendi 

Caesaris  :  the  gerundive  construction  (p.  12,  33)  dependent  on  spa¬ 
tium;  time  to  inform  C.  12.  periculi  deprecandi,  extremi  juris  .  .  . 
retinendi;  also  gerundive  constructions,  but  dependent  on  facultas, 
1.  14:,  power  to  avert,  to  retain,  etc.  13.  intercessione:  denotes  the 
means  of  retinendi,  to  retain  their  highest  right  by  exercising  the  veto. 


NOTES.— BOOK  1. 


PAGE 

The  opportunity  to  exercise  their  highest  right,  viz.  the  veto,  amounts  13 
of  course  to  a  retention  of  it.  See  p.  12,  9.  The  veto  is  set  aside,  and 
the  tribunes  threatened  with  violence. — quod  reliquerat:  “the  tri- 
bunician  authority  had  arisen  out  of  the  right  to  annul  the  official  acts 
of  the  magistrates  by  veto,  and,  eventually,  to  fine  any  one  who  should 
oppose  that  right  and  take  steps  for  his  farther  punishment ;  this  was 
still  left  to  the  tribunes,  excepting  that  a  heavy  fine,  destroying  as  a 
rule  a  man’s  civil  existence,  was  imposed  on  the  abuse  of  the  right  of 
intercession.”  14.  septimo  die:  i.e.  of  this  debate,  which  had  begun 
Jan.  1st.  But  as  the  tribunes  came  into  office  on  the  10th  of  Dec.,  the 
debate  was  virtually  the  beginning  of  their  official  career.  15.  quod: 
object  of  respicere  and  timere.  Its  antecedent  is  the  phrase  de  sua 
salute  . .  .  cogitare,  a  thing  which,  etc.  G.  616,  B.  2;  Gr.  200,  e;  H. 
445,7. — illi .  .  .  plebis:  those  notorious  (cf.  illo,  1.  6)  tribunes  of  former 
times  who  were  most  factious.  Caesar  means  the  brothers  Tiberius  and 
Gains  Gracchus,  who  were  killed  by  the  senatorial  party  at  the  close  of 
their  tribuneships,  the  first  133  b.c.,  the  second  ten  years  after,  having 
devoted  their  lives  to  the  cause  of  the  poorer  classes  in  Rome,  upon 
whom  they  tried  to  have  part  of  the  public  lands  bestowed  which  the 
aristocrats  were  monopolizing.  Lucius  Saturninus  may  also  be  in¬ 
cluded,  a  corrupt  demagogue,-  who,  after  a  long  and  bloody  career  in 
Roman  politics,  was  killed  by  a  senatorial  mob  in  100  b.c.,  at  the  close 
of  his  second  tribuneship. — turbulentissimi :  contains  a  contrast  to  the 
moderate  demands  of  Caesar’s  tribunes.  16.  denique:  =  demum, 
only,  not  until.  17.  actionum  :  official  acts.  Even  tribunes  who 
had  tried  unlawful  changes,  had  not  been  threatened  with  punishment 
until  the  close  {twelfth  month)  of  their  sacred  office. 

17-22.  Decurritur  ad:  hasty  recourse  was  had  to,  etc.  18.  The 
senatus  consultum  ultimum  was  a  decree  of  the  senate  in 
times  of  civil  dissensions,  giving  the  consuls,  and  sometimes  other 
magistrates  expressly  mentioned,  a  dictatorial  power  “exercitum 
parare,  bellum  gerere,  coercere  omnibus  modis  socios 
atque  cives,  domi  militiaeque  imperium  atque  judi¬ 
cium  summum  habere.”  It  was  expressed  in  the  words  “  v  i  d  e - 
ant,  or  dent  operam  consules  (praetores  etc.)  ne  quid 
res  publica  detrimenti  capiat,”  or  “ut  imperium  po¬ 
puli  Romani  majestasque  conservetur.” — quo:  adverb; 
ivhither,  to  which  the  state  had  never  before  resorted,  except,  I  had 
almost  said  (paene),  in  an  actual  (ipso)  conflagration  of  the  city,  and 
amid  a  universal  despair  of  safety.  19.  omnium  salutis:  G.  361,  R. 

2;  Gr.  217,  b;  H.  398,2.  20.  dent .  .  .  capiat:  the  actual  decree.  It  is 

given  in  0.  0.  p.  14,  31. — dent:  G.  256,3;  Gr.  266;  H.  484,  iv.  21, 


- T"  CAESAR’S  CIVIL  WAR. 

■PAGE 

13  quique.  .  .  sint:  G.  633;  Gr.  320;  H.  503,  i.  Pompey  is  of  course 
specially  meant.  22.  detrimenti:  G.  371;  Gr.  216,  a,  3;  H.  397,3.— 
capiat:  negative  purpose  after  the  verbal  phrase  dent  operam.  G. 
546;  Gr.331;  H.  498,  ii. 

22-30.  Haec  senatusconsulto  perscribuntur  ante  diem  septimum 
Idus  Januarias  :  these  things  were  officially  recorded  in  accordance 
with  the  senate’s  decree,  or,  this  decree  of  the  senate  was  put  in  writing 
on  the  seventh  of  Jan.  Cf.  App.  II,  5,  b,  end.  For  the  Poman  date, 
G.  page  387;  Gr.  376;  II.  642-644.  24.  diebus:  G.  GC2;  Gr.  256;  II. 

429.  Jan.  1st,  2d,  5th,  6th  and  7th. — qua  ei*!  die:  =  eii  ca  die  qua, 
counting  from  the  day  when.  G.  618;  Gr.  200,  b;  II.  445,9.  See  also 
on  1. 10.  25.  biduo — comitiali  :  abl.  abs.,  omitting  the  two  election 

days.  On  these  it  was  unusual  for  the  senate  to  convene.  The  two 
days,  Jan.  3d  and  4th,  were  probably  occupied  with  the  preparations 
described  in  p.  12, 16-22. — et  de  .  .  .  et  de .  .  .  decernitur  :  a  most  im¬ 
portant  and  hostile  decree  was  passed,  regarding  both  .  .  .  a7id  .  .  . 
29.  Ravennae  :  G.  412;  Gr.  258,  c;  H.  425,  ii.  An  ancient  town  in 
S.  E.  Gallia  Cispadana,  built,  like  Venice,  partly  in  the  v/ater.  At 
this  time  it  was  small  and  unimportant,  but  under  Augustus  it  was 
enlarged  and  beautified.  In  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries  a.d.  it  be¬ 
came  the  chief  city  of  Italy,  but  declined  with  the  rise  of  the  Papal 
power.  30.  si .  .  .  posset :  to  see  if  in  any  way,  etc.  G.  462,2;  Gr. 
334,  f ;  H.  529,1,  N.  1. — qua  :  abl.  and  adv.,  not  nom.  as  in  p.  11, 22. — 
res  ad  otium  deduci:  cf.  1.  9. 

Chap.  VI.  Pompey  encourages  the  senate  by  exaggerating  his  own 
forces  and  depreciating  Caesar’s,  so  that  it  votes  to  raise  levies 
in  all  Italy  and  put  the  public  money  into  his  hands.  The  pro¬ 
vinces  are  given  to  his  supporters.  (Jan.  8th  and  9th.) 

32 — p.  14,  6.  quae  .  .  .  ostenderat:  p.  11, 11-14.  34.  habere:  see 

on  timere,  p.  11,  23. — legiones  . . .  decem:  it  is  uncertain  whether  Pom¬ 
pey  means  to  include  his  seven  veteran  legions  in  Spain  or  not.  As  he 
had  received  the  privilege  of  raising  troops  in  the  previous  October, 
and  is  evidently  over-  rather  than  underrating  his  forces,  the  number 
may  refer  to  troops  in  Italy  alone,  including  the  two  legions  taken 
from  Caesar. — cognitum  compertumque  (esse):  that  it  ivas  ascer¬ 
tained  and  known  hy  him,  a  repetition  of  the  same  verbal  idea  for 
emphasis ;  that  he  knew  very  ivell.  The  subjects  are  the  infin.  clauses 
following,  that  Caesar’s  soldiers  were  (esse)  disloyal  to  him,  and  could 
(posse)  not  he  induced  to  defend  him,  or  even  to  follow  him.  35. 
alieno  .  .  .  animo  :  G.  402;  Gr.  251;  H.  419,  ii.  36.  iis  :  dat.  after 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


139 


.  PAGB 

the  impers.  pass,  persuaderi,  which  depends  on  posse  ;  literally,  and  13 
that  it  could  not  he  persuaded  them. — uti .  .  .  sequantur :  subject  of 
posse.  2.  habeatur,  mittatur,  detur:  dependent  on  refertur,  with  14 
ut  supplied.  Gr.  331,  f ,  R. ;  H.  499,2;  see  on  ut .  ..proficisceretur, 
p.  11,  21,  and  cf.  refertur. . .  ut . . .  sit,  below,  11.  3  and 4. — Mauritaniam: 
a  country  on  the  N.  W.  coast  of  Africa,  now  Morocco  and  Algiers, 
subject  respectively  to  Spain  and  France.  Its  princes  at  this  time  were 
two  brothers,  Bocchus  and  Bogud,  friends  of  Caesar,  and  soon  after 
this  made  “  kings  ”  by  him.  See  on  p.  12,  33.  Sulla  would  try  to  win 
them  over  to  Pompey,  who  would  then  control  their  country’s  immense 
corn  supplies.  3.  pecunia:  abl.  with  uti,  G.  405;  Gr.  249;  H.  421,  i; 
that  the  use  of  the  money  ..  .he  given,  etc.  4.  socius  atque  aixiicus : 
see  on  p.  12,  33. — Marcellus:  the  present  consul;  see  note  on  p.  11, 17. 

5.  passurum  (esse)  in  praesentia:  would  not  alloiv  it  to  be  put  to 
vote  at  present.  Marcellus  may  have  thought  it  dangerous  to  bring 
these  powerful  Numidian  and  Mauritanian  princes  together,  even  as 
allies  of  the  senate,  for  they  might  combine  against  it. — De  Fausto: 
Philip  vetoed  the  embassy  of  Faustus.  This  Philip  was  a  son  of  the 
one  mentioned  in  1.  9.  Besides  this  action  in  Caesar’s  favor,  we  know 
only  that  he  was  praetor  in  44.  6.  De  reliquis  rebus :  the  motions 

to  raise  levies  in  all  Italy,  and  to  put  the  public  money  at  Pompey’s 
disposal,  pass,  and  are  formally  recorded  after  the  session.  See  on 
p.  13,  22. 

7-18.  decernuntur:  were  sorted  out  for,  i.e.  the  senate  decided  which 
provinces  should  be  governed  by  ex-consuls,  and  which  by  ex-praetors. 
These  ex-magistrates  are  meant  by  privatis.  They  afterward  decided 
by  mutual  agreement  or  by  lot,  what  particular  man  should  have  each 
province.  9.  praetereuntur:  because  they  were  connections  of  Cae¬ 
sar.  As  consulars  of  longer  standing,  they  would  naturally  have  been 
preferred  before  Scipio  (52)  and  Domitius  (54),  according  to  Pompey’s 
own  law.  Cf.  App.  II.  12.  10.  dejiciuntur:  sc.  in  urnam;  they 

were  not  allowed  to  take  part  in  the  lot.  11.  neque:  its  correspond 
dent  is  — que  in  1.  13;  neither .  .  .  and,=  and  not .  .  .  hut.  G.  482,  R. 

2;  Gr.  155,  A;  H.  554,  i,  5. — exspectant:  they,  i.e.  all  who  had  received 
provinces,  proconsuls  and  propraetors. — quod  :  its  antecedent  is  the 
sentence  in  the  midst  of  which  it  stands.  See  on  p.  13, 15.  12.  ut 

.  .  .  feratur:  object  of  exspectant.  They  did  not  wait  to  have  their 
command  conferred  upon  them,  or  ratified  by  vote  of  the  people. 

13.  paludatique  :  hut  they  donned  their  generaVs  cloak,  performed 
their  vows  to  Jupiter  on  the  Capitol,  and  set  out.  Cf.  App.  Ill,  3,  a,  6. 

14.  quod:  cf.  quod  in  1.  11.— numquamc  rhetorical  exaggeration  cer¬ 
tainly,  for  it  was  only  since  the  time  of  Sulla  that  the  consuls  were 


140 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

14  required  to  pass  their  year  of  actual  o3ice  in  the  city.  Wars  were  more 
and  more  managed  by  proconsuls  and  propraetors.  15.  lictores  : 
the  object,  and  privati  the  subject  of  habent;  for  privati,  see  on  de¬ 
cernuntur,  1.  7.  These  ex-magistrates  (Caesar  will  not  recognize  their 
assumed  authority  enough  to  call  them  proconsuls  and  propraetors), 
appeared  in  the  city  with  the  symbols  of  their  authority,  which  was 
unlawful  without  a  special  decree  of  the  people,  and  the  people  had 
not  even  voted  them  their  authority.  See  on  aderat,  p.  11,  15.  17. 

fanis :  the  votive  otierings  of  worshippers  made  popular  temples  store¬ 
houses  of  vast  treasures.  18.  omnia  .  .  .  permiscentur:  Notice  these 
last  five  sentences  without  any  connective  (Asyndeton).  Such  an  omis¬ 
sion  gives  an  impression  of  haste  and  excitement.  Caesar  reaches  here 
the  climax  in  his  description  of  the  hostile  and  illegal  acts  of  Pompey 
and  his  party.  In  the  next  chapter  the  scene  changes  abruptly  from 
Rome  to  Ravenna. 


B.  THE  CAMPAIGN  IN  ITALY.  CHAP.  VII— XXXIII. 

a.  Caesar’s  Address  to  his  Soldiers.  Chap.  vii. 

Chap.  VII.  Caesar  addresses  the  soldiers  of  the  13th  legion — setting 
forth  his  wrongs,  the  ingratitude  of  Pompey,  the  revolutionary 
acts  of  his  enemies — and  summons  them  to  avenge  him  and  the 
tribunes  of  the  people. 

20-29.  Quibus  rebus  cognitis :  by  private  messenger  Caesar  could 
have  heard  of  the  senate’s  declaration  of  war  (chap.  5)  by  Jan.  12th ; 
see  on  p.  12,  2G.  He  seems  however  to  have  waited  several  days  (cf. 
proximis  diebus,  p.  13,  31)  before  making  this  speech  to  his  soldiers, 
until  news  of  the  preparations  for  war,  described  in  chap.  6,  reach  him. 
Meanwhile  his  other  legions  are  coming  up.  It  is  not  until  the  20th, 
after  he  has  crossed  the  Rubicon  and  occupied  Ariminum,  that  he  gets 
official  notice  of  the  senate’s  decree  against  him.  See  on  p.  15,  13. 
For  quibus,  see  G.  612;  Gr.  201,  e;  H.  453. — milites:  cf.  p.  15,  5-7. 
21.  omnium  temporum,  inimicorum:  both  limit  injurias,  the  first  as 
gen.  of  quality,  G.  304 ;  Gr.  215 ;  H.  396,  v.  The  second  ?  22.  de¬ 

ductum  ac  depravatum:  sc.  esse.  G.  653;  Gr.  336;  H.  523,  i.  23. 
cujus:  =  cum  ejus,  i.e.  Pompey’s,  and  would  be  followed  by  the 
subjv.  (cujus  faverim)  even  in  0.  R.  G.  637;  Gr.  320,  e;  H.  515, 
hi.  24.  adjutorque  fuerit:  =  ad  juver  it  que .  See  on  p.  17,  35, 
lege  Julia.  25.  introductum:  cf.  deductum,  etc.,  in  1.  22. — ut .  .  . 
opprimeretur  :  simple  result,  G.  554,  or  explaining  exemplum.  Gr. 


N0TE8.—B00K  L 


141 


PAGE 

332,  f;  H.  501,  iii.  Translate  freely,  o/ etc.  The  tense  14 
shows  that  queritur  is  now  treated  as  a  historical  tense ;  contrast  its 
use  in  the  preceding  sentence.  Gr.  511,  E,.  1;  Gr.  287,  e;  H.  495,  ii. 

26.  quae  .  .  .  restituta  :  by  Pompey  himself.  Int.  4.  27.  Sullam 

...ademisse:  sc.  queritur. — nudata ...  potestate :  abi.  abs. — omni¬ 
bus  rebus :  in  every  way.  Caesar  uses  this  adverbial  phrase  quite  often 
as  =  omnibus  modis  (p.  65,  31);  cf.  p.  18,  8,  p.  23,  31.  G.  401 ;  Gr.  248, 

E. ;  H.  419,  iii.  28.  liberam:  pred.  adj.  G.  324;  Gr.  186,  b;  II.  438,2. 

29.  Pompeium :  by  the  action  of  his  supporters,  chap.  5,  who  had  gone 
further  than  even  Sulla. — videatur:  is  thought,  has  the  reputation  of, 
etc.  Indie,  in  0.  E. — bona  :  the  tribunitial  powers  taken  away  by 
Sulla. — (ea)  quae  ante  habuerint:  the  tribunitial  powers  left  by  Sulla. 

G.  621;  Gr.  195,  b;  H.  445,6. — habuerint  ^  habuerunt  in  0.  E. 

Its  subj.  is  (they,  i.e.)  a  pron.  referring  to  the  Eoman  people. 

30 — p.  15,  1.  Quotienscumque.  .  ,  occupatis:  0.  0.  after  a  que¬ 
ritur  supplied;  factum  (esse) .  .  .  occupatis  is  the  princ.  and  there¬ 
fore  inlin.  clause,  quotienscumque  sit  decretum  is  a  subord.  and 
therefore  subjv.  clause,  to  which  the  sentence  darent .  .  .  caperet  (its 
form  in  0.  E.  may  be  seen  p.  13,  20-22)  serves  as  subject,  and  this  subj. 
clause  is  qualified  by  another  subord.  and  parenthetical  clause,  qua 
.  .  .  sit  vocatus.  33.  in:  in  the  case  of. — perniciosis  legibus:  the 
agrarian  laws  of  the  Gracchi  (see  on  illi .  .  .  plebis,  p,  13,  15)  caused 
bitter  conflicts  between  the  popular  and  aristocratic  parties.  In 
121  a  tumult  arose  from  an  attempt  to  abolish  them,  and  the  senate 
passed  the  decree  dent  consules,  etc.  The  popular  party  withdrew 
(secessione)  to  Mt.  Aventinus,  which,  like  the  Capitol  and  the  temples 
(locisque  editioribus),  was  often  the  scene  of  political  struggles.  In 
one  of  these,  which  took  place  on  the  Capitol  in  100,  Saturninus  was 
killed. — ^vi  tribunicia:  as  when  Tiberius  Gracchus  unlawfully  tried  to 
depose  a  hostile  colleague,  or  to  have  himself  re-elected  tribune,  though 
in  these  particular  cases  we  read  of  no  senatusconsultum  ulti¬ 
mum.  35.  expiata  (esse):  depends  on  docet,  sc.  Caesar.  36. 
casibus:  deaths. — quarum  rerum:  viz.  legibus,  vi,  secessione.  1.  15 
illo  tempore:  at  the  present  time.  In  0.  0.  the  pronoun  would  be 
hoc.  G.  663,3;  H.  526. — factum,  cogitatum  :  depend  on  docet. — ne 
,  .  .  quidem:  G.  447,  E.  2;  Gr.  151,  e;  H,  569,  iii,  2. 

2-6.  cujus  .  .  .  pacaverint  :  a  relative  clause  preceding  its  corre¬ 
lative  ejus  (4)  for  emphasis.  G.  622;  Gr.  201,  c;  H.  453,2.  The 
object  of  hortatur  (1)  is  the  clause  ut .  .  .  defendant,  which  should  be 
translated  first  :  he  exhorts  them  to  def  md ...  of  him  (ejus)  under 
whose  (enjus)  command,  etc.  (lit.  under  the  lead  of  whom  as  general). — 
viiii  anni.s :  the  campaigns  in  Gaul  from  58  to  49.  Int.  6. — rempubli- 


142 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


cam  gerere:  here  =  bellum  reipublicae  causa  gerere.  5. 
legionis  xiii :  Caesar  had  sent  it  from  Gaul  into  the  province  north  of 
Italy  (Gallia  Cisalpina)  in  place  of  the  15th,  which  the  senate  had  taken 
ostensibly  for  the  Parthian  war.  See  on  p.  1 1,  23,  B.  G,  viii,  54.  6. 

evocaverat:  sc.  ex  hibernis. 

b.  Caesar’s  Advance  to  Corfinium.  Chap,  viii — xvi. 

Chap.  VIII.  Assured  of  their  support,  Caesar  crosses  the  Bubicon 
and  advances  to  Ariminum.  Here  messengers  from  Rome  come 
to  him,  bearing  the  decrees  of  the  senate,  and  certain  private 
messages  from  Pompey  (about  Jan.  20th). 

9-14.  Ariminum:  G.  342,2;  Gr.  258,  b;  H.  380,  ii.  The  first  town 
in  Umbria  south  of  the  Rubicon  (the  boundary  between  Italy  and  the 
province),  and  of  the  greatest  military  importance,  since  it  commanded 
the  province  to  the  north,  Etruria  to  the  west,  the  whole  eastern  sea- 
coast,  and  a  direct  road  (via  Flaminia)  to  Rome.  Caesar’s  first  step 
was  a  telling  one.  Plutarch,  in  his  life  of  Caesar,  makes  quite  a  dra¬ 
matic  scene  out  of  the  crossing  of  the  Rubicon.  Caesar  does  not  even 
mention  it.  10.  confugerant:  p.  13,  27.  11.  reliquas  legiones; 

four  from  among  the  Belgians,  and  four  from  among  the  Aedui  in 
Gaul.  B.  G.  viii,  54.  Of  these  however  only  two,  the  12th  (p.  18,  12) 
and  8th  (p.  19,  26),  join  him  in  the  Italian  campaign,  making,  with  the 
13th  (p.  15,  5),  the  three  veteran  legions  (p.  22,  33)  which  were  at  the 
siege  of  Corfinium  and  afterwards  at  Brundisium.  The  rest  of  his 
forces  were  raw  recruits  (pp.  19,  27;  22,33).  Of  the  remaining  six 
legions  now  summoned  out  of  their  winter  quarters  in  Gaul,  Caesar 
afterwards  sent  three  to  winter  near  Narbo  (p.  28,  29),  on  the  road  to 
Spain,  where  Pompey  had  seven  veteran  legions,  and  three  to  winter 
somewhere  between  Narbo  and  their  former  quarters  among  the  Aedui 
(p.  28,  33),  while  he  relied  more  and  more  on  new  recruits  and  on 
deserters  and  prisoners  from  Pompey’s  troops,  to  master  Italy.  12. 
eo:  thWher.  13.  reliquo  sermone:  the  announcement  of  the  sen¬ 
ate’s  decrees;  see  on  p.  14,  20. — cujus  rei  causa:  G.  372;  Gr.  245,  c; 
H.  416,  footnote  2.  14.  privati  officii  mandata:  commissions  in  a 

private  capacity,  of  a  private  nature;  obj.  of  habere.  For  the  gen. 
see  on  temporum,  p.  14,  21. 

15-23.  velle,  habuisse  (18),  debere;  0.  0.  in  appos.  with,  or  depen¬ 
dent  on  a  verb  of  saying  imphed  in  mandata;  see  on  videri,  p.  12,  7. — 
se  Caesari  purgatum  (esse):  to  he  justified  in  Caesar’s  eyes.  The 
dat.  is  that  of  the  person  with  reference  to  whom  anything  is  done. 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


143 


PA.GB 

G.343;  Gr. 235;  H. 384,4,  N. 3.  16.  egerit:  the  same  in  0.  R.  G. 631;  15 

Gr.  342;  H.  529,  ii.  Its  subj.  is  a  pron.  referring  to  Pompey. — in  .  .  . 
vertat:  he  (i.e.  Caesar)  construe  as  a  personal  insult.  17.  reipubli- 
cae  commoda:  the  public  interests  ;  obj.  of  habuisse. — necessitudini¬ 
bus:  with  the  pred.  adj.  potiora.  G.  399;  Gr.  247;  H.  417.  18. 

pro  sua  dignitate:  as  befitted  his  high  position.  19.  reipublicae; 
to  lay  aside  in  the  interests  ofi  the  state  both  his  seljish  aims  (studium) 
a7id  his  anger,  and  not  (neque),  etc.  20.  cum  (qnum) . . .  speret: 

=1  sperat  in  0.  R.  The  fut.  infin.  is  more  common  with  spero  in 
the  sense  of  hope,  expect.  With  the  pres,  infin.  it  may  be  translated 
think,  flatter  oneselfi  that  one  is  doing  something.  22.  Eadem: 
obj.  of  agit  and  commemorasse.  For  the  latter,  G.  151,1;  Gr.  128,  a; 
n.  235.  23.  agere  cum  aliquo:  to  state  to  anyone. — Roscius: 

p.  12,  25. — sibique  .  .  .  demonstrat :  and  declared  that  Pompey  had 
communicated  them  to  him. 

Chap.  IX.  Caesar  replies,  proposing  that  Pompey  go  to  his  provinces, 
that  both  armies  disband,  and  that  the  government  be  freed 
from  military  influence;  he  thinks  these  matters  can  be  ar¬ 
ranged  in  an  interview. 

24-28.  Quae  .  .  .  videbantur:  although  these  things  (Pompey’s  mes¬ 
sages)  manifiestly  had  no  refierence  to,  etc.  See  on  Quibus,  p.  14,  20. — 
nihil:  G.  331,  R.  3;  Gr.  238;  H.  378,2.  25.  idoneos .  .  .  per  quos: 

idoneus  is  followed  in  Caesar  by  the  dat.,  by  ad  with  acc.,  or,  as 
here,  by  qui  and  the  subjv.  G.  556,  R.  2;  Gr.  320,  f ;  H.  503,  ii,  2;  per 
quos  =  ut  per  eos.  Translate  freely  by  the  active  :  suitable  men 
to  convey,  etc. — nactus:  G.  669;  Gr.  292;  H.  549,1.  The  word  often 
denotes,  in  Caesar,  some  unexpectedly  favorable  gain.  26.  ea  quae 
vellet:  his  wishes',  cf.  quae  vellet,  p.  11,  20. — eum:  Pompey.  27. 
petit .  .  .  ne  graventur  :  G.  546;  Gr.  331,  a;  H.  498,  i. — detulerint: 

G.  541;  Gr.  321,  a;  H.  516,  ii;  since,  as  he  said,  they  had  conveyed, 
etc.  28.  si. .  .  possint:  (to  see)  ifi  they  could,  etc.  See  on  posset, 
p.  13,  30. 

30— p.  16,  4.  Sibi  semper,  etc. :  the  rest  of  this  chap,  is  ind.  disc, 
dependent  on  a  word  of  declaring  implied  in  petit  (27).  Apply  G.  653; 

Gr.  336;  II.  523,  524. — primam,  potiorem:  pred.  adjs.,  the  latter  fol¬ 
lowed  by  vita,  as  potiora,  in  1.  18,  by  necessitudinibus.  Indeed  this 
whole  sentence  seems  almost  an  echo  of  that.  31.  quod:  because. — 
populi  Romani  beneficium:  the  privilege  of  standing  for  office  while 
away  from  the  city,  as  explained  by  cujus  .  .  .  jussisset  below.  Cf. 

Int.  8.  32.  sibi:  see  on  plerisque,  p.  12,  23. — per  contumeliam; 


144 


CAESAR'S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

15  insultingly. — extorqueretur,  retraheretur:  conform  to  the  real  tense 

of  petit  (27).  See  on  queritur,  p.  14,  25.  The  mood  is  that  of 
a  subord.  clause  in  0.  0.  33.  erepto  .  .  .  imperio,  etc.:  abl.  abs. ; 

and  because  (quod)  after  being  robbed  of  six  months’  command,  he  was 
being  dragged  bach  into  the  city,  although  the  people  had  ordered  his 
claims  to  be  considered  (e  j  u  s  rationem  haberi)  at  the  next  election,  in 
spite  of  his  absence.  34.  cujus:  =  cum  ejus;  see  on  cujus,  p.  14, 
23. — absentis:  partic.  of  absum  ,  agreeing  with  cujus,  and  expressing 
concession.  Gr.  670;  Gr.  292;  H.  549,2.  To  be  present  at  the  elections 
for  the  year  48,  which  would  occur  in  July  of  49,  would  oblige  Caesar 
to  leave  his  army  six  months  before  his  command  expired.  Int.  7. 
36.  aequo  animo:  patiently. — cum  (quum)  .  .  .  miserit :  when  how¬ 
ever  he  had  sent,  etc.  In  0.  0.  —  cum  ...  mi  si.  G.  582;  Gr.  325; 

16  H.  521,  i.  1.  ne  id  quidem  :  see  on  p.  15,  1. — impetravisse  :  its 

subj.  is  se  to  be  supplied.  2.  legiones  ii:  see  on  p.  11,  23.  3. 

simulatione:  under  the  pretence  of ;  abl.  of  manner.  4.  Quonam 
.  .  .  pertinere:  InO.  R.  =  quo  haec  omnia  nisi  ad  meam  per¬ 
niciem  pertineant?  whither  do  all  these  things  tend  unless  to  my 
destruction  9  This  is  a  rhetorical  question,  having  the  same  force  as 
the  assertion  haec  vero  omnia...  pertinent,  and  therefore 
takes  the  infin.  in  0.  0.,  as  the  equivalent  assertion  would  do.  G.  654, 
R.  1;  Gr.  338;  H.  523,  ii,  2. 

5-12.  paratum  (e  s  s  e) :  introduces  the  infins.  descendere  and  pati. 
G.  424  (p.  216);  Gr.  273,  b;  H.  533,  ii,  3.  6.  proficiscatur:  this  and 

the  other  subj  vs.  of  the  sentence,  as  well  as  accedat  and  patiatur  of  the 
next,  represent  commands.  G.  655 ;  Gr.  339 ;  H.  523,  iii.  If  the  verb 
on  which  they  depend  were  thought  of  as  in  a  historical  tense,  they 
would  be  imperf.  instead  of  pres,  subjv.,  like  reverteretur  in  1.  17. 
7.  ipsi  :  sc.  ductores  or  imperatores,  i.e.  Caesar  and  Pompey. 
G.  297,  R.  1;  Gr.  195,  i;  H.  452.  8.  libera:  pred.  adj.  after  sint  to 

be  supplied.  10.  quo  :  G.  554,2;  Gr.  317,  b;  H.  497,  ii.  2.  12. 

fore  uti .  .  .  componantur :  the  result  would  be  that,  etc. ;  a  favorite 
circumlocution  of  the  Latin  for  compositum  iri  with  subj.  acc. 
G.  240;  Gr.  147,  c,  288,  f;  H.  537,3. — componantur:  the  leading  verb 
again  thought  of  as  in  a  principal  tense.  See  on  proficiscatur  above. 

Chap.  X.  Pompey  replies  that  he  will  not  go  to'  Spain  until  Caesar 
retires  to  his  province  and  disbands  his  army,  and  that  the 
levies  in  Italy  will  continue  till  Caesar  gives  surety  that  he  will 
keep  his  promises. 

14.  Capuam  :  see  on  Ariminum,  p.  15,  9.  The  chief  city  of  Cam- 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


145 


PA<3B 

pania,  large  and  wealthy.  Originally  Etruscan,  it  was  conquered  16 
first  by  the  Samnites,  and  then,  in  340,  by  the  Romans,  16,  scripta 
.  .  .  mandata:  propositions  in  writing.  17.  summa:  the  substance. 

— Caesar .  .  .  delectus  (21) :  0,  0.  in  apposition  with  haec,  the  tenses 
as  dependent  on  the  historical  tense  erat. — reverteretur,  excederet, 
dimitteret;  see  on  proficiscatur,  1.  6.  18.  fecisset,  esset  data:  fut. 

perfs.  in  0.  R.  Gr.  516,  660,4;  Or.  286,  R.,  end;  H.  525,2.  20.  fac¬ 

turum  (esse)  :  depends  on  fides,  surety. — quae  polliceretur  :  pol¬ 
liceatur  in  0.  R,  O.  631;  Or.  342;  H.  529,  ii. 


Chap.  XI.  The  injustice  of  Pompey’s  demands,  and  the  hopelessness 
of  a  conference  with  him,  lead  Caesar  to  continue  his  advance 
(Jan,  26th), 

21-28.  Erat :  the  subj.  is  postulare,  and  the  following  infins, 
tenere,  velle,  habere,  polliceri,  definire.  We  anticipate  such  infin. 
subjects  in  English  by  “eY;”  it  ivas  an  unfair  proposition  to  demand, 
etc.  The  subj.  of  postulare  is  a  pronoun  referring  to  Pompey,  with 
which  ipsum  (23)  agrees ;  while  he  himself  held,  etc.  23.  alienas: 
Caesar’s;  cf.  1.  2. — tenere:  and  yet  remain  at  Rome  with  his  army,  to 
influence  the  politics  of  the  state,  and  especially  the  coming  consular 
elections,  24.  habere:  sc.  ipsum;  while  he  himself,  etc.  25. 
ne  ^he  .  .  .  definire:  hut  not  to  fix  a  day  before  which  he  would  return; 
diem,  the  antec.  of  quern,  has  been  incorporated  into  the  relative 
clause.  O.  618;  Or.  200,  b;  H.  445,9, — iturus  sit:  partial  ind.  disc, 
after  definire,  preserving  the  tense  of  the  speaker,  for  greater  liveli¬ 
ness  of  style.  O.  657;  H.  525,1.  26.  consulatu;  that  which  Caesar 

wished  to  canvass  for  in  the  coming  July,  according  to  agreement. 
Int.  7. — ut .  .  .  videretur :  the  purpose  (in  Pompey’s  mind),  and  also 
the  conclusion  of  si ,  .  ,  non  profectus  esset,  O.  660, 6 ;  Or,  307,  c ; 
H.  525,2-  The  time  of  profectus  esset  is  past  only  with  reference  to 
peracto  consulatu ;  if,  when  Caesar'’ s  consulship  was  over,  he  should  not 
have  gone. — nulla  .  .  .  obstrictus :  fettered  by  no  scruple  against  lying. 
Pompey’s  declining  to  set  a  definite  time  for  his  departure,  would 
leave  the  way  clear  for  him  to  stay  at  Rome  as  long  as  he  pleased  with¬ 
out  really  breaking  his  word.  Caesar  with  no  office  or  command,  could 
not  compete  with  Pompey  at  the  head  of  an  army,  27.  mendacii; 
obj.  gen.  28.  non  dare  neque  .  .  ,  polliceri:  subjects  of  afferebat; 
dare  has  tempus  as  its  object,  polliceri  has  (se)  accessurum  (esse), 
afferebat  has  desperationem;  translate  freely,  rendered  peace  almost 
hopeless. 


10 


146 


CAESAR’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

16  29-32.  Itaque:  Caesar  represents  that  he  waited  lor  the  reply  of 

Pompey  and  the  consuls  before  advancing ;  but  Cicero’s  letters  repre¬ 
sent  the  reply  as  following  the  flight  of  the  consuls  to  Capua  described 
in  chap.  14,  and  the  flight  as  caused  by  Caesar’s  advance  from  Ari¬ 
minum  to  Arretium,  Ancona  and  Auximum,  chap.  12-13. — ab  ;  “the 
preposition  is  generally  used  when  the  vicinity,  rather  than  the  town 
itself  is  meant.”  G.  411,  B,.  1;  Gr.  25S,  f,  B;  H.  412,3,  Note.  30. 
cum:  G.  391,  B.  1 ;  Gr.  248,  a;  H.  419,  i,  and  1. — Arretium:  one  of  the 
large  towns  of  Etruria,  on  the  direct  road  from  Ariminum  to  Borne, 
commanding  the  valleys  of  the  Tiber  and  Amus,  and  the  northern  and 
western  entrances  to  Italy. — Arimini:  G.  412;  Gr.  258,  c;  H.  425,  ii. 
— duabus:  sc.  cohortibus.  31.  Pisaurum,  Fanum  (Fortunae): 
large  towns  of  Umbria  on  the  highway  by  the  seacoast  S.  B.  of  Arimi¬ 
num.  From  Fanum  Fortunae  the  Via  Flaminia  led  directly  to  Borne. 
32.  Anc5nam :  a  large  seaport  of  Picenum,  with  a  famous  harbor  pro¬ 
tected  by  an  elbow  of  land.  Hence  the  name  of  the  town  (Gr.  dyncov 
=  elbow).  Caesar  obtains  complete  command  of  the  country  as  he  ad¬ 
vances.  He  could  march  on  Borne,  or  meet  Pompey  advancing  against 
him,  by  every  feasible  route. 


Chap.  XH.  Caesar  sends.  Curio  against  Iguvium,  which  is  abandoned 
to  him,  and  then  advances  himself  against  Auximum,  where 
soldiers  were  being  recruited  for  Pompey  by  Attius  Varus. 

33.  certior  factus  :  this  phrase  is  followed  in  Caesar  by  an  in¬ 
finitive  clause  as  here,  or  by  a  subjv.  clause,  or  by  de  with  the  abl. 
In  other  writers  a  gen.  is  also  used. — ^Iguvium  :  a  large  and  strong 
town  in  the  heart  of  Umbria,  a  little  west  of  the  summit  of  the 
Apennines,  3ust  off  the  Via  Flaminia. — ^Thermum:  subj.  of  tenere; 
see  App.  I.  35.  voluntatem:  and  that  the  sentiments  of  all  the 
Iguvini  were  v&ry  friendly  toward  him,  36.  mittit:  sc.  eo,  thither. 

17 — cujus:  translate  as  =  ejus  vero;  see  on  quibus,  p.  14,  20.  1. 

diffisus  :  Caesar  uses  diffido  with  the  dat.  only,  but  confido  (4) 
with  the  abl.  of  the  thing,  and  the  dat  of  the  person  or  an  expression 
implying  persons. — voluntati :  cf.  p.  16,  35.  3.  domum  :  G.  410; 

Gr.  258,  b;  H.  380,  ii,  2. — summa  .  .  .  voluntate:  with  the  greatest  good 
will  on  the  part  of  all;  voluntate  here  =  b  o  n  a  voluntate;  omnium 
is  subj.  gen.  4.  municipiorum  :  mentioned  p.  16,  31-32.  6. 

Auximum:  a  strong  town  on  a  lofty  hill  about  twelve  miles  S.  W.  of 
Ancona,  commanding  Picenum. — quod:  see  on  cujus,  p.  16,  36.  7. 

delectumque  .  .  habebat :  App.  Ill,  1. 


NOTES.— BOOK  1. 


147 


TAGE 

Chap.  XIII.  When  the  citizens  of  Auximum  refuse  to  keep  Caesar  17 
out,  Varus  abandons  the  town,  is  pursued  by  some  of  Caesar’s 
soldiers,  and  deserted  by  his  own  troops. 

9.  decuriones  :  the  name  given  to  members  of  the  senate  in  the 
free  towns. — ^frequentes:  in  great  numbers.  10.  sui  judicii:  G.  365; 

Gr.  214,  c;  H.  402. — rem:  cf.  p.  13,  9;  the  question  whether  Caesar 
or  Pompey  was  in  the  right.  They  had  no  wish  to  close  their  city 
against  either.  They  thought  the  dispute  was  not  for  them  to  settle. 

11.  pati  posse  .  .  .  prohiberi  :  could  allow  ..  .to  be  Tcept  out  of,  etc. 

12.  meritum:  mereor. — tantis  rebus  gestis:  abi.  abs. ;  after  such 
great  exploits.  13.  oppido  moenibusque:  from  the  town  and  its  for¬ 
tifications.  G.  478;  Gr.  156,  a;  11.554,  i,  2. — habeat:  a  command  in  0. 

R. ;  therefore  he  should  have  regard  for,  etc.  See  on  p.  16,  6.  14. 

posteritatis:  the  future.  16.  Hunc:  Varus,  as  leader  of  his  troops. 

— ex  .  .  .  milites :  construe,  pauci  milites  Caesaris  ex  primo  ordine 
consecuti;  for  primo  ordine  see  App.  III,  2.  18.  nonnulla  pars  :  a 

considerable  part.  G.  448,  R.  4;  Gr.  150,  a;  H.  553,1.  19.  una:adv. 

— deprensus :  with  adducitur ;  is  brought  as  a  prisoner.  20.  primi 
pili  centurio :  the  highest  centurion  in  his  legion ;  see  App.  Ill,  11,  b. 

21.  ordinem :  =  p i  1  u m,  or  centuriam;  App.  Ill,  ibid.,  and  2,  a. 

23.  eorum  facti:  what  they  had  done;  the  first  is  gen.  subj.,  the 
second  depends  on  memorem.  G.  373;  Gr.  218,  a;  H.  399,  i,  2. — 
fore:  =  futurum  esse. 

Chap.  XIV.  The  news  of  Caesar’s  advance  causes  such  a  fright  at 
Rome,  that  the  consuls  and  other  officials  hurry  off  to  Capua, 
which  they  now  make  their  headquarters.  (Feb.  4th.) 

24-32.  Romam:  when  tidings  of  these  events  were  brought  to  Rome; 
see  on  Ariminum,  p.  15,  9.  25.  invasit:  sc.  urbem. — cum.  .  . 

venisset:  G.  586;  Gr.  325;  H.  521,  ii,  2.  Lentulus  returned  to  Rome 
from  Capua,  where  the  propositions  of  Caesar  had  been  brought  by 
Roscius,  p.  16,  14.  25.  aerarium:  the  treasure  chamber  for  the 

public  moneys,  in  a  portion  of  the  temple  of  Saturn,  under  the  care  of 
the  quaestors  (App.  II,  8).  A  fund  for  special  emergencies  was  kept 
apart  in  the  aerarium  sanctius  (27),  or  special  treasury.  26. 
senatusconsulto:  p.  14,  3.  27.  aperto.  .  .aerario:  abi.  abs.  ex¬ 

pressing  tline  ;  after  opening,  etc.  28.  Caesar:  subj.  of  falso 
nuntiabatur  understood,  or,  with  equites,  subj.  of  nuntiabantur. 
Translate  impersonally,  it  was  falsely  reported  that,  etc. — adventare: 
an  intensified  advenire.  G.  787,1 ;  Gr.  167,  b ;  H.  336. — jam  jamque: 


148 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

17  Caesar  was  said  to  be  coming  straightway,  and  his  horsemen  to  be 

already  30.  diei  :  depending  on  pridie p r i o r e  die.  Gr. 

214,  g;  H.  398,5.  31.  profectus  iter  .  .  .  habebat:  had  set  out  and 

was  on  the  way  to,  etc. — quas  .  .  .  acceptas  .  .  .  disposuerat  :  which 
he  had  received  .  .  .  and  stationed  ...  .  G.  G67,  R.  1 ;  Gr.  292,  R ; 

H.  549,5.  32.  hibernorum  causa;  =  nbi  hibernarent. 

34— p.  18,  4.  primum:  for  the  first  time.  G.  324,  R.  7;  Gr.  151,  d: 
H.  304,  i,  3;  primo  =  at  first,  as  p.  11, 17.  35.  lege  Julia:  in  accord¬ 

ance  with,  etc. ;  abl.  of  cause.  Tip  to  the  year  59  Pompey  had  vainly 
tried  to  get  the  senate  to  help  him  fulfill  his  promises  of  land  to  his 
soldiers  in  the  Mithridatic  war.  Disgusted  with  the  senate  Pompey 
turned  to  Caesar,  then  at  the  head  of  the  popular  party,  and  by  his 
help  got  a  law  passed  dividing  the  state  lands  in  Campania  among 
about  20,000  of  the  poorer  Roman  citizens  who  had  families.  Among 
these  Pompey ’s  veterans  were  largely  provided  for.  Cf.  Int.  4. — de- 

18  ducti  erant:  established  in  a  colony  at,  etc.  1.  ludo;  in  training ; 

while  Caesar  was  aedile  (App.  II,  9)  in  65,  he  spent  immense  sums 
(of  borrowed  money)  for  games  and  shows  to  entertain  the  people. 
This  training-school  of  gladiators  was  for  such  purposes. — ^productos : 
see  on  acceptas,  p.  17,  31.  2.  quos:  obj.  of  distribuit  (5) ;  see  on 

cujus,  p.  16,  36.  3.  quod  :  because. — reprehendebatur  :  “it  was 

only  twenty  years  since  Spartacus,  at  the  head  of  30,000  gladiators, 
had  waged  a  civil  war  in  Italy  not  second  to  Hannibal’s  in  its  formid¬ 
able  character,  and  held  command  of  the  whole  country  for  two  years.” 
These  gladiators  too,  might  prefer  to  fight  for  their  master,  Caesar. 
4.  circum  familias  conventus  Campaniae :  round  among  the  slaves  of 
the  society  of  Campania.  Conventus  was  the  name  given  to  a 
league  or  confederation  of  Roman  citizens  in  a  province  or  provincial 
town.  Its  object  was  to  promote  the  business  and  social  advantages  of 
its  members.  The  word  also  means  a  legal  district  in  a  province, 
and  its  court  or  assize. — custodiae  causa:  see  on  hibernorum  causa, 
p.  17,  32. 

Chap.  XV.  Caesar’s  forces  overrun  all  Picenum,  and  Pompey’s  offi¬ 
cers  and  supporters,  with  as  many  soldiers  as  they  can  collect 
and  keep,  throw  themselves  into  Corfinium. 

5-12.  Auximo:  see  on  p.  17,  6.  G.  411;  Gr.  258,  a;  H.  412,  ii. 
6.  praefecturae:  Italian  towns  with  the  rights  of  Roman  citizenship, 
but  presided  over  by  officers  (praefecti)  sent  annually  from  Rome. 
A  municipium,  or  a  colonia,  had  its  own  senate  (decuriones, 
p.  17,  9)  and  chief  magistrates  (duumviri,  p.  22,  6).  8.  omnibus 


NOTES.— BOOK  1. 


149 


TAGE 

rebus:  see  on  p.  14,  27. — quod  oppidum:  G.  G18;  Gr.  201,  d;  H.  445,9;  18 
as  an  antecedent  proper,  oppidum  would  be  in  the  abl.  in  appos.  with 
Cingulo.  9.  suaque  pecunia:  the  sale  of  Gallic  prisoners  of  war 
into  slavery  had  been  a  source  of  immense  wealth  to  Caesar  and  his 
officers.  10.  imperaverit  :  plupf.  if  pollicentur  were  used  as  a 
historical  tense;  see  on  fecisset,  p.  16, 18.  11.  imperat:  mittunt: 

The  asyndeton  (see  on  p.  14,  18)  expresses  the  promptness  with  which 
his  commands  were  obeyed.  12.  legio  xii  :  see  on  p.  15,  11. — his 
duabus:  the  12th  and  13th,  for  Antony  and  Curio  had  probably  joined 
him  with  their  cohorts. — Asculum:  a  strong  town  in  the  heart  of 
Picenum,  distinguished  by  its  adjective  from  a  town  of  the  same  name 
in  Apulia.  It  had  been  the  capital  of  the  country  before  its  subjuga¬ 
tion  by  the  Romans  in  268. 

13-26.  Lentulus  Spinther:  to  be  carefully  distinguished  from  Len¬ 
tulus  the  acting  consul,  whose  surname  was  Crus.  See  App.  I. — x 
cohortibus :  equal  in  numbers  to  a  legion,  but  not  under  organization 
as  such.  16.  deseritur :  cf.  p.  17, 17.  Caesar’s  fame  as  a  general, 
won  during  his  campaigns  in  Gaul,  made  soldiers  either  fear  to  fight 
against  him,  or  long  to  fight  for  him. — incidit  in:  fell  in  with.  18. 
confirmandorum .  .  .  causa  :  G.  429,  R.  2 ;  Gr.  298 ;  H.  542,  i ;  trans¬ 
late  by  an  infin.  as  if  =  ut  homines  confirmaret,  to  encourage 
the  inhabitants.  19.  certior  quae  .  .  .  gererentur:  see  on  p.  16,  33, 

For  the  subjv.  G.  469;  Gr.  334;  H.  529,  i.  20.  ipsum:  their  com¬ 
mander ;  Lentulus  also  goes  to  Corfinium.  Cf.  p.  21, 10  and  12.  23. 

in  praesidio:  in  garrison. — quibus  .  .  .  efficit:  and  when  these  forces 
were  united  (cogo),  he  mustered  thirteen  (cohorts).  24.  Domitium; 
p.  14,  8. — Corfinium:  the  English  idiom  is  “to  come  to  one  at  a  place.” 

G.  410,  R.  5.  C.  was  the  chief  city  of  the  Peligni,  and  commanded  a 
direct  road  to  Rome.  It  had  been  the  capital  of  the  confederates  in  the 
Social  War,  b.  c.  90. — magnis  itineribus  :  by  forced  marches;  the  abl. 
expresses  manner  and  means.  26.  per  se:  by  his  own  efforts. — cir¬ 
citer:  with  numerals  an  adv. ;  about  twenty. — Alba:  abl.  of  “place 
from  which,”  with  coegerat.  The  full  name  was  Alba  Fuc ensis, 
because  near  lake  Fucinus.  It  was  a  town  of  the  Aequi. 

Chap.  XVI.  Caesar  spends  a  day  at  Asculum  collecting  men  and 
stores,  then  presses  on  to  Corfinium  and  encamps  under  its 
walls.  (Feb.  13th.) 

28.  recepto:  occupied;  the  re-  losing  its  full  force,  as  in  redditis, 
p.  11,  1. — expulsoque  Lentulo:  cf.  1.  14.  30.  diem:  G.  337;  Gr. 

256;  II.  379.  31.  Eo  cum  venisset:  see  on  p.  15, 12,  and  17,  25. — 


150 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

18  praemissae:  translate  by  a  relative  danse.  G.  671;  Gr.  292;.  H. 

549,4.  32.  fluminis:  the  Aternns.— interrumpebant:  were  trying  to 

break.  G.  224;  Gr.277,c;  H.  469,  ii,  1.  33.  milia:  G.  308,  335,2*, 

Gr.  94,  e,  257;  H.  178,  379. 

c.  Siege  of  Corfinium,  Chap,  xvii — xxiii. 

Chap.  XVII.  Domitius  sends  to  Pompey  for  help,  makes  preparations 
to  defend  the  city,  and  spurs  up  his  soldiers  by  promising  them 
great  rewards. 

19  1.  ad  Pompeium  in  Apuliam:  to  P.  into,  where  we  would  say  in 

Apulia.  Cf.  p.  17,  32,  and  see  on  p.  18, 24.  2.  peritos  regionum:  so 

well  acquainted  with  the  country  that  they  could  evade  Caesar’s  out¬ 
posts  and  sentinels. — magno  .  .  .  praemio  :  abi.  abs. ;  under  promise 
of  a  large  reward.  3.  qui  petant  atque  orent:  G.  632;  Gr.  317; 
H.  497,  i.  Translate  by  the  infin. — ut  subveniat:  G.  546;  Gr.  331,  a; 
H.  498,  i.  Translate  here  too  by  the  infin. — Caesarem  .  .  .  posse: 
claiming  that  Caesar  could,  etc,  4.  duobus  exercitibus  :  that  of 
Domitius  himself,  and  the  one  he  begs  Pompey  to  send. — angustiis: 
G.  387;  Gr.  248,  258,  f;  H.  425,  ii,  1. — intercludi :  the  word  is  here 
used  absolutely,  hemmed  in.  Other  constructions  occur  in  Caesar,  viz. 
acc.  and  abl.  with  ab,  p.  31,  24,  acc.  and  abl.,  p.  43, 10.  Other  writers 
use  the  acc.  and  dat.  5.  fecerit:  perf.  subj.  representing  f  e  c  e  r  i  s 
(fut.  perf.)  in  0.  R.  If  dependent  on  a  histor.  tense  it  would  have  been 
fecisset;  see  on  imperaverit,  p.  18,  10.  6.  amplius  xxx:  more 

than  thirty.  G.  311,  R.  4;  Gr.  247,  c;  H.  417,1,  Note  2.  Cf.  p.  18, 
23,  26.  At  first  then  the  forces  of  Domitius  outnumbered  those  of 
Caesar,  who  at  this  time  had  only  two  legions,  i.e.  twenty  cohorts. 
8.  certasque  cuique  partes  .  .  .  attribuit:  and  assigned  a  fixed  post 
to  everyone. — ad  custodiam  urbis  :=  ad  custodiendam  urbem. 
10.  possessionibus :  Domitius  had  acquired  large  property  under  SuUa. 
He  was  rich  enough  to  fit  out  a  private  fleet,  p.  27, 20-23. — in  singulos: 
redundant  after  the  distributive  numeral  quaterna.  11.  pro  rata 
(r  e  o  r)  parte  :  in  accordance  with  a  fixed  proportion,  proportionally. 
We  use  often  the  first  two  words  of  the  phrase.  Centurions  and  vet¬ 
erans  received  double  the  pay  of  an  ordinary  private  soldier,  and  so 
probably  double  their  share  of  a  bonus.  Cf.  App.  Ill,  12. 

Chap.  XVIII.  Antony  takes  possession  of  Sulmo  for  Caesar,  who  re¬ 
ceives  reinforcements  from  Gaul  and  determines  to  invest  Cor¬ 
finium.  His  works  are  nearly  done  when  the  messengers  sent 
by  Domitius  to  Pompey  return. 


NOTES,— BOOK  1. 


151 


PAGE 

12-21.  Sulmonenses  quod  oppidum:  the  name  of  the  people  is  used  19 
for  that  of  the  town.  With  this  oppidum  would  be  in  app.  if  not  in¬ 
corporated  into  the  rel.  clause.  See  on  p.  18,8.  Sulmo  lay  S.  E.  of 
Corfinium,  and  was  an  important  town  of  the  Peligni.  13.  milium: 
sc.  passuum.  The  gen.  limits  intervallo,  which  is  abl.  of  “measure 
of  diff.”  G.  400;  Gr.  250;  H.  423. — ea  facere  quae  vellet:  wished  to 
do  his  will,  i.e.  to  join  his  cause.  See  on  imperaverit,  p.  18,  10,  and 
on  ea  quae  vellet,  p.l5,  2G.  15.  tenebant:  an  explanation  added  by 

the  writer,  not  part  of  the  0.  0.  G.  630,  R.  1;  Gr.  336,  b;  H.  524,2. 

17.  simul  atque:  like  simul  ac  often  written  as  one  word;  as  soon 
as.  18.  obviam  .  .  .  exierunt:  went  forth  to  meet ;  the  dat.  Antonio 
is  due  to  the  prep,  ob-  in  the  verbal  phrase.  Gr.  228,  b.  21.  cohor¬ 
tibus  :  the  seven  mentioned  in  1. 15. 

22-32.  cum  .  .  .  conjunxit:  compounds  with  cum  commonly  repeat 
the  prep.  G.  346,  R.  1,  end.  23.  primis  diebus :  at  first;  cf.  reliquis 
diebus,  at  last,  1.  29.  24.  magnis  operibus:  very  strongly ;  the  abl. 

expresses  both  manner  and  means.  25.  reliquasque  copias  exspec¬ 
tare:  see  on  p.  15,  11.  26.  Eo  triduo:  lit.  within  this  three-days, 

the  eo  referring  to  the  time  implied  in  exspectare  instituit.  G.  392 ; 

Gr.  256;  H.  429.  Freely,  within  the  next  three  days,  or,  three  days 
after. — cohortesque  .  .  .  xxii  :  not  yet  trained  in  the  tactics  of  the 
legion.  27.  GaUiae:  sc.  Cisalpinae;  here  Caesar  was  immensely 
popular. — rege  Norico:  the  Icing  of  Noricum,  apparently  an  ally  of 
Caesar.  See  App.  Ill,  5.  Noricum  comprised  what  is  now  Austria, 
Southern  Bavaria  and  the  Tyrol.  It  was  not  subjugated  by  the  Ro¬ 
mans  until  B.c.  13.  Its  inhabitants  were  Celts,  which  may  explain 
their  relation  to  Caesar,  the  conqueror  of  Celtic  Gaul.  A  Norican  king 
named  Voccio  is  mentioned  B.  G.  i,  53.  28.  Quorum  adventu:  upon 

their  arrival;  the  abl.  expresses  both  time  and  cause.  29.  Reliquis 
diebus:  see  on  primis  diebus,  1.  23.  30.  vallo  castellisque:  an 

earthen  wall  with  a  moat  in  front,  perhaps  surmounted  with  palisades, 
strengthened  by  redoubts  at  important  points  ;  with  a  rampart  and 
redoubts.  31.  missi:  a  participle  used  as  a  noun,  instead  of  a  relative 
clause,  qui  missi  erant.  G.  438;  Gr.  113,  f;  H.  441,  Cf,  11.  1-3. 

32.  revertuntur:  since  Caesar’s  works  were  not  quite  done  they  could 
slip  into  the  city. 

Chap.  XIX.  Domitius  pretends  that  Pompey  is  coming  to  his  relief, 
but  his  actions  belie  his  words,  and  it  soon  leaks  out  that  Pom¬ 
pey  had  ordered  the  town  to  be  abandoned. 

33 — p.  20,  5.  dissimulans:  concealing  its  real  contents. — subsidio: 


152 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

19  Gr.  350;  G-r.  233;  H.  390,  i;  ii,  Note  2;  so  usui  in  1.  35.  The  second 
datives  ei  and  eis  are  readily  supplied.  34.  hortaturque:  this  verb 
has  two  object  clauses,  ne  .  .  .  deficiant,  and  (ut)  parent  (ea)  quae  usui 
.  .  .  sint.  The  ut  with  parent,  is  implied  in  the  preceding  ne.  For 
the  subjv.  in  the  rel.  clause  quaeque  .  .  .  sInt,  G  633 ;  Gr.  320 ;  H.  503,  i. 
36.  familiaribus  suis:  appos.  to  pauc's,  instead  of  the  part,  gen  which 
the  English  familiarly  uses ;  strictly,  with  a  few,  who  were  his  intimates. 

G.  368,  R.  2;  Gr.  216,  e;  H.  397,2,  Note. — ccnsiliujnque  .  .  .  constituit: 
and  expressed  his  determination  to  take  measures  for  flight.  With 

20  consilium  fugae  capere,  cf,  consilium  sibi  capturum,  p.  11,  8,  1. 

cum  (quum):  introduces  non  consentiret,  ageret,  colloqueretur,  and 
fugeret. — cum  oratione:  see  on  p  19,  22.  3.  quam  .  .  .  consuesset: 

attraction  of  mood,  where  the  indie,  is  more  common.  G.  666 ;  Gr.  342 ; 

H.  529,  ii.  For  the  form  see  on  commemorasse,  p.  15, 22, — superiori¬ 
bus  diebus  :  previously. — suis  :  sc.  familiaribus,  p.  19,  36.  5.  con¬ 

cilia  .  .  .  fugeret:  while  at  the  same  time  he  avoided  all  meetings  and 
general  assemblies.  An  adversative  conjunction  is  omitted  lor  rhetori¬ 
cal  effect.  — ^res :  the  real  answer  of  Pompey. 

6-10.  re-scripserat :  had  written  hack,  replied.  The  letter  of  Pem- 
pey,  written  Feb.  17th,  is  preserved  among  those  of  Cicero.  7.  rem: 
his  cause. — neque  .  .  .  voluntate:  and  that  it  was  not  at  his  advice  or 
wish  that,  etc.  9.  fuisset:  fuerit  inO.  R  ;  see  on  p.  16,  18.  10. 

veniret:  see  on  p.  16,  6. — Id  .  .  .  fiebat:  a  remark  of  Caesar’s;  literally, 
that  this  (viz.  joining  Pompey)  could  not  he  done,  was  hrougJit  about  by 
the  siege,  and  the  enclosure  of  the  town.  The  idea  of  preventing  con¬ 
tained  in  the  clause  obsidione  .  .  .  fiebat,  justifies  the  use  of  ne  with 
posset,  instead  of  ut  non.  Freely,  the  impossibility  of  doing  this 
was  owing  to,  etc. 

Chap.  XX.  The  soldiers  in  Corfinium  now  take  matters  into  their  own 
hands,  and,  after  some  discordant  counsels,  arrest  Domitius,  and 
send  word  to  Caesar  that  they  will  open  the  town  to  him. 

12.  prima  vesperi :  sc.  hora  ;  about  5  o’clock  p.m.,  at  this  season. 
— secessionem  faciunt:  held  a  separate  conference.  13.  ita:  with 
colloquuntur,  pointing  forward  to  the  obsideri,  etc. — inter  se:  with 
one  another.  G.  212;  Gr.  99,  d,  196,  f ;  H.  448,  Note.  14.  honestis¬ 
simos  sui  generis:  the  most  reputable  of  their  own  number,  i.e.  of  the 
common  soldiers.  16,  cujus:  obj.  gen. ;  freely,  through  hope  and 
trust  in  whom  they  had  remained  at  their  posts.  17.  projectis:  = 
proditis  ;  ivas  betraying  them  all  and,  etc. — debere  .  .  .  habere:  the 
conclusion  which  follows  from  the  preceding  facts ;  they  ought  there- 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


153 


PAGE 

fore  to  plan  for  their  own  safety.  18.  Marsi:  p.  18,  27.  19.  quae  20 

.  .  .  videretur :  contains  the  thought  of  the  Marsi.  G.  630 ;  Gr.  340 ; 

H.  516,  ii,  N.  21.  post  paulo:  G.  400,  R.  3;  Gr.  250;  H.  423,  N.  2; 
afterwards  hy  a  little,  after  a  little.  The  reverse  order  is  more  com¬ 
mon,  as  p.  24,  5.  22.  ultro  citroque :  to  and  fro.  24.  produc¬ 

tum  .  .  .custodiunt:  hring  forth  and  surround  with  guards.  See  on 
acceptas,  p.  17,  31.  26.  quaeque  imperaverit:  see  on  p,  18, 10. 


Chap.  XXI.  Caesar  defers  entering  the  town  till  morning,  and  re¬ 
mains  with  all  his  troops  under  arms  and  on  the  watch. 

28 — p.  21,  5.  etsi  .  .  .  arbitrabatur  :  although  he  thought  it  very 
important  to,  etc.  G.  382;  Gr.  252,  a;  H.  408,  iii. — quam  primum:  as 
soon  as  possible.  G.  317;  Gr.  93,  b;  H.  170,2.  29.  oppido:  G.  405; 

Gr.  249;  H.  421,  i. — cohortesque:  of  the  enemy.  30.  qua:  adv., 
Qesf)  in  any  way.  31.  quod  .  .  .  intercederent:  because  (as  he  then 
reflected)  great  events  often  happen  in  war  from  small  impulses.  Caesar 
the  actor  is  here  distinguished  (in  the  use  of  the  subjv.)  from  Caesar 
the  writer.  G.  541;  Gr.  341,  R. ;  H.  516,  ii.  33.  temporis:  subj. 
gen.,  afforded  by  the  night.  35.  jubet:  these  orders  are  given  to  the 
soldiers  of  Domitius.  36.  certis  spatiis  intermissis:  abi.  abs.,  leav¬ 
ing  fixed  intervals.  2.  sed  .  .  .  expleant:  but  in  a  continuous  line  of  21 
outposts  and  detachments,  so  that  they  were  in  contact  with  each  other 
and  manned  the  whole  of  the  ramparts.  3.  tribunos  militum  et 
praefectos  :  App.  Ill,  9,  10.  5.  caveant,  asservent  :  G.  546,  R.  3; 

Gr.  331,  f,  R;  H.  499,2;  Caesar  uses  also  cavere  aliquid,  in  the 
sense  of  quardinq  against  anything,  and  other  writers  cavere  ali¬ 
quo.  Cf.p.  24,36. 

6-10.  Neque  vero  .  .  .  quisquam  omnium :  and  not  a  single  one  in 
/uc^.— animo:  G.  402;  Gr.  251;  H.  419,  ii.  7.  qui  .  .  .  conquieverit: 
as  to  fall  asleep  during  that  night.  For  the  perf.  instead  of  the  imp. 
subjv.,  G.  513;  Gr.  287,  c;  11.495,  vi.  8.  summae  rerum:  the  decisive 
result. — ut .  .  .  traheretur  :  that  one  was  hurried  in  one  direction, 
another  in  another  by  his  thoughts  and  feelings,  =  that  all  were  carried 
away  by  various  thoughts  and  feelings,  as  they  wondered  what  would 
happen,  etc.  G.  306;  Gr.  203,  c;  H.  459,  1.  10.  Lentulo:  cf.  p.  18, 

20,  with  note.— accideret,  exciperent:  subjv.  in  ind.  questions,  repre¬ 
senting  accidat  and  excipiant  in  O.R.,  which  are  really  futures ; 
excepturi  essent  would  have  been  also  correct.  G.  514,  515,  R.  3; 

Gr.  110,  a;  H.  496,  i.— qui  quosque  :  what  fate  would  overtake  (lit. 
receive)  each. 


154 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

21  Chap.  XXII,  Towards  morning  Lentulus  Spinther  comes  to  Caesar 
to  beg  for  his  own  personal  safety,  and  goes  back  re -assured. 

11-21.  vigilia:  The  Romans  divided  the  time  from  snnset  to  sun¬ 
rise  into  four  equal  parts,  12.  Lentulus  Spinther  :  see  on  p.  18, 13. 
15.  prius  .  .  .  quam  .  .  .  deducatur  :  Gr.  579;  Gir,  340;  H.  520,  i,  2. 
The  verb  really  contains  the  purpose  of  the  soldiers  in  accompanying 
Lentulus  so  closely.  19.  quod  per  eum  .  .  .venerat:  in  that  hy 
his  (Caesar’s)  efforts  he  had  entered,  etc.  This,  and  the  following 
illustrations  of  the  beneficia  Caesaris,  are  verified  by  Caesar  himself, 
as  the  indie,  shows.  They  may  also  have  been  specified  by  Lentulus. 
— collegium  pontificum :  App.  11,15. — quod  .  .  quod  .  .  .  quod:  repe¬ 

tition  for  ironical  emphasis ;  the  per  eum  is  to  be  used  with  all  three 
clauses.  20.  ex  praetura :  after  his  praetor  ship,  in  60,  The 

Spains  had  been  assigned  to  Caesar,  but  by  getting  the  people  to  vote 
him  Glaul  (Int.  6),  he  was  able  to  pass  Spain  over  to  Lentulus. — in 
petitione  consulatus :  in  his  canvass  for  the  consulship,  in  57. 

22-30.  maleficii  causa:  for  the  saJee  of  doing  injuries,  bearing 
the  same  relation  to  egressum  (esse)  as  the  following  subjv.  clauses. 
Translate  all  by  theinfin.,  to  do  injury,  etc.  24.  in  ea  re:  in  the 
course  of  this  quarrel,  for  supporting  Caesar,  p,  13,  27. — expulsos: 
translate  by  a  relative  sentence;  so  oppressum  below.  27.  ut  .  .  . 
liceat  petit:  sc  sibi  ;  begged  for  permission  to  return,  etc. — quod 
.  .  .  impetraverit  fore:  the  fact  that  he  had  obtained  his  request,  etc., 
would  be,  etc.;  quod  is  a  conj.,  the  verb  used  absolutely,  and  the  whole 
clause  is  subj.  of  fore.  28.  reliquis  . . .  solatio:  G.  350;  Gr.  233;  H. 
390,  i. — ad  suam  spem:  with  a  view  to  their  own  hope  (of  safety). 
29.  ut  .  .  .  cogantur:  that  they  felt  constrained  to  take  their  own  lives; 
consulere  durius  in  aliquid,  de  aliqua  re,  or  simply  alicui 
r  e  i ,  =  ^0  take  measures  too  severely  against  something,  which  is  an 
euphemism  for,  or  softened  way  of  saying,  to  destroy. 

Chap.  XXIII.  In  the  morning  Caesar  dismisses  his  prisoners  un¬ 
harmed.  He  scorns  to  use  the  money  even  of  his  worst  enemy, 
Domitius,  but  enlists  his  soldiers  and  marches  into  Apulia 
towards  Brundisium  (Feb.  20th). 

34.  Lucius  Rubrius  :  mentioned  only  in  this  place.  36.  decuri- 
22  onum  :  see  on  p,  17,  9.  1.  Hos  omnes  :  Caesar  does  not  even 

mention  Vibullius  Rufus,  whom  we  know  to  have  been  captured 
also.  Cf.  Chap.  15  and  34.  2.  a  .  .  .prohibet:  shielded  from.  3. 

quod:  namely  that,  giving  the  contents  of  pauca. — a  parte  eorum: 


NOTES.— BOOK  1. 


155 


PAGB 

on  their  part.  Gr.  388,  R.  2;  Gr.  260,  b;  H.  434,  i.  4.  incolumes:  22 
not  even  requiring  an  oath  not  to  serve  against  him.  Cicero’s  letters 
show  us  that  this  conduct  of  Caesar  after  his  capture  of  Corfinium  won 
him  hosts  of  friends  throughout  Italy.  People  were  dreading  a  repeti¬ 
tion  of  the  horrors  of  the  last  civil  war,  v/hen  indiscriminate  murder 
followed  victory.  5.  HS  LX  :  =  sestertiorum  sexagies  cen¬ 
tena  milia,  6,000,000  sestertii,  or  about  $250,000.  See  Lex. 
sestertius. — in  publico:  sc.  aerario.  6.  duumviris:  the  full 
title  was  duumviri  juri  dicundo.  They  were  often  called  freely 
consules  or  praetores.  See  on  p.  18,  6.  7.  ne  .  .  .videatur: 

i.e.  that  he  might  be  seen  to  be  just  as  loath  to  take  the  money  of  his 
enemies  as  their  lives.  9.  in  stipendium:  for  wages,  to  pay  the 
soldiers. — Milites  .  .  .jubet:  Caesar  requires  the  soldiers  of  the  enemy, 
who  had  just  been  fighting  against  him,  to  take  the  oath  of  enlistment 
and  allegiance  to  him,  and  then  boldly  trusts  them  as  he  does  his  own 
tried  troops.  He  sends  them  to  Sicily  (34),  whence  Curio  takes  them 
with  him  to  Africa.  They  cause  him  trouble  there.  See  ii,  chap.  28- 
33.  11.  juslumque  iter  :  though  he  does  not  start  until  after  noon, 

Caesar  hastens  so  as  to  make  a  full  or  ordinary  day’s  march  of  nearly 
twenty  miles.  For  Pompey,  who  had  been  planning  for  two  years 
what  he  would  do  in  case  of  a  civil  war,  and  had  decided  to  imitate 
Sulla  and  raise  a  vast  army  in  the  East  with  which  to  return  and  con¬ 
quer  Italy — Pompey  was  hurrying  on  to  Brundisium.  Domitius  had 
saved  him  from  ignominious  capture  by  delaying  Caesar  seven  days  at 
Corfinium.  Still,  even  without  ships,  Caesar  hopes  to  prevent  Pom- 
pey’s  flight  to  Greece,  and  even  to  capture  him  and  so  put  a  speedy 
end  to  the  war.  12.  The  Marrucini,  Frentani,  and  Larinates,  like 
the  Marsi  and  Peligni,  were  originally  independent  though  closely  re¬ 
lated  peoples,  which  had  gradually  passed  from  being  enemies,  to  allies 
and  subjects  of  Rome,  and  had  received  the  Roman  franchise. 


d.  The  vain  Attempt  to  intercept  Pompey  at  Brundisiam« 

Chap,  xxiv — xxix. 

Chap.  XXIV.  Pompey  now  hurries  off  to  Brundisium,  collecting  his 
troops  as  he  goes.  Some  of  them  go  over  to  Caesar,  who  sends 
to  Pompey  another  request  for  a  personal  interview. 

14-23.  his  .  .  .  cognitis:  according  to  Cicero,  Pompey  started  from 
Luceria  for  Brundisium  before  the  fate  of  Corfinium  was  known,  and 
this  is  probable.  See  on  justumque iter,  1. 11. — ad  Corfinium:  about  or 


156 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

22  Cii-  Cf.  ad  urbem,  p.  13,  21.  15.  Luceria:  a  very  important  strong¬ 

hold  in  N.  W.  Apulia,  made  a  Roman  colony  about  314,  connected 
directly  by  road  with  Capua.  Pompey  had  made  it  his  headquarters 
for  some  time.  The  distance  from  here  to  Brundisium  was  about  130 
miles  S.  E. — Canusium  :  another  important  town  of  Apulia,  famous 
for  having  served  as  a  refuge  to  the  Roman  armies  after  the  fatal 
battle  at  Cannae.  16.  Brundisium:  in  Calabria,  colonized  by  the 
Romans  in  244.  It  had  a  famous  harbor  commanding  the  Adriatic, 
and  became  the  chief  naval  station  of  the  Romans  for  the  East,  being 
almost  always  the  point  of  departure  for  and  return  from  Greece  and 
Asia.  The  distance  across  to  Dyrrhachium  (1.  35)  was  only  about  90 
miles.  17.  jubet:  in  a  letter  to  the  consuls,  Lentulus  and  Marcellus, 
which  has  been  preserved  among  Cicero’s  letters. —  iis  equos  attribuit: 
converts  them  into  cavalry.  Cf.  p.  18, 2.  19.  Alba:  see  on  p.  18,  26. 

20.  Tarracina:  an  ancient  town  of  Latium,  at  the  foot  of  the  Pomp- 
tine  marshes,  a  halting  place  for  travelers  over  the  Appian  Way.  21. 
Vibius  Curius:  mentioned  only  in  this  connection.  23.  nonnullae 
.  .  .  aliae:  =  aliae  .  .  .  aliae. — agmen:  infantry. 

24-31.  Reducitur.  .  .  deprensus  ex  itinere:  was  captured  on  the 
march  and  brought.  See  on  p.  22,  3,  a  parte  eorum.  25.  N.  Magius 
Cremona:  Numerius  Magius  of  Cremona  (Cremonensis  is  more 
common  than  the  simple  abl.  of  place  from  which),  Romyey's  chief 
engineer,  or  commander  of  the  “sappers  and  miners.”  App.  Ill,  14. 
He  was  probably  sent  out  by  Pompey  from  Brundisium  to  reconnoitre ; 
cf .  re-mittit,  1.  26.  Caesar  was  therefore  nearing  the  city,  —fabrum :  = 
fabrorum.  26.  ad  id  tempus:  up  to  that  time,  —  ad  hoc  tempus 
in  0.  R.  See  on  illo  tempore,  p.  15,  1.  27.  atque  ...  sit  venturus: 

naive  and  innocent,  as  though  he  was  coming  for  anything  but  to  cap¬ 
ture  Pompey.  28.  reipublicae,  salutis :  G.  381 ;  Gr.  222 ;  H.  406,  iii. 
29.  se  .  .  .  colloqui:  subj.  of  interesse. — neque  .  .  .  disceptetur:  nor 
indeed  was  the  same  advantage  gained  at  a  long  journey’’ s  distance, 
when  their  terms  were  carried  to  and  fro  by  others,  as  would  be 
gained  if  they  discussed  all  these  terms  face  to  /acc.— idem:  acc.  of 
the  inner  object,  subj.  of  the  passive  profici,  and  correlative  to  ac 
si.  G.  604;  Gr.  312;  H.  513,  ii. — profici  :  proper  compounds  of 
facio  form  the  regular  passive,  instead  of  using  f  i  o . — longo  .  .  . 
spatio:  abl.  abs.,  implying  a  condition  parallel  to  ac  si .  .  .  discep¬ 
tetur.  31.  disceptetur:  pass,  impers. 

Chap.  XXV.  Caesar  also  hastens  to  Brundisium,  and  finding  that 
Pompey  is  still  there  with  a  part  of  his  troops,  attempts  to 
blockade  the  harbor  (Mar.  9th). 


NOTES.— BOOK  1. 


157 


PAGE 

32-35,  veteranis  iii:  the  8th,  12th,  and  13th,  making  30  co-  22 
horts;  see  on  p.  15, 11.  33.  ex  novo  delectu:  p.  16,  31;  18,  29. — in 

itinere  compleverat:  about  8  cohorts  who  deserted  Lentulus  (p.  18, 15) 
and  were  afterwards  enlisted  by  Caesar  (p.  18,28);  the  7  of  Lucretius 
and  Attius  (p.  19,  15,  21);  the  6  of  Manlius  (1.  19);  the  3  of  Lupus 
(1. 20) ;  24  cohorts  in  all.  The  six  cohorts  still  necessary  to  make  up  the 
3  legions  besides  the  veterans,  are  easily  accounted  for  by  such  indefi¬ 
nite  references  as  p.  17, 18;  18, 11;  22,  23.  This  leaves  the  22  cohorts 
of  new  recruits  from  the  province  (p.  19,  37)  and  all  the  cohorts  formed 
from  the  new  drafts  in  Italy  (see  above  on  ex  novo  delectu)  to  be  used 
as  garrisons  for  towns  or  for  commanding  Rome,  and  does  not  include 
the  30  cohorts  captured  at  Corfinium  (p.  19,  6),  of  which  those  enlisted 
specially  under  Domitius  (p.  18,  26 ;  22,  9)  had  been  sent  to  Sicily  (1.  34). 
Remembering  the  6  legions  still  in  Gaul  (see  on  p.  15, 11),  we  can  esti¬ 
mate  the  troops  now  under  Caesar’s  command  at  172  cohorts,  or  over 
60,000  men.  Of  these,  58  cohorts,  or  over  20,000  men,  had  been  Pom- 
pey’s,  and  might  have  been  retained  by  energetic  measures  on  his 
part.  As-  matters  turned  out  he  left  Brundisium  with  only  50  co¬ 
horts  ;  the  two  legions  given  up  by  Caesar,  whom  he  dared  not  trust, 

14  cohorts  which  Cicero  tells  us  he  had  with  these  at  Luceria,  and 
the  remainder  collected  on  his  way  to  Brundisium.  Cf.  1. 16.  If  Pom- 
pey  had  concentrated  his  troops  at  Corfinium  and  shown  a  bold 
front,  Caesar’s  campaign  in  Italy  would  not  have  been  such  a  “prom¬ 
enade.  ” 

35 — p.  23,  7.  consules  .  .  .profectos:  urged  on  to  this  course  by 
Pompey,  who  feared  that  in  their  faintheartedness  they  might  agree  to 
some  of  Caesar’s  propositions  for  peace. — Dyrrhachium:  on  the  coast  of 
lUyria,  famous  in  Greek  history  as  Epidamnus.  It  put  itself  in  charge 
of  the  Romans  about  312.  They  changed  its  name  to  one  which 
sounded  less  ill-omened  to  them.  1.  neque  .  .  .  veritusque  (6):  neither  23 
could  it  he  found  out  for  certain  whether  (-ne). or  (an). . . ;  and  fear¬ 
ful  lest,  etc.,  etc.  The  indirect  disjunctive  or  double  question  (G.  460, 

463 ;  Gr.  211;  H.  353, 1),  together  with  the  intermediate  clause  of  pur¬ 
pose  quo  .  .  .  posset  (see  on  p.  16, 10)  serve  as  subject  of  poterat.  3. 
extremis  .  .  .  Graeciae:  locative  abl.,  expressing  also  means;  hy  occu¬ 
pying  the  extreme  (or  prominent)  points  on  the  Italian  and  Greek  coasts. 

G.  387;  H.  425,  ii,  1.  4.  ex  utraque  parte:  on  both  sides;  see  on 

a  parte  eorum,  p.  22,  3 ;  this  chapter  contains  five  other  examples. 

6.  ne  .  .  .  non  existimaret :  lest  he  should  not  feel  compelled  to  abandon 
Italy.  G.  552;  Gr.  331,  f;  11.498,  iii,  N.  2. — dimittendam  (esse):  G. 

243 ;  Gr.  129 ;  H.  234.  Caesar  probably  hoped  to  capture  Pompey,  but 
by  stating  his  purposes  thus,  he  makes  his  failure  (chap.  28)  seem  of 


158 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

23  less  consequence.  7.  exitus  administrationesque  :  the  departure 
from  and  free  use  of. 

8-20.  haoc  erat  ratio :  an  extract  from  a  letter  of  Caesar,  describing 
these  works  briefly,  is  quoted  in  a  letter  of  Cicero:  Pompeius  se 
oppido  tenet.  Nos  ad  portas  castra  habemus.  Conamur 
opus  magnum  et  multorum  dierum  propter  altitudinem 
maris.  Sed  tamen  nihil  est  quod  potius  faciamus.  Ab 
utroque  portus  cornu  moles  jacimus,  ut  aut  illum  quam 
primum  trajicere  quod  habet  Brundisii  copiarum  co¬ 
gamus,  aut  exitu  prohibeamus. — qua:  rei.  adv.  of  place.  9. 
moles  atque  aggerem:  a  dam;  moles  =  the  foundation  of  heavy  stones 
thrown  into  the  water,  and  agger  =  the  earth,  wood  and  small  stones 
piled  upon  it.  11.  liongius:  further  out,  i.e.  from  the  shore  into  the 
water. — altiore  aqua:  because  the  water  was  too  deep.  See  on  p.  57,  20. 

continexi'.  held  in  place.  12.  rates.  .  .xxx:  double  rafts  dO  feet 
square;  one  was  placed  above  the  other,  to  increase  the  buoyancy. 
13.  e  regione:  in  a  line  with;  see  on  ex  utraque  parte,  1.  4.  The 
rafts  were  thus  a  continuation  of  each  dam,  stretching  out  into  the 
water  towards  each  other.  16.  aggere:  rubbish;  see  on  1.  9.  18. 

cratibus  ac  pluteis  :  wicTcer-work  and  breastworks,  probably  cov¬ 
ered  with  skins  to  make  them  fireproof. — in  quarta  quaque  earum: 
on  every  fourth  one  of  these  rafts,  and  so  at  intervals  of  about  100 
feet.  19.  quo  commodius:  see  on  p.  16,  10.  20.  defenderet: 

sc.  e  a  s ,  the  rafts  with  their  covering  of  earth  and  rubbish.  Portions 
of  these  works  of  Caesar  are  thought  to  have  been  recently  excavated 
at  the  narrow  entrance  to  the  inner  harbor  of  Brindisi,  which  is  now 
choked  with  sand. 

Chap.  XXVI.  Pompey’s  counter-preparations.  Caesar,  who  has  all 
along  been  restrained  by  the  hope  of  coming  to  terms  with  Pom- 
pey,  after  another  fruitless  attempt  to  bring  about  an  interview, 
enters  on  the  war  in  earnest. 

22.  Ibi:=:in  eis.  23.  cum  ternis  tabulatis:  cf.  the  descriptive 
gen.  used  in  1. 19.  27.  haec:  these  military  operations.— ut .  .  .  non 

existimaret :  as  not  to  feel  compelled  to  abandon  his  propositions  for 
peace. — dimittendas  (esse):  see  on  1.  6.  30.  miserat:  sometime  after 

p.  22,  26,  for  Caesar  himself  writes,  in  a  letter  quoted  by  Cicero :  misit 
ad  meN.  Magi um;  quae  visa  sunt  respondi.  To  this  an¬ 
swer  of  Caesar’s  Magius  brings  no  reply.  31.  omnibus  rebus:  see 
on  p.  14,  27. — in  eo:  in  this  course.  32.  perseverandum:  sc.  sibi. 
G.  353 ;  Gr.  232 ;  H.  388.  Cf .  dimittendam,  1. 6,  dimittendas,  1. 28,  where 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


159 


PAGB 

datives  are  also  to  be  supplied,  like  sibi,  p.  24,  8.  Translate  by  the  23 
active  personal  construction,  that  he  must,  etc.  34.  eum:  Libo. 

35.  ipse:  Caesar. — coiloqucrotur :  he  allowed  to  confer  with,  as  if  = 
ut  colloqui  liceret.  Observe  that  in  the  sequence  of  tenses,  the 
two  histor.  presents  mandat  and  postulat  are  differently  used.  1.  24 
fore  ut .  ,  ,  discedatur:  the  result  would  he  that  they  would  Jay  down 
their  arms  on  even  terms;  see  on  p.  16, 12.  2.  cujus  rei:  subj.  gen., 

accruing  from  this  result.  3.  illo  .  .  .  agente:  abl.  abs.,  through  his 
influence  and  activity.  5.  quod  .  .  .  absint:  a  part  of  the  message, 
really  repeated  by  the  sine  illis.  7.  aliquando:  at  last.  8.  et  de 
bello  agendum :  and  that  he  must  prosecute  the  war  in  earnest,  as  if 
indeed  his  splendid  successes  up  to  this  point  had  been  gained  with  no 
really  serious  effort. 


Chap.  XXVII.  On  the  return  of  his  ships  from  Dyrrhachium,  Pompey 
himself  prepares  to  cross,  and  to  prevent  Caesar’s  interference. 

15.  sub  ipsa  profectione:  in  the  midst  of  his  very  departure;  con¬ 
trast  sub  noctem,  1.31,  towards  night.  16.  inaedificat:  barricaded 
houses  and  streets;  'vicos  =  hlochs  of  houses,  or  even  quarters  oi  the 
city.  17,  ibi:  =  in  eis  fossis;  cf.  p.  23,  22.  18.  Haec  :  sc. 

opera. — inaequat:  levels  off,  i.e.  makes  even  with  the  rest  of  the 
street.  20.  maximis  :  very  large.  G.  316;  Gr.  93,  b;  H.  444,1. — 
atque  eis :  and  that  too,  sharp  ones,  and  sharpened  at  that.  G.  293, 
R.  2;  Gr.  195,  c;  H.  451,2.  22.  expeditos:  App.  Ill,  3,  c,  end.  23. 

raros:  pred.  adj.,  here  and  there.  24.  constituit:  arranged.  25. 
expedito  :  free  from  obstacles,  open,  convenient. — actuaria  navigia: 
row-boats,  in  which  a  sail  could  be  rigged  when  wanted. 


Chap.  XXVIII.  Favored  by  the  citizens,  Caesar  enters  the  city  just 
after  Pompey  sets  sail,  but  succeeds  in  capturing  only  two  ships 
with  their  crews  (March  17th). 

27.  Caesaris  rebus:  Caesar's  cause.  28,  cognita:  to  the  citizens. 

— concursantibus  .  .  .  occupatis  :  abl.  abs.,  by  their  (the  troops  of 
Pompey)  assembling  and  getting  ready  for  this.  29.  vulgo  .  .  .  sig¬ 
nificabant :  they  (the  citizens)  signaled  it  (earn  rem,  i.e.  profec¬ 
tionem)  generally  from  the  tops  of  their  houses.  31.  quam  .  .  . 
facultatem  :  any  chance  for  action. — sub  noctem:  see  on  1.  15.  33, 

quod  convenerat:  which  had  been  agreed  upon.  35.  vallum  cae¬ 
cum  :  the  hidden  palisades;  cf.  1.  17.  2,  reprehendunt  repre-  26 


160 


CAESAR\S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

25  hensas :  seize  and  at  once  overpower ;  the  participle  indicates  that  the 
action  of  the  verb  of  which  it  is  a  repetition  is  quickly  over. 

Chap.  XXIX.  Caesar’s  reasons  for  not  at  once  pursuing  Pompey. 

3.  ad  spem :  with  a  view  to  his  hope.  4.  maxime  probabat :  thought 
it  hy  far  the  best.  6.  confirmaret  :  see  on  deducatur,  p.21, 15. — 
ejus  roi:  involved  in  this  course ;  see  on  cujus  rei,  p.  24,  2.  8.  prae¬ 

sentem  .  .  .  sui:  the  immediate  power  of  pursuing  him,  i.e.  the  power  of 
immediately  pursuing  him.  9.  relinquebatur  ut .  .  .  essent  ex¬ 
spectandae:  lit.,  it  remained  that  ships  must  be  waited  for  (hj 'him, 
see  on  perseverandum,  p.  23,  32);  freely,  the  only  alternative  was  that 
he  must  wait  for  ships,  viz.  in  case  he  decided  to  pursue  Pompey  as 
soon  as  possible.  10.  a  freto  :  sc.  Siculo  ;  the  ships  are  meant 
which  carried  the  cohorts  of  Domitius  to  Sicily,  p.  22,  34.  12.  vete¬ 

rem  exercitum  :  sc.  confirmari  in  fide  Pompeii;  the  seven 
veteran  legions  of  Pompey  in  Spain.  If  Caesar  pursued  Pompey,  these 
might  march  on  Home. — duas  Hispanias:  H.  Citerior,  and  II.  Ulterior, 
acquired  in  206  by  Scipio  from  the  Carthaginians,  and  ever  since  then 
regarded  as  of  almost  equal  importance  with  Italy.  The  richer  and 
stronger  province,  H.  Citerior,  was  bound  to  Pompey  by  his  great  ser¬ 
vices  in  putting  an  end  to  the  Sertorian  war  twenty  years  before  this, 
and  in  reorganizing  the  government.  In  H.  Ulterior  Caesar  had  made 
many  friends  during  his  governorship  in  61.  See  Int.5.  14.  tentari: 
be  tampered  with,  and  perhaps  won  over  by  larger  promises  than  Caesar 
had  made. 


e.  Caesar’s  Movements  and  Measures  in  Italy  before  setting  out 
upon  the  Spanish  Campaign.  Chap,  xxx— xxxiii. 

Chap.  XXX.  Caesar  sends  troops  to  Sardinia  and  Sicily,  which  are 
both  then  abandoned  by  their  Pompeian  governors. 

15-23.  in  praesentia  :  for  the  present ;  cf.  praesentem,  1.  8.  16. 

duumviris:  see  on  p.  22,  6.  18.  deducendas  curent:  have  them 

brought  to  B.  G.  431 ;  Gr.  294,  d ;  H.  544,  U.  2.  — Sardiniam :  this  island, 
formerly  subject  to  Carthage,  had  been  made  a  Homan  province  about 
238,  though  the  inhabitants  were  not  fully  subdued  or  thoroughly  gov¬ 
erned  for  a  century  after.  Caesar’s  first  efforts  are  to  secure  the  three 
great  grain  provinces,  Sardinia,  Sicily,  and  Africa.  Pompey’s  design, 
on  the  other  hand,  was  to  raise  a  large  fiect  with  which  to  cut  off  all 
grain  convoys  and  so  starve  Italy  into  dissatisfaction  with  Caesar,  then 


NOTES.— BOOK  L 


161 


PAGK 

to  invade  and  conquer  it  with  his  Eastern  armies.  19.  legatum:  as  25 
legate,  pred.  appos. ;  cf.  pro  praetore,  as  propraetor.  See  App,  II,  12. 

— Siciliam:  acquired  by  the  Romans  in  241.  Its  enormous  productive¬ 
ness  made  it  of  the  utmost  importance  to  them,  though  it  led  to  the 
most  wanton  abuse  and  plunder  by  Roman  officials.  20.  legionibus 
ii:  from  the  six  engaged  at  Brundisium  (see  on  p.  22,  32);  the  three 
not  mentioned  in  this  sentence  Caesar  afterwards  takes  to  Marseilles 
(p.  28,  21),  garrisoning  Italy,  so  far  as  was  necessary,  with  troops  from 
new  levies.  Curio  finds  the  two  legions  of  Domitius  already  in  Sicily 
(see  on  p.  22,  33),  and  so  has  a  force  of  four  legions  at  his  command. 

Cf.  p.  62,  28.  21.  Africam:  this  province  embraced  now  the  terri¬ 

tory  of  Carthage  at  the  close  of  the  third  Punic  war  in  146,  viz. ,  the 
two  districts  of  Zeugitana  and  Byzacium,  or  the  north  and  east  parts 
of  what  is  now  the  regency  of  Tunis,  recently  occupied  by  the  French, 
to  the  disgust  of  Italy. — traducere  exercitum:  this  campaign  of  Curio 
is  described  at  length  in  ii,  chap.  23-44.  22.  M.  Cotta:  mentioned 

only  here. — sorte:  see  on  p.  14, 10.  23.  obtinere  debebat:  ought  to 

have  'been  holding,  and  would  have  held,  had  he  not  been  prevented 
from  doing  so,  as  narrated  in  the  next  chapter.  G.  246,  R.  2;  Gr.  308, 
c;  H.  476,4;  537,1. 

23-36.  Caralitani:  the  people  of  Caralis,  the  chief  city  of  Sardinia, 
in  the  southern  part. — simul  :r=simul  atque;  see  on  p.  19, 17.  24. 

profecto:  abl.  abs.  with  eo  supplied,  referring  to  Valerius.  27.  re¬ 
ficiebat:  was  having  repaired.  28.  Lucanis  Bruttiisque:  the  names 
of  the  peoples  are  used  for  the  countries,  as  often.  These  two  most 
southern  districts  of  Italy  had  suffered  terribly  from  both  parties  in  the 
second  Punic  war,  and  the  Bruttii  were  not  admitted  to  alliance  with 
Rome,  but  kept  in  a  menial  state  on  account  of  their  sympathy  with 
Hannibal.  The  Lucani  were  virtually  wiped  out  of  existence  as  a 
separate  people  by  Sulla,  in  revenge  for  their  having  aided  Marius. 
Citizenship  had  been  bestowed  in  89  upon  all  Italians  who  did  not 
revolt  in  the  Social  War,  or  who  laid  down  their  arms  within  a  certain 
time.  33.  qui  suscepisset:  G.  627;  Gr.  320,  e;  H.  517.  35.  omnia 

.  .  .  confirmavisset :  had  assured  them  that  he  had  everything  com¬ 
pletely  ready  for  war.  For  the  repetition  of  the  same  idea  for  emphasis 
in  apta  ac  parata,  projectum  ac  proditum  {utterly  betrayed),  see  on 
cognitum  compertumque,  p.  13,  34. 

Chap.  XXXI.  The  state  of  affairs  in  Sardinia,  Sicily  and  Africa. 

1.  Nacti:  see  on  p.  15,  25;  the  word  here  agrees  with  the  two  subjects  26 
of  perveniunt,  and  vacuas  with  the  two  objects  of  nacti.  These  sub- 
11 


162 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

26  jects  and  objects  are  arranged  in  chiastic  order.  G.  684;  Gr.  344,  f; 
H.  562;  cf.  p.  17,  28.  2.  Tubero:  cf.  p.  25,  22.  3.  cum  imperio: 

acting  as  governor,  though  the  imperium  had  not  been  legally  given 
him.  4.  supra:  chap.  13.  5.  exfuga:  inflight;  see  on  p.  23,  4 

6.  vacuam:  it  had  been  abandoned  by  the  propraetor  of  the  previous 
year.  7.  hominum.  .  .conanda:  having  found  means  (aditus)  to 
do  this  l)y  reason  of  his  hnowledge  of  men  and  places  and  his  acquaint¬ 
ance  with  this  province.  9.  annis:  see  on  paulo  p.  20,  21. — ex 
praetura:  see  on  p.  21,  20.  The  year  of  his  praetorship  is  not  known. 
12.  sublatis  ancoris :  transl.  by  an  infin.  coord,  with  excedere. 

Chap.  XXXII.  Caesar  quarters  his  army,  goes  to  Rome,  and  presents 
his  case  and  his  demands  to  the  senate  (April  1-3). 

13-23.  reliquum  tempus :  the  time  remaining  before  the  intended 
campaign  in  Spain.  14.  intermitteretur  :=vacuum  relinquere¬ 
tur.  15.  ad  urbem:  not  in  urbem;  see  on  aderat,  p.  11, 15. — 
Coacto  senatu:  i. e.  those  members  of  it  who  had  not  gone  with  Pom- 
pey,  a  mere  remnant.  The  tables  are  turned  now,  and,  in  the  absence 
of  the  consuls,  the  two  tribunes  who  had  been  violently  expelled  three 
months  before,  convene  the  senate,  outside  the  city  (cf.  p.  13,  31). 
17.  legitimo  tempore  :  the  legal  time,  viz.  ten  years,  counting  from 
his  first  consulship  in  59.  See  Int.  7.  19.  Latum  (esse) .  .  .  ut .  .  . 

haberetur :  that  a  motion  had  been  made  .  .  .  that  his  claims  (upon  the 
consulship)  should  he  considered,  etc.  See  on  p.  15,  33-34,  and  Int.  8. — 
ab  X  tribunis  plebis:  i.e.  unanimously.  Cf.  App.  II.  7.  21.  dicendi 

.  .  .  extrahente:  often  consumed  time  hy  delay  in  speahing,  i.e.  by 
talking,  as  every  senator  had  the  right  to  do,  “against  time,”  i.  e. 
about  matters  not  connected  with  the  motion  under  discussion,  in  order 
to  delay  and  possibly  prevent  its  passing  on  that  day;  cf.  our  “filibus¬ 
tering.”  22.  cur.  .  .passus  esset:  the  infin.  is  the  more  usual 
idiom  in  such  a  rhetorical  question  in  0.  0. ;  see  on  p.  16,  4.  23.  se 

uti  populi  beneficio :  an  obj.  clause  with  prohibuisset ;  his  enjoying, 
etc.  Cf.  p.  15,  31. 

24 — p.  27,  4.  cum  .  .  .  postulavisset:  since  the  proposal  to  dismiss 
both  armies  had  come  from  him.  Cf.  p.  16,  7.  25.  in  quo:  i.e.  di¬ 

mittendo  exercitum.  26.  isLctvocw.^  esset',  would  incur.  G.  515, 
and  R.  1 ;  H.  496,  ii,  N.  2.  27.  (id)  in  se  recusarent:  since  they  re° 

fused  in  their  own  case,  what  they  required  of  an  opponent. — omnia 
permisceri:  utter  confusion,  anarchy ;  cf.  p.  14, 18.  29.  in  .  .  .  legi¬ 
onibus:  cf.  p.  11,  23.  30.  in  .  .  .  tribunis  :  cf.  chap.  5. — condici¬ 
ones  .  .  .  latas  :  cf.  chap.  9.  31.  expetita  colloquia  :  cf.  p.  16,11; 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


1G3 


pion 

22,  29  ;  23,35.  33.  illis.  .  .  non  futurum:  he  would  not  hurden  27 

them;  the  pronoun  =  vobis  in  0.  R.  1.  ad  quos  .  .  .  significari :  the 
contents  of  Pompey’s  remark;  that  those  who  had  ambassadors  sent 
them  were  thereby  recognised  as  the  lawful  authority.  Pompey  was 
arguing  against  sending  1  e  g  a  t  i  to  Caesar.  Cf.  p.  12,28.  3.  haec 

.  .  .  videri:  such  hesitation  clearly  hetohened,  eic. — aiiimi:  G.  365;  Gr. 

214,  c;  H. 402. — operibus :  =  r e b u s  bello  gestis.  4.  studuerit: 

=  studui  in  0.  R. ;  see  on  miserit,  p.  15,  86. 

Chap.  XXXIII.  The  senate  delays  to  act  on  Caesar’s  recommenda¬ 
tions  through  fear  of  Pompey,  and  Caesar,  after  several  days  of 
fruitless  waiting,  sets  out  for  Spain  (April  5th). 

5.  rem  .  .  .  de  mittendis:  the  motion  to  send,  etc. — sed  .  .  .non 
reperiebantur :  hut  men  could  not  he  found  to  send.  G.  632;  Gr.  317; 

11.  497,  i.  6.  timoris  causa:  =  timore.  8.  eodem.  .  .loco: 
that  he  would  treat  alike.  9.  remansissent,  fuissent:  fut.  perfs.  in 
0.  R.  11.  subjicitur  .  .  .  qui  .  .  .  distrahat  :  was  instigated  .  .  .  to 
delay. — L.  Metellus :  the  most  known  of  him  is  in  this  connection. 

12.  hancx'em:  cf.  1.  5. — reliquasque  res :  among  these  was  the  taking 
possession  of  the  public  treasury  (see  on  p.  17,  25),  from  which  Caesar 
is  said  to  have  taken  about  $17,000,000,  overcoming  the  opposition  of 
Metellus  by  threats  of  death.  Cicero  claims  that  this  conduct  made 
Caesar  very  unpopular  in  Rome.  People  had  thought  him  rich  enough 
to  carry  on  the  war  at  his  own  expense.  15.  ab  urbe:  see  on  ad 
urbem,  p.  26, 15,  and  ab  Arimino,  16,  29.  Caesar  left  the  praetor  M. 
Lepidus  in  charge  of  affairs.  Cf.  p.  61, 35. 

C.  THE  CAMPAIGN  IN  SPAIN  AND  INVESTMENT  OF 
MASSILIA.  CHAP.  XXXIV— LXXXVII. 

a.  The  Investment  of  Massilia.  Chap,  xxxiv-xxxvi. 

Chap.  XXXIV.  On  the  way  to  Spain  Caesar  learns  that  Massilia  has 
closed  its  gates  against  him. 

20.  Corfinio:  with  dimiserat;  cf.  p.  22,4.  21.  Massiliam:  a 

very  ancient  city,  probably  founded  by  Greeks  before  the  Persian  wars. 

Its  Greek  name  was  Massalia.  It  had  always  been  on  friendly  terms 
v/ith  Rome,  giving  and  receiving  favors  ever  since  the  second  Punic  war. 

It  was  now  the  port  of  entry  and  exit  for  Gaul,  and  could  not  be  left  in 
allegiance  to  Pompey  without  endangering  that  province.  Cf.  p.  25, 14. 

22.  Igili:  an  island  between  Corsica  and  Etruria.  The  name  is  con- 


164 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

27  strued  here  like  those  of  towns.  G.  412;  Gr.  258,  c;  H.  426,1. — Cosano: 
the  territory  of  Cosa,  a  town  in  S.  W.  Etruria,  opposite  Igilium. — 
colonis  :  tenants.  23.  praemissos  .  .  .  domum  :  seni  liome  (from 
Rome)  in  advance  (prae-).  25.  nova  oflicia,  veterum  .  .  .  benifici- 
orum:  some  of  these  are  mentioned  in  the  next  chapter.  Massilia  had 
helped  the  Romans  greatly  during  the  campaigns  in  Gaul,  and  Caesar 
had  not  left  them  unrewarded.  Pompey’s  favors  were  nearly  thirty 
years  old.  See  p.  28,  7  if.  28.  antiquitus  erant:  had  long  been 
under  their  protection.  31.  Castellis:  outlying  fortresses  to  protect 
the  territory  of  the  city. 


Chap.  XXXV.  Caesar’s  arguments  with  the  chief  men  of  Massilia 
produce  merely  a  doubtful  declaration  of  the  city’s  neutrality  as 
between  him  and  Pompey. 

1 

33 — p. 28,  5.  XV  primos:  the  senate  of  Massilia  consisted  of  600 
members;  fifteen  of  these  formed  a  special  committee,  and  three  of 
these  latter  were  the  chief  executive  ofiBcers  of  the  city.  35.  auctori- 
28  tatem:  example.  2.  ex  auctoritate:  officially,  i.e.  by  decree  of  the 
whole  senate.  4.  Neque.  .  .virium:  it  was  neither  for  their 
judgment  nor  strength  to  decide,  etc.  The  dispute  did  not  come  within 
their  jurisdiction,  and  they  were  not  powerful  enough  to  interfere. 
For  the  genitives,  see  on  p.  17,10.  5.  habeat:  subjv.  in  an  ind. 

question ;  why  not  haberet? 

7-12.  patronos:  peoples  and  cities  were  wont  to  select  certain 
prominent  men  at  Rome  to  represent  their  interests  there.  Such  were 
called  patroni,  a  title  which  was  often  a  mere  matter  of  compliment. 
— civitatis:  i.e.  Massilia. — quorum  alter.  .  .  auxerit:  no  mention  of 
these  things  is  made  elsewhere.  It  is  most  probable  that  the  first  alter 
'  refers  to  Caesar  (taking  up  the  preceding  names  in  inverse  order),  con¬ 
sidering  his  great  influence  in  southern  Gaul.  The  conquest  of  the 
S  a  1 1  y  e  s  was  perhaps  made  by  Pompey  on  his  way  to  the  Sertorian  war 
in  Spain,  in  77.  Cf.  p.  27,25. — Volcarum  Arecomicorum :  the  Are- 
c  o  m  1  e  i  were  a  part  of  the  powerful  tribe  of  Volcae,  who  dwelt 
between  Narbo  and  the  Rhone.  Translate  therefore  the  first  name  as 
an  adj.  The  Helvii  lived  further  north,  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Rhone.  8.  publice:  in  the  name  of  the  state,  i.e.  by  decree  of  the 
(Roman)  senate. — iis:  strictly  we  expect  sibi,  since  the  language  is 
that  of  the  Massaliots,  but  Caesar  says  iis  from  his  own  point  of  view 
as  narrator.  G.  521,  R.  5;  H.  449,1,  2).  9.  Saliyas:  a  Greek  noun 

of  the  3’^  '  deck  10.  paribus  .  .  .  beneficiis  :  abl.  abs  ;  since,  etc. — • 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


165 


PAGE 

tribuere :  sc.  i  i  s ,  viz.  Pompey  and  Caesar.  12.  urbe  aut  portibus :  28 
see  on  partibus,  p.  23,  3. 

Chap.  XXXVI.  Even  this  declaration  the  Massaliots  at  once  violate 
by  receiving  Domitius.  Caesar  then  hastens  to  invest  the  city. 

13.  pervenit  :  cf.  profectum,  p.  27,20.  14.  summa  .  .  .  permit¬ 

titur  :  he  was  made  commander-in-chief.  16.  quas  ubique  pos¬ 
sunt:  as  many  as  they  could  anywhere.  17.  parum  .  .  .  instructis: 
sc.  iis  ;  those  whose  iron  work,  or  wood  work  and  tackling  were 
incomplete;  abl.  with  utuntur.  19.  frumenti:  G.  371;  Gr.  216,  a,  3; 
H.397,3. — in  publicum  conferunt:  they  made  public  property,  confis¬ 
cated.  20.  accidat:  sc.  ea,  referring  to  obsidionem ;  in  case  this 
happened.  21.  legiones  tres:  probably  the  forces  mentioned  p.  26, 

14.  See  also  on  p.  25,  20.  Caesar  seems  to  have  arrived  at  Massilia 
towards  the  end  of  April,  and  begun  the  negotiations  with  the  city 
which  were  broken  off  by  their  reception  of  Domitius.  These  soldiers 
then  could  have  taken  a  few  days  to  rest  after  their  hard  work  in  the 
Italian  campaign,  and  then  have  proceeded  by  slow  marches  towards 
Spain,  arriving  near  Massilia  just  as  Caesar  saw  that  the  place  must  be 
besieged.  22.  turres  vineasque:  the  former  were  built  up  in  stories 
to  overtop  the  walls  of  a  besieged  city  and  enable  the  besiegers  to  drive 
away  the  city’s  defenders,  and.  even  to  storm  the  walls  over  draw¬ 
bridges  let  down  from  the  towers ;  sometimes  the  battering  ram  was 
worked  in  the  lower  story.  Vineae  were  covered  and  movable  gang¬ 
ways,  made  fire  and  missile-proof,  under  which  the  besiegers  could 
work  close  up  to  the  enemies’  walls  and  undermine  them ;  both  were 
built  at  a  distance  and  then  moved  on  rollers  up  to  the  city  walls. 

23.  Arelate:  abl.  of  “place  v/here  a  large  and  powerful  city  at  the 
head  of  the  delta  of  the  Rhone,  formerly  the  chief  city  of  the  Sallyes, 
modern  Arles.  It  is  first  mentioned  in  history  here.  24.  a  qua  die: 

=ab  ea  die  qua  ;  see  onp.  13,  24. — materia:  timber ;  cf.  1. 17.  25. 

D.  Brutum,  C.  Trebonium:  two  of  Caesar’s  murderers. 

b.  Opening  of  the  Spanish  Campaign  by  Fabius.  Chap,  xxxvii — xl. 

Chap.  XXXVII.  While  thus  delayed  at  Massilia,  Caesar  sends  Fabius 
forward  to  occupy  the  mountain  passes  into  Spain. 

28.  Fabium:  slightly  mentioned  in  the  B.  G.,  now  assigned  to  a 
very  important  duty.  29.  legionibus  iii :  see  on  p.  15, 11. — Nar¬ 
bone:  a  very  old  commercial  town  commanding  a  fertile  valley  and 


166 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

28  the  main  road  to  Spain,  made  so  strong  by  Roman  favor  and  Roman 

colonists  as  to  rival  Massilia  successfully.  It  gave  its  name  to  the  ' 
province.  It  lay  just  opposite  Massilia  on  the  Gallic  gulf.  32. 
Reliquas  legiones:  see  also  on  p.  15, 11.  34.  ex  saltu:  not  the  pass 

near  the  sea-coast  through  which  the  great  Roman  road  to  Tarraco 
passed,  but  a  smaller  one  toward  the  west,  opening  directly  into  the 
valley  of  the  Sicoris,  on  whose  west  bank  Pompey’s  legates  were  posted. 
35.  magnisque  itineribus:  see  on  p.  18,  24. 

Chap.  XXXVIII.  The  arrangements  of  Pompey’s  legates  to  defend 
Spain. 

29  1.  demonstratum  est :  cf.  p.  27, 19.  2.  Hispaniam  citeriorem 

.  .  .  ulteriorem:  see  on  p.  25, 12.  The  further  province  seems  here  to 
have  been  divided  into  two  districts.  These  were  made  separate  prov¬ 
inces  by  Augustus,  Baetica  andc^Lusitaniu  (Portugal).  3.  alter  .  .  . 
tertius  :  =  Varro,  Petreius,  as  appears  from  what  follows. — saltu  Cas¬ 
tulonensi  :  a  mountain  range  named  after  the  town  of  Castillo  in 
southern  Spain,  part  of  the  modern  Sierra  Morena.  4.  Vettonum: 
a  tribe  X.  E.  of  the  Lusitani.  10.  Celtiberiae  :  the  central  part 
of  H.  Citerior  or  Tarraconensis,  modern  Arragon  ;  dat.  after 
imperantur,  like  Lusitaniae,  Cantabris  and  barbaris.  The  Canta¬ 
bri  were  on  the  extreme  northern  coast  of  this  province,  13.  ad 
Ilerdam:  near  Ilerda,  a  city  of  X.  E.  Spain,  modern  Lerida,  in  a  com¬ 
manding  position  made  impregnable  by  rivers  and  mountains. 

Chap.  XXXIX.  Enumeration  and  partial  description  of  the  opposing 
forces. 

16.  scutatae  .  .  .  et  cetratae  .  .  .  cohortes  :  the  soldiers  equipped 
with  large  and  heavy  shields  (scutum),  or  v/ith  small  and  light  ones 
(cetra),  i.c.  heavy-armed  and  light-armed  troops,  not  organized  into 
.  legions,  and  serving  as  auxiliaries.  10.  legiones  .  .  .vi:  cf.  p.  28, 
29,  32.  19.  Auxilia  :  as  auxiliaries  Tic  had  sent - thousand  foot¬ 

men,  etc.  The  word  is  contrasted  with  legiones,  and  includes  all  the 
troops  mentioned  in  the  rest  of  the  sentence.  Cf.  App.  Ill,  4.  20. 

superioribus  bollis  :  his  previous  campaigns  in  Gaul.  This  body  of 
horse  he  had  taken  from  Gallia  Xarbonensis,  at  the  beginning  of  his 
governorship  in  58,  the  second  he  had  enlisted  in  that  part  of  Gaul 
wLich  ho  had  himself  conquered  in  53-49.  22.  nobilissimo  quoque 

evocato:  G.  C05;  Gr.  93,  c;  II.  458,1. — hue  .  .  .  optimi  generis  homi¬ 
num:  in  addition  to  these  {he  had  sent) - of  the  very  best  leind  of 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


167 


PAGE 

men,  etc.  The  numeral  on  which  hominum  depends  has  fallen  out  29 
here,  as  in  1.  19.  The  hue  implies  an  adjecerat  in  the  leading  verb 
praemiserat.  23.  Aquitanis  :  a  people  just  west  of  Gallia  Narbo¬ 
nensis,  inhabiting  one  of  the  three  parts  into  which  Caesar  divides  the 
yet  unconquered  Gallia,  B.  G.,i,  1.  They  had  given  hostages  to  Cae¬ 
sar  during  his  last  campaign. — Galliam  provinciam:  i.  e.  Gallia 
Transalpina,  or  Narbonensis,  to  be  carefully  distinguished 
from  Gallia  Cisalpina,  since  both,  as  well  as  the  country  which 
Caesar  conquered,  are  often  loosely  called  simply  Gallia.  Cf.  Int.  6. 

24,  per  Mauritaniam  .  .  .  iter .  .  .  facere  ;  it  was  not  an  improbable 
rumor,  that  Pompey,  hearing  that  Caesar  had  gone  to  Spain,  was  sail¬ 
ing  thither  with  re-enforcements,  stopping  on  the  way  at  Mauritania  to 
break  its  alliance  with  Caesar.  See  on  p.  14,  2.  26.  mutuas  pecunias 

sumpsit :  borrowed  money.  28.  quod  :  in  that.  29.  voluntates ; 
see  on  p.  17, 3. 


Chap.  XL.  The  first  skirmish  of  the  campaign.  The  forces  of  Fabius 
become  separated  by  the  breaking  of  one  of  his  two  bridges  over 
the  Sicoris,  and  a  part  of  them  is  at  once  attacked  by  the  enemy, 
but  soon  re-enforced  by  the  other  part,  which  comes  by  the  second 
bridge  to  their  relief. 

30.  litteris:  letters,  as  p.  86,  7;  more  often  a  single  letter,  as  p.  11, 1. 

32.  inter  se  :  from  each  other;  see  on  p.  20, 13. — His  pontibus:  by 
means  of,  over  these;  see  on  p.  23,  3.  33.  citra  flumen:  on  this 

side,  i.e.  from  the  standpoint  of  Fabius,  who  had  marched  down  on  the 
west  bank,  and  was  now  foraging  on  the  east.  See  on  p.  28, 34.  35. 

faciebant:  crossing  the  river  by  the  great  stone  bridge  of  Ilerda,  next 
to  which  city  they  had  pitched  their  camp.  Cf.  p.  30,  7.  36.  Hue: 

i.e.  to  this  eastern  bank  of  the  river.  1.  egressae  .  .  .  praesidio:  30 
mdrchioig  out  as  convoy  for  the  foragers.  2.  transissent,  sequere¬ 
tur  :  had  crossed,  was  following,  and  therefore  reliqua  multitudo  (4) 
is  the  part  not  yet  over  the  bridge.  6.  aggere  atque  cratibus  :  the 
crates  were  here  thrown  over  the  large  timbers  of  the  bridge  and 
strewn  with  earth  (agger).  In  p.  23, 18,  they  served  as  a  frame  for 
breastworks. — quae:  G.  616,  R.  5;  Gr.  187,  b  (pronouns  are  like  adjec¬ 
tives  in  this);  H.  445,3,  N.  1. — suo  ponte:  see  on  p.  29,  35.  7.  con¬ 

junctum  habebat:  denotes  the  continuance  of  the  completed  action 
which  would  be  expressed  by  conjunxerat.  G.  230;  Gr.  292,  c; 

H.  388,1,  N.  11.  diversamque  .  .  .  constituit:  formed  in  hollow 
square,  lit.  a  double  front  in  two  directions,  i.e.  a  double  front  on  a  line 


168 


CAESAR’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

30  north  and  south,  and  also  on  a  line  east  and  west.  17.  ut  .  .  ute¬ 
rentur  :  namely  that,  etc.,  a  clause  appositive  to  id. 


c.  Caesar’s  Straits  before  Ilerda.  Chap,  xli-iv. 

"  Chap.  XLI.  Caesar  arrives  at  the  camp  of  Fabius,  takes  command, 
marches  to  Ilerda,  in  front  of  which,  after  offering  battle,  he 
intrenches  himself. 

21.  Eo  biduo  :  see  on  p.  19,  26. — sibi  .  .  .  reliquerat :  had  Jcept  as  a 
tody  guard.  24.  Ipse  ;  taking  command  in  person.  25.  impedi¬ 
menta  :  App.  Ill,  16.  26.  triplici  instructa  acie :  App.  Ill,  2,  d. 

27.  castris  Afranii  :  its  position  is  given  p.  31, 19-20.  29.  Potes¬ 

tate  facta :  characteristic  of  Caesar’s  precise  style ;  translate,  upon 
this. — in  medio  colle:  halfway  down  the  hill.  G-.  287,  R. ;  Glr.  193; 
H.  440,2,  X.  1.  30.  per.  .  .dimicaretur:  that  it  was  Afranius’ s 

fault  that  there  was  no  decisive  fight.  Gr.  549;  Gr.  331,  e;  H.  497,  ii,  2. 
32.  intermissis  :  at  a  distance  of.  34.  vallo  :  see  on  p.  19,  30.  35. 

videri  :  he  seen,  not  in  its  usual  meaning  to  seem.  36.  pedum  xv  : 
sc.  in  latitudinem,  of  fifteen  feet  in  width.,  fifteen  feet  wide.  G. 
364,  R. ;  Gr,  215,  b;  H.  396,  v.  The  earth  from  this  moat  could  be 
31  strewn  about  so  as  not  to  attract  notice.  3.  prius  .  .  .  quam  intel¬ 
legeretur  :  see  on  p.  21, 15.  4.  Sub  vesperum  :  see  on  p.  24,  31. 


Chap.  XLII.  Caesar  completely  fortifies  his  position  in  the  face  of 
the  enemy,  and  is  merely  threatened  by  them. 

6.  quod  .  .  .  petendus  :  since  the  material  for  a  rampart  would  have 
had  to  he  brought  from  too  far,  i.e.  in  case  he  had  determined  to  make 
a  vallum  at  once,  instead  of  a  fossa.  G.  599,  R.  3;  Gr.  308,  c; 
H.  511,1,  X.  3,  and  2.  For  agger,  see  on  p.  23,  9.  7.  similem  .  ,  . 

instituit:  adopted  a  similar  plan  of  operations,  i.e.  like  the  one  de¬ 
scribed  in  11, 1-2,  in  that  part  of  the  soldiers  dug  and  part  stood  guard. 

8.  singulaque  .  .  .  munienda:  that  is  (-que),  he  allotted  the  three  sepa¬ 
rate  sides  of  the  camp  which  were  as  yet  unprotected  by  moats  to 
separate  legions  to  he  fortified.  For  the  gerundive,  see  on  p.  25, 18. 

9,  ad  eandem  magnitudinem:  see  on  p.  30,  36.  10.  perfici:  see  on 

profici,  p.  22,  29,  and  cf.  fieri,  p.  30,  36. — expeditas  :  see  on  p.  24,  22. 
13.  proelio  lacessunt:  made  an  attack,  sc.  Caesaris  milites. — 
neque:  =:nec  tamen,  and  yet  Caesar  did  not,  etc.  G.  482,  R.  4;  cf. 
p.  16,  25.  14.  confisus  praesidio  :  see  on  diffisus,  p.  17, 1. — legio- 


NOTES.— BOOK  1. 


1G9 


PAGB 

num,  fossae:  subj.  gen.,  afforded  hy.  15.  longius  :  very  far.  17.  31 
vallo  :  at  last  then  the  camp  was  as  completely  fortified  as  if  the  enemy 
had  been  miles  away.  Cf.  App.  Ill,  19.  18.  reliquerat:  p.  30,  25. 

These  were  probably  auxiliary  cohorts  ;  cf.  p.  29,  19. 


Chap.  XLIII.  In  an  attempt  to  seize  a  position  between  the  enemy 
and  the  town,  Caesar’s  soldiers  are  worsted. 

20.  collem:  just  S.  W.  of  the  city,  the  present  Fort  Garden.  21. 
medio :  see  on  p.  30, 29.  22.  paulo  editior :  a  little  higher  than 

the  rest  of  the  level  space,  someivhat  prominent. — occupavisset:  see 
on  fecisset,  esset  data,  p.  16, 18.  23.  ponte :  see  on  suo  ponte, 

p.  30,  6.  25.  Hoc  sperans  :  therefore ;  see  on  potestate  facta, 

p.  30,  29.  26.  antesignanos  :  App.  Ill,  18.  28.  quae  .  .  .  co¬ 

hortes  :=eae  cohortes  quae.  ‘‘  An  indefinite  substantive,  which 
the  relative  proposition  defines,  is  sometimes  drawn  into  the  relative 
proposition,  taking  the  same  case  with  the  relative.”  G.  618  ;  Gr. 
200,  b  ;  H.  445,9.  31.  aliis  .  .  .  subsidiis  :  when  the  enemy  sent  up 

reinforcements. 


Chap.  XLIV.  The  enemy  have  such  a  strange  style  of  fighting  that 
Caesar’s  soldiers  become  demoralized. 

33.  ut .  .  .  pugnarent:  these  subjv.  clauses  serve  really  as  subjects 
of  erat,  and  may  be  translated  by  the  infin. ;  the  style  of  fighting  which 
the  enemy  used,  was  to  charge  rapidly,  etc.  Genus  is  then  predicate. 

36.  existimarent:  also  depends  upon  the  ut  of  33;  (was)  to  deem  it  no 
dishonor,  in  case  they  tvere  hard  pressed,  to  retire  and  abandon  a  posi¬ 
tion.  1.  genere:  assuesco  and  assuefacio  commonly  take  the  32 
abl.  G.  403,  F.  2 ;  Gr.  248 ;  H.  386, 2 ;  having  become  wonted  to  a  sort 
of  heathen  style  of  fighting.  2,  quod. .  .moveatur:  smce  it  generally 

happens  that  every  soldier  is  much  influenced  by  the  practice  of  those 
districts  in  which  he  has  long  served. — quibus  quisque:  “when  a  rela¬ 
tive  and  demonstrative  proposition  are  combined,  quisque  almost 
always  stands  in  the  relative  proposition,  commonly  (without  emphasis) 
immediately  after  the  relative.”  Gr.  202,  e.  5.  generis:  G.  373; 

Gr.  218,  a;  H.  399,  i,  2. — ab  aperto  latere:  see  on  p.  23,  4.  6.  pro¬ 
currentibus  singulis  :  when  the  enemy  charged  helter -shelter.  7. 

neque  .  .  .  neque:  not  correlative  =  neither  .  .  .  nor,  but  =  and  not .  .  . 
nor,  the  first  introducing  simply  a  negative  explanation  and  para¬ 
phrase  of  suos  ordines  servare,  the  second  an  additional  duty,  viz. 


170 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

32  ^hat  of  tenacity. — signis:  App.  Ill,  17.  8.  dimitti;  translate  as  if 

active,  parallel  with  servare  and  discedere,  aJl  three  depending  on 
censuerant  oportere,  had  made  up  their  minds  that  they  must,  etc. 

Chap.  XLV.  Caesar  charges  upon  the  enemy  with  the  ninth  legion, 
and  routs  them,  but  his  men  pursue  too  far  to  effect  a  safe 
retreat. 

12.  quod  .  .  .  acciderat;  sc.  res  ;  because  things  had  turned  out  con¬ 
trary  to  their  expectation  and  wont.  Pompey’s  old  veterans  did  not  run 
away  from  the  enemy  as  readily  as  his  raw  recruits  in  Italy  had  done. 
17.  dum  .  .  .  volunt  :  =  volentes.  Gr.  572,  R. ;  Gr.  290,  c;  II.  4G7,  hi, 
4.  18.  longius  :  too  far,  limiting  insecuti. — fugientes;  the  fugitives. 

21.  Praeruptus  locus  erat:  the  place  (apparently  a  narrow  terrace)  had 
a  sharp  pitch  toward  the  plain  from  which  Caesar’s  soldiers  had 
charged,  was  perpendicularly  steep  on  both  sides,  and  so  narrow  that 
three  cohorts  inline  of  battle  completely  filled  it.  25.  Ab  oppido 
autem:  but  from  the  town  down  to  this  terrace,  or  narrow  neck  of 
land,  the  ground  sloped  gently  for  a  distance  of,  etc.  26.  Hac;  adv., 
along  this  terrace  our  men  were  retreating.  27.  studio;  cf.  1.  17. 
28.  iniquo;  which  was  an  unfavorable  one,  both  on  account  of  its  nar¬ 
rowness  and  because,  etc.  30.  virtute  .  .  .  nitebantur  ;  struggled 
bravely.  32.  illis:  their  number  was  constantly  increased. 


Chap.  XLVI,  After  a  long  and  desperate  retreating  fight,  Caesar’s 
men  draw  their  swords  and  charge  up  the  slope  toward  the 
town,  and  while  the  enemy  are  still  in  flight,  turn  and  cross  the 
dangerous  terrace  to  the  plain  and  their  camp. 

36.  horis  quinque;  duration  of  time  is  sometimes  expressed  by  the 
33  abl.  G.  392,  11.2;  Gr.  256,  b;  H.  379,1.  1.  telis:  =  pilis.  App. 

Ill,  3,  b.  4.  cohortibus:  of  the  enemy,  as  cohortes  in  1.  2. — non¬ 
nulla  parte;  partially,  though  it  might  be  the  collective  subj.  of  com¬ 
pulsis,  instead  of  cohortibus.  7.  dejectis  atque  inferioribus  ;  very 
low ;  see  on  cognitum  compertumque,  p.  13,  34. — in  jugum  .  .  .  con- 
nititur:  clambered  up  to  the  ridge,  i.e.  the  steep  slope  to  the  plain  from 
the  terrace  ;  see  on  p.  32,  21.  9.  vario  certamine :  now  one  side, 

and  now  the  other  seemed  victorious.  10.  Nostri:  we  would  use  a 
part,  gen.;  see  on  p.  19,  36.  11.  ex  primo  hastato;  App.  Ill,  11,  c. 

12.  ex  inferioribus  ordinibus  :  App.  Ill,  11,  a,  end.  13.  amplius; 
see  on  p.  19,  6.  14.  primi  pili  centurio  :  see  on  p.  17,  20. 


NOTES.— BOOK  L 


171 


PAGH 

Chap.  XL VII.  Both  sides  claim  a  victory.  33 

16.  praefertur:  sc.  ab  utrisque,  which  has  been  incorporated  in 
the  appositional  clause  as  utrique ;  was  advanced  hy  hotli  parties,  viz. 
that  they  had  come  off  victorious.  17.  se  .  .  .  discessisse  exis¬ 
timarent  :  the  latter  word  repeats  with  great  preciseness  the  opinio. 
Translate  as  if  discessissent.  20.  locum  tumulumque:  the 
second  an  explanation  of  the  first;  that  is,  the  mound.  See  on  p.  31, 

8. — quae:  Cr.  616,  R.  3,  ii;  Gr.  199;  H.  445,4.  22.  quod.  .  .  quod 

.  .  .  quod:  repeated  for  emphatic  enumeration,  as  p.  21, 19-20.  Caesar 
seems  unwilling  to  adra  it  an  evident  defeat. 


Chap.  XLYIII.  The  rivers  are  suddenly  flooded,  and  Caesar’s  sup¬ 
plies  cut  off. 

28.  biduo  quo:  two  days  after.  See  on  p.  19, 26;  quo  and  eo  are 
used  where  we  expect  postquam  and  post.  H.  430,  N.  2.  31. 

montibus:  the  snow-capped  Pyrenees. — proluit,  superavit:  sc.  ea, 
referring  to  tempestas,  rain  storm.  34.  supra  demonstratum  est : 
to  be  inferred  from  chap.  41,  but  not  definitely  stated  there.  2.  sup-  34 
portare,  reverti:  dependent  on  poterant  (5).  3.  pabulatum;  G.  436; 

Gr.  302 ;  H.  546 ;  cf.  pabulandi  .  .  .  causa,  1. 12.  4.  commeatus ;  pro¬ 

vision  trains.  5.  Tempus:  season  of  the  year.  6.  hibernis:  the 
word  must  mean  here  winter  granaries,  but  is  not  used  in  that  sense 
elsewhere.  Some  editors  therefore  alter  to  acervis.  The  grain  had 
not  been  harvested,  and  yet  was  not  so  green  that  it  could  be  used  as 
fodder  for  the  beasts.  7.  ac  .  .  .  exinanitae  (erant) :  coordinate 
with  the  clause  Tempus  .  .  .  difficillimum.  The  civitates  must  be 
such  as  lay  between  the  Sicoris  and  Cinga,  on  Caesar’s  line  of  march. 

9.  reliqui:  see  on  frumenti,  p.  28, 19;  anything  of  a  remainder,  any¬ 
thing  left.  10.  quod  :  see  on  quae,  p.  33,  20  ;  which  might  have 
afforded  the  next  lest  relief  for  the  scarcity,  i.e.  if  they  had  not  been 
removed.  See  on  p.  31,  6,  and  cf.  App.  Ill,  3,  c.  14.  regionum:  cf. 
p.  19,  2. — cetrati:  see  on  p.  29, 16.  15.  quibus:  for  whom  it  was 

easy,  etc.  16,  utribus:  inflated  leathern  bags  or  bottles,  on  which 
they  swam. 

Chap.  XLIX.  The  enemy,  however,  is  abundantly  supplied. 

18.  copia  ;  G.  389;  Gr.  248,  c;  H.  421,  ii.  19.  provincia  :  His¬ 
pania  Citerior.  See  on  p,  25, 12.  20.  pabuli :  for  the  beasts. 

21.  facultates:  acc.,  supplies. — pons  Ilerdae:  see  on  p.  29,  35.  22. 


172 


CAESAR'S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

34  integra:  pred.  attributive  of  loca,  the  object  of  praebebat;  gave  ac¬ 
cess  to  the  regions  across  the  river  still  intact.  Gr.  324;  Grr.  186,  c;  H, 
443. — quo:  to  which;  the  rel.  adv.  is  common  in  Caesar  for  the  reL 
pron.  with  a  prep. — omnino  .  .  .  non  poterat:  was  utterly  unable. 

Chap.  L.  Caesar  makes  a  vain  attempt  to  repair  his  broken  bridges. 

26.  perfici:  see  on  p.  22,  29;  its  subj.  is  id  understood,  referring  to 
reficere  pontes;  to  these  words  also  quod  refers.  27.  cum  .  .  .  turn: 
not  only  .  .  .  but  also.  29.  rapidissimo  flumine;  abi.  abs. ;  since  the 
river  was  very  swift.  Cf.  p.  23, 11,  and  see  on  p.  57,  20. 

Chap.  LI.  A  convoy  of  provisions  on  the  way  to  Caesar  from  Gaul 
is  attacked  and  dispersed  by  Afranius. 

31.  habebant:  an  explanation  of  Caesar’s,  not  part  of  the  0.  0.  G. 
630,  R.  1 ;  Gr.  336,  b;  H.  529,  ii,  N.  1,  2). —  flumen:  the  Sicoris.  32. 
Rutenis:  a  tribe  on  the  northern  border  of  Gallia  Narbonensis.  33. 
Gallia:  i.e.  the  part  conquered  by  Caesar.  See  on  p.  29, 23. — fert; 
requires.  34.  cujusque  generis :  of  every  class,  of  all  sorts.  35. 
nullus  ordo:  sc.  iiserat.  36.  suo  quisque:  se  and  suus  gen¬ 
erally  stand  before  quisque,  in  prose.  Cf.  quibus  quisque,  p.  32,  2. 
36  1.  usi:  allowing  themselves,  etc.,  although  within  twenty  miles  of  the 
enemy.  2.  honesti:  of  noble  birth,  as  shown  by  the  next  clause. 
3.  legationes:  these  were  coming  in  response  to  the  appeals  of  the 
legati  Caesaris. — erant .  .  .  erant .  .  .  erant:  see  on  p.  33,  22.  4. 

flumina:  must  mean  here  the  swollen  waters  of  the  river;  cf.  ad  flu- 
men,  p.  34,  31.  6.  de  nocte:  while  it  was  yet  night.  G.  393,  R. ;  H. 

434,  i.  7.  sese  .  .  .  expediunt:  put  themselves  infighting  trim;  see 
on  expeditos,  p.  24,  22.  9.  dum. .  .potuit:  as  long  as  a  struggle  of 

the  same  nature  for  both  parties  could  be  made,  i.e.  cavalry  against 
cavalry.  10.  pauci:  though  few  in  number. — sustinuere :  Caesar  uses 
this  form  of  the  perf.  3'''*  plur.  only  once  more  in  this  history,  p.  103, 
28.  12.  Hoc  .  .  .  momentum  :  the  time  which  this  cavalry  fight 

occupied  contributed  much  to  the  salvation  of  our  party.  — nostris :  the 
crowd  which  the  archers  and  knights  were  escorting.  14.  sagit¬ 
tarii  :  see  on  Nostri,  p.  33, 10.  15.  calonum  :  App.  Ill,  16. — im¬ 

pedimentorum:  pach-horses;  cf.  B.  G.  vii,  45,  magnum  numerum 
impedimentorum.  .  .mulorumque. 

Chap.  LII.  The  famine  prices  of  grain  in  Caesar’s  camp,  and  his 
efforts  to  relieve  the  scarcity. 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


173 


PAGB 

16.  tamen:  although  so  few  were  lost  in  the  affair  just  described,  35 
still,  in  consequence  of  all  these  trouUes,  the  price  of  grain  rose,  17. 
quae.  .  .res;  i.e.  annona. — fere;  generally.  18.  ingravescere  con¬ 
suevit;  is  wont  to  mount  up.  Gr,  238,2;  Gr.  279,  d,  E.;  H.  471,  ii,  3. — 
ad  denarios .  .  .  pervenerat;  App.  Ill,  3,  d.  19.  vires  .  .  .  demin¬ 
uerat;  App.  Ill,  3,  c.  20.  in  dies;  differs  from  quotidie  in  always 
denoting  increase  or  decrease.  21.  tarn;  with  magna,  and  also  se 
.  .  .  inclinaverat,  and  so  much  had  fortune  changed  for  the  worse. 

24.  superioresque  haberentur;  cf.  p.  33, 18.  28.  tutabatur;  tried 

to  relieve ;  the  use  of  the  verb  elsewhere  is  in  the  idiom  suos  ab  in¬ 
opia,  to  relieve  from. 


Chap,  LIII.  The  effect  of  the  news  of  these  things  at  Eome. 

29.  pleniora  .  .  .  uberiora:  freely,  with  additions  even  and  exagger~ 
ations.  G.  312,1 ;  Gr.  93,  a;  H.  444,1,  Cf.  p.  Ill,  13,  where  the  stand¬ 
ard  of  comparison  is  expressed. — Romam  ad  suos  :  see  on  p.  18, 24. 

So  domum  ...  ad  Afranium  below  (32),  =  ad  domum  Afranii.  30. 
perscribebant;  wrote  in  detail  (per-).  32.  magni  .  .  .  fiebant:  great 

throngs  with  warm  congratulations  came  to  the  residence  of  Afranius 
at  Eome.  34.  principes  :  =  p  r  i  m  i ,  to  have  been  the  first  to  bring, 
etc.  35.  ex  omnibus:  instead  of  the  part.  gen.  G.  371,  E.  5;  Gr. 

216,  c;  H.  397,  3,  N.  3. 

Chap.  LIV.  Caesar  extemporizes  boats,  crosses  the  river,  fortifies  a 
position  on  the  other  side,  builds  a  bridge,  and  brings  into  camp 
his  provision  train. 

3,  cujus  generis :  =  e j u s  generis  quod,  attraction  and  incorpora-  36 
tion  of  the  pronoun. — eum:  G.  333;  Gr.  239,  c;  H.  374. — superioribus 
annis :  55  and  54.  B.  G.  iii  and  iv,  4.  usus  Britanniae  ;  his  ex¬ 
perience  in  Britain;,  cf.  p.  26,  7. —  prima  statumina;  lowest  ribs,  next 
the  keel,  forming  the  bottom  of  the  boat.  5.  reliquum  corpus:  the 
rest  of  the  hull  (i.e.  the  sides)  was  woven  together  out  of  withes,  and 
covered  with  hides.  6.  carris  junctis :  one  supporting  the  bow  and 
another  the  stern  of  the  boat.  7.  militesque  ,  .  .  flumen:  G.  330, 

E.  1 ;  Gr.  239,  b ;  H.  376.  8.  continentemque  ripae  collem  ;  a 

hill  which  formed  part  of  the  river-banh.  9.  priusquam  .  .  .  sen¬ 
tiatur:  sc.  ut,  too  soon  to  be  perceived  by.  See  on  p.31,  3.  12. 
commeatus  ;  cf.  p.  34, 31. — qui  .  .  .  processerant:  cf,  p.  34, 3-5.  13. 

expedire :  relieve. 


174 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

36  Chap.  LV.  By  means  of  this  bridge  too  Caesar  makes  a  successful 

foraging  expedition. 

14.  partem  flumen:  see  on  1.  7  above.  17.  cohortibusque.  .  . 
missis:  and  when  light  armed  cohorts  were  sent  to  their  aid,  i.e.  the 
enemy’s  foragers.  See  on  p.  29, 16.  21.  seclusam :  translate  as  a 

finite  verb  coordinate  with  circumveniunt,  etc.  22.  eodem  ponte : 
see  on  p.  29,  33. 

d.  The  Siege  of  Massilia  (continued  from  chap,  xxxvi).  The  first 

Sea-fight.  Chap.  Ivi — Iviii. 

Chap.  LVI.  The  Massaliots  under  the  lead  of  Domitius  prepare  to 
attack  the  fleet  of  Brutus. 

24.  usi:  G.  278,  B. ;  Gr.  390,  b;  H.  550,  N.  1.  26.  tectae:  i.e.  with 

decks  over  the  rowers  for  their  protection. — huc:  =  ad  has  naves; 
see  onp.  29, 33.  28.  supra  :'’p.  27,  38-30.  31.  has.  .  .complet: 

cf.  p.  27,  31-33. 

Chap.  LVII.  The  counter-preparations  of  Brutus,  and  the  opening  of 
the  battle. 

36.  antesignanos :  App.  Ill,  18.  The  tactics  adopted  by  Brutus  made 
their  fighting  qualities  just  as  available  on  sea  as  on  land.  See  below, 
p.  37, 34-38.  By  these  same  tactics  Brutus  had  won  a  naval  victory 

37  over  the  Veneti,  B.  G.  iii,  14-15.  1.  id  muneris :  that  as  a  special 

privilege;  see  on  p.  34,9,  and  cf.  id  munus  legationis,  p.  27,  7.  G. 
371,  R.  1.  2.  manus  ferreas  atque  harpagones:  grappling  irons 

am,d  drags,  both  with  chains  or  ropes  attached,  by  which  they  could  be 
hauled  back  after  being  hurled,  and  with  them  whatever  they  fastened 
to.  7.  nostris  virtute  cedebant:  yield  to  our  men  in  valor,  i.e.  be 
inferior  to  them.  .  8.  modo:  hut  just  now.  11.  suam  probare 
operam :  to  show  what  they  could  do. 

Chap.  LVIII.  In  spite  of  superior  dexterity,  the  Massaliots  are  forced 
to  close  quarters  and  totally  defeated. 

13.  confisi:  see  on  pp.  17, 1 ;  36,  34. — nostros  .  .  .  non  excipiebant: 

dodged  our  sailors  and  so  avoided  their  attacTcs.  14.  quoad  licebat : 
as  long  as  they  were  allowed  to,  etc.  15.  circumvenire  nostros:  i.e. 
attack  them  on  the  flanks.  16.  transcurrentes:  as  they  dashed  past. 
17.  cum  .  .  .  ventum:  when  they  had  heen  forced  into  close  quarters,  in 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


175 


PAGK 

their  various  tricks  of  attacking.  19.  cum .  .  .  turn  (22):  not  only  37 
.  .  .  hut  also,  21.  erant  producti:  had  been  transferred,  or  promoted. 

— neque  .  .  .  vocabulis  .  .  .  cognitis:  abi.  abs.,  but  best  translated  as 
if  coordinate  with  producti  erant,  =  vocabula  .  .  .cognoverant, 
and  who  did  not  yet  (dum)  hnow  even  the  names  of  the  taclcUng.  23. 
subito:  cf.  p.  28, 24. — non. .  .habebant:  lit.,  had  not  the  same  advan¬ 
tage  from  speed,  i.e.  were  not  so  swift.  Caesar  often  dwells  at  length 
on  the  disadvantages  under  which  he  or  his  men  labor,  as  if  to  enhance 
the  glory  of  the  victory  which  follows  in  spite  of  them.  So  he  seems 
fond  of  describing  the  arrogant  confidence  which  his  enemies  feel  after 
a  victory  over  him,  since  it  only  heightens  the  effect  of  his  ultimate 
triumph  over  them.  Cf.  chap.  53,  and  especially  iii,  72,  82-83.  24. 

dwax. .  .di?ixet\xx’.  provided  only  they  got  a  chance,  etc.  Gr,  575;  Gr. 

328;  H.  513,  i.  25.  aequo  animo:  calmly.  27.  diversi:  in  both 
directions,  off  both  sides  of  their  own  ship;  see  on  p.  30, 11.  31.  in¬ 

tereunt:  were  lost. 

e.  Caesar’s  Successes  before  lierdu.  Chap,  lix — Ixii, 

Chap.  LIX.  Caesar’s  cavalry  keep  the  enemy  more  and  more  shut  up 
in  the  city. 

32.  Hoc  primum  .  .  .  simul:  first  this  good  news  was  brought .  .  . 
and  at  the  same  time,  etc.  33.  lUi:  the  enemy.  34.  alias  .  .  .  pabu¬ 
labantur,  alias  .  .  .  fugiebant :  sometimes  ..  .at  other  times,  now .  .  . 

'  now,  etc.  The  first  explains  minus  libere,  the  second,  minus  audacter. 

36.  angustius:  within  narrower  limits.  2.  ex  medio  itinere:  see  on  38 
p.  22, 24.  3.  sarcinis:  App,  III,  3,  c. — fugiebant:  its  conjunction  is 

omitted,  and  they  were  wont  to  flee  either  when  ...  or  when,  etc. — Pos¬ 
tremo  :  at  last. 

Chap.  LX.  Many  neighboring  Spanish  peoples  join  Cupar’s  cause. 

5.  Oscenses,  Calagurritani,  etc. :  all  tribes  and  cities  of  X.  E.  Spain. 
Some  of  the  names  still  remain,  as  in  Huesca,  Calahorra,  Tarragona, 
Spanish  cities  of  to-day.  13.  signa:  App.  Ill,  17,  b. — ex  statione: 
cf.  p.  31,  28.  15.  expedita:  see  on  p.  36, 13.  16.  auxiliis  legio- 

niun:  the  re-enforcing  legions  ;  see  on  p.  31,  14.  17.  dicebantur:  see 

on  p.  29,  24. 

Chap.  LXI.  Caesar  begins  works  designed  to  make  the  Sicoris  forda¬ 
ble  near  Ilerda,  and  the  enemy  thereupon  decide  to  evacuate 
the  city. 


176 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

38  20.  magno  circuitu:  cf. p.  36,  7.  21,  locum:  about  tria  milia 

passuum  up  the  river,  as  we  gather  from  p.  40, 10-11.  26.  mul¬ 
tum  .  .  .  valebat:  cf.  p.  29, 19-22.  27.  ipsi  .  -  .  excedere:  to  retreat 

themselves,  instead  of  forcing  Caesar  to  do  so,  as  they  had  hoped. — 
Celtiberiam:  see  on  p.  29, 10.  28.  ilia  res,  quod:  that  well  hnown 

fad,  that,  etc.  29.  quae  .  .  .  civitates :  the  noun  incorporated  in  the 
rel.  clause  from  the  preceding  generibus  civitatum;  see  on  p.  31, 
28w — bello:  80-72  B.  C.  See  App.  I,  Sertorius.  30.  victae:  because 
conquered  by  him  (Pompey). — absentis:  see  on  p.  15, 34.  31.  in  ami¬ 

citia  :  i.e.  loyal  to  Rome  and  the  party  of  Sulla.  33.  Hie :  in  Celti¬ 
beria.  34.  suis  locis :  see  on  p.  23,  3,  partibus ;  by  choosing  their 
own  positions ;  suis  often  =  idoneis  in  this  connection.  35.  con¬ 
quirere  :  translate  freely  as  a  passive,  which  is  more  usual  with  jubeo. 
Cf.  p.  32,  7-8,  and  note.  36.  Octogesam :  somewhat  below  the  junc- 

39  tion  of  the  Sicoris  and  Hiberus,  S.  W.  of  Ilerda  (Lerida).  2.  navibus 
junctis  pontem:  a  pontoon  bridge.  4.  pedum  xii:  sc.  in  altitu¬ 
dinem.  The  enemy’s  design  was  to  put  the  Hiberus  between  them 
and  Caesar.  They  would  then  be  in  a  fresh  and  fruitful  country  and 
could  bring  Yarro  up  to  their  support  (p.  29,  7-9). 

Chap.  LXII.  Caesar  hurries  on  his  works  so  that  by  the  time  the 
enemy’s  bridge  over  the  Hiberus  is  reported  nearly  ready,  his 
cavalry  can  ford  the  Sicoris. 

5.  continuato  .  .  .  opere:  abi.  abs.  6.  huc  .  .  .  rem:  had  brought 
matters  so  far  at  last ;  for  reduxerat,  see  on  redditis,  p.  11, 1.  8. 

pedites  .  .  .  exstare  :  but  only  the  shoulders  and  upper  part  of  the 
breast  of  the  foot-soldiers  could  be  above  water.  For  humeris  and 
pectore,  G.  400 ;  Gr.  250 ;  H.  423.  The  infin.  depends  on  possent  sup¬ 
plied  from  the  preceding  clause.  9.  cum  .  .  .  turn :  not  only  ,  .  .  but 
also.  10.  ad  transeundum:  with  reference  to,  instead  of  from 
crossing, =:2i\)  transeundo,  a  construction  used  with  verbs  of  hin¬ 
dering,  delaying,  etc.  Cf.  p.  71,  28.  11.  tamen:  though  Caesar’s  suc¬ 

cess  was  only  partial,  since  only  cavalry  could  cross  the  river,  still,  etc. 

f.  Retreat  and  Surrender  of  Afranius  and  Petreius.  Chap. 

Ixiii — Ixxxvii. 

Chap.  LXIII.  As  soon  as  the  enemy  begin  their  retreat,  Caesar  sends 
his  cavalry  to  hang  on  their  rear  and  harass  them  (July  25th). 

13.  eo  magis:  so  much  the  more;  for  the  abl.  see  on  humeris  above, 
L  8.  16.  traduxerant:  cf.  1.  3.  17.  Relinquebatur  .  .  .  nihil  nisi 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


177 


PAGE 

uti no  alternative  was  left  Caesar  hut  to,  etc.  See  on  p.  25,  9.  39 
18.  male  haberet  et  carperet:  annoy  and  harass. — Pons  .  .  .  ipsius: 
his  own  bridge,  i.e.  the  crossing  by  this.  19.  habebat:  required,  in¬ 
volved  a  long  circuit;  see  on  p.  38,20. — itinere:  for  the  distance  see 
1.  1.  A  two  days’  march.  21.  de  tertia  vigilia:  see  on  pp.  21, 11; 

35,  6.  Between  one  and  two  o’clock  in  the  morning.  22.  novissi-» 
mum  agmen:  the  rear.  23.  morari:  sc.  illos. 

Chap.  LXIV.  Caesar’s  foot-soldiers  clamor  to  pursue,  and-  at  last 
successfully  cross  the  river  and  overtake  the  enemy. 

25.  equitatus  nostri  proelio :  hy  the  attacks  of  our  cavalry,  26. 
novissimos  illorum :  the  same  as  novissimum  agmen,  1.  22,  of  which 
extremum  agmen,  1.  27,  is  a  part.  The  cavalry  overwhelmed  detach¬ 
ments  of  the  rear  guard,  but  were  driven  back  when  the  whole  rear 
guard  (universarum  cohortium  impetu)  faced  about  and  charged  on 
them.  But  a  delay  of  the  rear  guard  meant  a  delay  of  the  whole  army. 

27.  nonnumquam  .  .  .  alias:  =  alias  .  .  .  alias;  see  on  pp.  22,  23;  37, 

34. — sustinere  :  intransitive,  =  halted;  agmen  is  subj.  28.  inferri 
signa:  a  charge  was  made.  29.  conversos:  i.e.  nostros.  For  the 
interchange  of  active  and  passive  infin.  cf.  p.  32,  7-8.  30.  circulari, 

dolere,  adire,  obsecrare:  historical  infins.  with  milites  as  subj.  nom., 
gathered  in  knots  and  lamented,  etc.  Gr.  650;  Gr.  275;  H.  536,  1. 

32.  obsecrare  .  .  .  parceret :  and  begged  them  to  tell  Caesar  not  to  be 
chary  of,  etc.  36.  tantae  magnitudini  fluminis:  highly  emphatic 
for  tanto  flumini.  2.  centuriis:  App.  Ill,  2,  a.  3.  sustinere  40 
non  posse:  unable  to  hold  out;  see  on  p.  39,27.  5.  supra,  infra:  the 

first  to  break  the  force  of  the  current,  the  second,  11.  6-8.  9.  tripli- 

cemque  aciem:  see  on  p.  30,  26.  The  three  lines  marched  in  columns 
of  course  (each  cohort  in  the  figure  App.  Ill,  2,  d,  to  the  right  face), 
one  after  the  other,  or  parallel  to  each  other,  and  did  not  deploy  into 
line  of  battle  until  near  the  enemy.  11.  addito,  interposita:  abi. 
abs.  expressing  concession,  though,  etc.  See  on  p.  38,  21.  12.  qui . .  . 

exissent:  G.  637;  Gr.  320,  e;  H.  515,  iii. — ante  horam  diei  viiii:  i.e. 
between  three  and  four  o’clock,  p.  m.  ‘  ‘  The  hour,  being  uniformly 
of  the  day  or  of  the  night,  of  course  varied  in  length  with  the  length 
of  the  day  or  night  at  different  seasons  of  the  year.”  A  very  large 
proportion  of  the  time  must  have  been  occupied  by  botli  armies  not  in 
marching,  but  in  crossing  the  river,  one  party  by  a  narrow  bridge,  the 
other  by  a  dangerous  ford.  Instead  of  following  the  Sicoris  down  to 
the  Hiberus,  and  this  then  down  to  Octogesa,  Afranius  and  Petreius 
evidently  tried  a  short  cut  through  the  hills. 

12 


178 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

40  Chap.  LXV.  The  enemy  halt  and  assume  the  defensive. 

13.  procul  visos:  as  they  came  into  sight  a  long  way  off.  16.  ne 
.  .  .  objiciat :  so  he  had  rested  them  after  the  march  down  to  Ilerda, 
p.  30,  27-28. — conantes:  sc.  illos.  18.  a. .  .v;  ct  distance  of,  or, 
jive  miles  off.  0.  335,  R.  2;  H.  379,  2,  N.  19.  excipiebant:  lit, 
received  those  taking  this  route,  hence,  followed,  came  next. — Hos 
montes  intrare  cupiebant,  ut  .  .  .  traducerent :  the  hills  along  the 
Sicoris  are  here  separated  from  a  range  stretching  east  and  west  by  a 
narrow  and  rugged  pass,  extending  south  to  the  Hiberus  (Ebro).  See 
note  at  end  of  chap.  64.  23.  Quod  .  .  .  conandum:  this  they  ought 

to  have  tried  and  put  through  at  all  hazards.  See  on  erat  .  .  .  peten¬ 
dus,  p.  31,  6. 


Chap.  LXVI.  Caesar  checks  the  enemy’s  attempt  to  march  on  by 
night.  Both  sides  reconnoitre. 

28.  equitibus:  sc.  nostris.  29.  signum.  .  .  conclamari:  App. 
111,16.  31.  impediti:  explained  by  sub  onere  =  sub  sarcinis. 

41  App.  Ill,  3,  c,  end.  1.  proxima  intercedere:  directly  intervened. 
2.  excipere:  see  on  p.  40,  19.  3.  qui:  see  on  p.  42,  10. — ab  .  .  . 

negotii :  he  would  have  no  trouble  in,  etc. 


Chap.  LXVII.  Afranius  and  Petreius  discuss  whether  to  advance  by 
night  or  by  day. 

7.  prius  .  .  .  quam  sentiretur  :  too  soon  to  he  discovered ;  see  on 
p. 21, 15.  8.  conclamatum  esset:  cf.  p.  40,  30. — argumenti. .  .loco: 

tooh  it  in  place  of  proof,  tooh  it  for  granted.  9.  exiri:  pass,  impers. 
like  veniri,  1.  7,  representing  the  simple  action  in  the  abstract,  with  no 
reference  to  the  persons  performing  it ;  translate  as  if  act. — Circum¬ 
fundi:  used  in  a  reflexive  or  “middle”  sense;  scattered  themselves 
about.  0.  0.  after  a  verb  of  saying  understood.  11.  in  civili  dissen¬ 
sione  :  because  all  restraints  seem  weakened  then,  more  than  in  a  war  of 
defence  or  even  of  conquest.  12.  timori  .  .  .  consuerit:  usually  paid 
more  heed  to  his  fright  than  to  his  military  oath.  13.  At  lucem  .  .  . 
aflerre:  hut  daylight  of  itself,  they  argued,  produced  much  restraint, 
because  all  are  looking,  much  also  was  produced  by,  etc.  16.  omni 
ratione:  see  on  p.  40,  23.  17.  etsi:  even  thoiigh  ;  the  abl.  abs.  alone 

might  express  this  relation. — summa  exercitus :  sc.  p  a  r  t  e  ;  the  greater 
part  of ;  abl.  abs.  with  salva. 


N0TE8.—B00K  I. 


179 


PAGE 

Chap.  LXVIII.  Caesar  starts  on  a  detour  over  the  hills  to  cut  off  the  41 
enemy  from  the  Hiberus. 

20.  albente  caelo:  when  the  shy  was  getting  gray,  i.  e.,  at  early 
dawn,  for  the  more  usual  prima  luce,  p.  39,  24.  24.  Ipsi:  he 

himself  had  to  cross,  etc.  G.  353;  Gr.  232;  H.  388.  26.  per  manus 

.  .  .  traderentur  :  were  passed  along  from  hand  to  hand. — inermi: 
oftener  of  3'’''  decl.  =  inermes.  27.  alii  ab  aliis:  hy  one  another  ; 
see  on  p.  21,  8.  28.  eum:  attracted  from  id  by  finem.  G.  202,  R 

5;  Gr,  195,  d;  H.  445,4.  The  pronoun  is  explained  by  the  appositional 
clause  si  .  .  .  potuissent. 

Chap.  LXIX.  Caesar  deceives  the  enemy  at  first  into  a  belief  that  he 
is  retreating,  but  soon  his  design  is  perceived,  and  both  armies 
engage  in  a  race  for  the  pass  leading  to  Octogesa. 

32.  prosequebantur:  sc.  nostros. — necessarii,  .  .reverti:  gives 
the  gist  of  vooibus. — victus:  gen.  sing.  34.  iri:  sc.  a  nostris, 
and  see  on  p.  41,  9.  35.  laudibus  ferebant:  mentioned  with  praises, 

i.e.  extolled,  congratulated  themselves  on.  36.  castris:  see  on  par¬ 
tibus,  p.  23,  3.  1.  quod:  its  antecedent  is  strictly  id  understood  as  42 

subj,  of  adjuvabat;  without  this  antecedent  quod.  .  .  videbant  serves 
as  subj.,  the  fact  that,  etc. — sine.  .  .jumentis.  .  .profectos  (esse): 
cf.  p.  40, 4.  3.  retorqueri  agmen :  Caesar  probably  marched  down 

from  the  hill  on  which  his  camp  was  pitched  (p,  40,  26)  directly  towards 
Ilerda,  but  then  veered  slowly  to  the  east,  when  the  hills  themselves 
concealed  his  further  march  till  the  head  of  his  column  appeared 
marching  S.  E.  and  already  past  the  camp  (superare  regionem  castro¬ 
rum)  of  the  enemy.  5 .  animum  adverterunt :=:animadve r te¬ 
runt ;  see  on  militesque  .  .  .  transportat,  p.  36,  7. — fugiens  laboris: 
“this  is  the  only  participle  which  Caesar  uses  like  an  adj.  with  the 
gen.,  and  he  does  it  only  in  this  place.”  6.  quin..  .  .  putaret:  as 
not  to  think  it  necessary  to  leave  the  camp  at  once  and  head  Caesar  off. 


Chap.  LXX.  In  spite  of  great  disadvantages  Caesar  wins  the  race, 
occupies  the  pass,  and  cuts  off  a  detachment  of  the  enemy  with 
his  cavalry. 

9.  Erat .  .  .  occuparent :  the  whole  struggle  as  to  which  should  oc¬ 
cupy,  etc.,  depended  on  their  speed.  10.  utri:  which  of  two  ;  so 
prius,  first  of  two.  G.  315,  and  R.  A  rare  exception  in  p.  41,  3,  qui 
prior.  12.  Res  .  .  .  hue  erat .  .  .  deducta:  the  case  was  reduced  to 


180 


CAE8AB.’8  CIVIL  WAB. 


PAGE 

42  this  dilemma.  16.  relictas:  cf.  1.  8.  18.  ex:  after  issuing  from. 

19.  aciem  instruit:  between  the  enemy  and  the  pass  which  they  had 
so  eagerly  desired  to  reach  (p.  40, 19),  while  his  cavalry  were  between 
them  and  Ilerda  or  their  camp.  See  next  sentence.  22.  in  montem 
.  .  .  excelsissimus :  the  highest  hill  anywhere  in  sight.  G.  618,  3'''*  ex¬ 
ample;  Gr.  200,  d;  H.  453,5.  24.  eodem  ....  contenderet:  might 

try  to  gain  the  same  position.  25.  jugis:  along  the  ridges ;  see  on 
pontibus  p.  29,  32.  28.  minimam  partem  temporis:  an  instant. 

Chap.  LXXI.  Caesar’s  soldiers  are  eager  to  make  a  general  attack 
while  the  enemy  are  partially  demoralized. 

30.  bene  gerendae  rei :  for  a  successful  lilow.  32.  sustinere : 
used  absolutely,  as  in  pp.  39,  27;  40,  3;  hold  their  ground.  Cf.  1.  28. 
The  sentence  is  explanatory  of  id,  1.  31.  33.  cum  .  .  .  confligeretur: 

when  the  struggle  should  he  carried  on  in  the  plain,  as  it  would  be  the 
moment  the  enemy  were  dislodged,  or  descended  from  their  hill  for 
water,  provisions,  or  a  retreat.  34.  idque:  i.e.  an  attack  which 
should  so  dislodge  them.  36.  ne  dubitaret:  crying  do  not  hesitate 

43  to  attach.  2.  contra:  adv.,  on  the  other  hand. — multis  rebus  .  .  . 

quod :  in  many  ways,  viz.  hy,  etc.  See  on  omnibus  rebus,  p.  14,  27. — 
suis :  cf .  p.  42,  21-30.  4.  collatisque . . .  signis :  the  abl.  abs.  denotes 

the  cause  of  conferti,  and  this  the  cause  of  neque  .  .  .  servarent ;  and 
because  their  standards  were  all  huddled  together,  they  were  crowded, 
and  so  kept  neither  their  companies  nor  cohorts  intact.  For  signis, 
ordines,  signa,  App.  Ill,  2,  a;  17,  b.  5.  Quod  si:  as  for  which,  if 
—  hut  if.  G.  612,  R.  1,  end;  Gr.  156,  b;  H.  453,6.  6.  datum  iri; 

less  common  than  fore  ut  daretur  with  the  nom.  See  on  p.  16, 12. 

Chap.  LXXII.  But  Caesar  is  not  willing  to  attack,  hoping  to  come  to 
terms  without  loss  of  life. 

8.  in  earn  spem  venerat:  had  begun  to  hope.  10.  quod  .  .  .  in¬ 
terclusisset:  see  on  p.  20,  31.  11.  Cur  .  .  .  amitteret:  why,  thought 

Caesar,  should  he  lose,  etc.  0.  0.  after  a  histor.  tense  supplied. — ex 
suis:  see  on  p.  35,  35.  12.  optime  .  .  .  meritos:  who  had  served  him 

most  faithfully  ;  cf.  p.  17, 12.  13.  cum  non  minus  esset  imperatoris: 

since  it  was  no  less  the  duty  of  Oj  general,  since  it  showed  no  less  general¬ 
ship,  etc.  G.  365  ;  Gr.  214,  d  ;  H.  402.  14.  consilio  :  strategy. 

15.  interficiendos  :  must  he  slain,  in  case  of  a  battle.  16.  rem 
obtinere:  to  win  the  struggle.  17.  plerisque  non  probabatur:  G. 
352,  R. ;  Gr.  232,  b ;  H.  388,  3 ;  cf.  p.  44,  26 ;  did  not  please  the  major- 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


ISl 

PAGE 

tty,  viz.  of  the  officers,  who  nevertheless  held  their  peace.  The  soldiers  43 
however  (vero)  did  not  restrain  their  feelings.  22.  castra:  cf.  p.  42,6. 

23.  referunt:  for  the  more  usual  recipiunt. 

Chap.  LXXIII.  The  perplexity  of  the  enemy,  and  their  efforts  to  get 
water  without  danger  of  attack. 

27.  de  reliquis  rebus:  concerning  the  courses  still  open  to  them. 

28.  Erat .  .  .  si  vellent:  G.  599,  R.  2;  Gr.  311,  c;  H.  511,1.  29. 

Tarraconem:  hut  this  had  joined  Caesar;  cf.  p.  38,  7. — nuntiantur: 
personal  for  the  impersonal  construction,  it  was  announced  that,  etc. 

G.  528;  Gr.  330,  b;  H.  534,1,  X.  1.  31.  cohortium  alariarum:  App. 

Ill,  4.  35.  ipsique:  and  in  person. 

Chap.  LXXIV.  While  Afranius  and  Petreius  are  away  from  the 
camp,  the  soldiers  of  both  armies  arrange  an  armistice,  and 
Caesar’s  hopes  of  avoiding  loss  of  life  seem  fulfilled. 

1.  vulgo:  in  crowds. — quern  quisque:  see  on  p.  32,2.  3.  omnes  44 

omnibus:  put  side  by  side  for  rhetorical  effect.  G.  683;  Gr.  344,  g; 

H.  563.  Cf.  p.  43,  25.  4.  pepercissent  :  cf.  p.  43,  20-22.  5. 

fidem  quaerunt :  inquired  about  the  trustworthiness  of,  etc. — rec- 
tene :  whether  .  .  .  safely,  etc. — illi :  i.e.  imperatori,  Caesar.  6. 
fecerint :  sc.  id,  referring  to  se  commissuri. — armaque :  we  would 
use  an  adversative  conj.,  but  had,  etc.  See  on  p.  14,  13.  8.  provo-' 

cati:  encouraged,  because  Caesar’s  men  answered  favorably. — fidem. . . 
de  .  .  .  vita :  a  pledge  to  spare  the  life  of,  etc.  Cf.  1.  5.  9.  in  se 

.  .  .  concepisse  :  to  have  taken  to  themselves,  i.e.  to  have  harbored, 
planned.  11.  signa  translaturos:  see  on  p.  38,  13.  12.  primorum 

ordinum:  App.  Ill,  11,  a,  end.  13.  invitandi  causa:  to  show  them 

hospitality.  14.  binis:  G.  95,  R.  2;  Gr.  95,  b;  H.  174,  2,  3).  17. 

evocaverant:  sc.  illi,  i.e.  Afranius  and  Petreius.  19.  aditum 
commendationis:  an  introduction.  20.  haberet:  after  per  quern 
=  ut  per  eum.  22.  laetitia:  “Caesar  uses  the  abl.  with  plenus 
only  here;  elsewhere  the  gen. ” — omnia:  the  hearts  of  all.  25.  pris¬ 
tinae  lenitatis:  chap.  72.  26.  a  cunctis:  see  on  p.  43, 17. 

Chap.  LXXV.  Afranius  gives  up  all  for  lost,  but  Petreius  breaks  up 
the  parley  and  forces  the  soldiers  into  their  respective  camps. 

27.  opere:  cf.  p.43,  30-36.  28.  sic  paratus  .  .  .  ut .  .  .  ferret:  sc. 

animo,  disposed  to  bear.  Afranius  was  afterwards  accused  of 


182 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

44  treachery  by  the  more  ardent  friends  of  Poinpey ;  iii,  83,  21.  30. 

non  deserit  sese :  did  not  lose  Ms  presence  of  mind. — familiam  :  see 
on  p.  18,  4. — ^praetoria  cohorte:  App,  III,  13.  31.  beneficiariis: 

soldiers  who,  like  the  evocati,  were  exempted  by  their  commander 
from  the  more  menial  camp  duties;  favorites.  35.  exterriti:  though 
frightened. — sagis:  App.  HI,  3,  a.  The  garment  here  serves  as  a  shield. 

45  2.  in  statione:  cf.  p.  31,  28, 

Chap.  LXXVI.  Petreius  constrains  his  soldiers  to  swear  renewed 
allegiance  to  Pompey,  and  brings  matters  back  to  the  old 
footing. 

4.  manipulos:  App.  Ill,  2.  5.  neu  se  neu .  .  .obsecrat:  i.e.  et 

obsecrat  n  e  se  neu,  etc. — adversariis  .  .  .  tradant :  allow  their  ene¬ 
mies  to  injure.  6.  Pit  concursus  :  stronger  than  concurritur. 
7.  praetorium:  App.  Ill,  19.  8.  sibi  .  .  .  consilium  capturos:  see 

on  p.  11,  8.  10.  ju^urandum:  a  second  acc.  with  adigit,  instead  of 

a  dat.,  or  the  acc.  with  ad  ;  see  on  flumen  transportat,  p,  36,  7.  11. 

centuriatim :  App.  Ill,  2,  a.  12.  idem  :  G.  331,  R.  2 ;  Gr.  240,  a ; 
H.  371,  ii. — quern  quisque:  see  on  p.  32,  2.  13.  productos:  see  on 

reprehensas,  p,  25, 2.  16.  nova  religio:  the  fresh  restraint. 

Chap.  LXXVII.  Caesar’s  course  toward  the  enemy’s  soldiers  found 
in  his  camp. 

18.  qui  milites  .  .  .  venerant:  see  on  p.  31,  28.  23.  priores  or¬ 

dines:  App.  Ill,  11,  a.— in  ,  .  .  honorem:  which  they  had  held  under 
Pompey.  App.III,  9.  All  tribuni  militum  were  equites,  but 
not  vice  versa. 

Chap.  LXXVIII.  The  enemy  are  driven  to  an  attempt  to  regain 
Ilerda,  but  Caesar  follows  and  harasses  them. 

25.  pabulatione:  when  they  tried  to  forage.  27.  frumentum  .  .  . 
efferre:  App.  Ill,  3,  c.  28.  facultates  ad  parandum:  means,  money 
to  huy,  sc.  hoc,  i.e.  frumentum.  29.  insueta  ad :  “ elsewhere 
Caesar  uses  the  gen.” ;  cf.  p.  32,  5.  31.  consiliis  duobus :  cf.  p.  43, 28. 

33.  reliquum  consilium  explicaturos:  develop  a  plan  for  the  future ; 

46  see  on  p.  43,  27.  34.  quo:  ie.  ettanto.  2.  quin.  .  .proelia¬ 

rentur  :  without .  .  .  fighting.  G.  551,  1,  S'"**  Ex.  ;  Gr,  319,  d ;  H. 
504,1,  N.  -• 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


183 


PAGE 

Chap.  LXXIX.  The  tactics  of  the  pursued.  46 

4.  cohortes :  of  the  enemy.  — pluresque  .  .  .  subsistebant :  on  level 
ground  where  Caesar’s  cavalry  could  harass  them,  more  cohorts  than 
usual  were  put  at  the  rear,  so  that  the  main  body  could  go  on  un¬ 
molested.  7.  qui  antecesserant ;  =  antecedentes.  The  omitted 
antecedent  is  subj.  of  protegebant;  cf.  next  line.  9.  morantibus: 
i.e.  iis  qui  succedebant. — equites:  of  Caesar.  13.  eo  sum- 
moto :  and  when  this  had  been  dispersed  to  suddenly  cross  the  valley 
in  a  body  on  the  double  quick,  and  make  a  stand  on  the  other  side. 

16.  tantum  .  .  .  aberant :  so  far  from  getting  help  from  their  own  horse¬ 
men  were  they.  In  this  sense  the  sing,  of  auxilium  is  more  common. 

G.  75,  C  ;  Gr.  79,  c  ;  H.  132.  18.  ultroque:  and  protected  them 

besides,  instead  of  being  protected  by  them.  19.  quin  .  .  .  excipere¬ 
tur  :  see  on  1.  2. 


Chap.  LXXX.  As  the  enemy  try,  by  a  ruse,  to  hasten  forward,  Caesar 
threatens  them  with  infantry  as  well  as  cavalry. 

22.  turn  .  .  .  enim:  in  this  instance  .  .  .  namely.  23.  peragitati: 
‘‘used  only  here  by  Caesar,  and  seldom  by  any  one  else.”  24.  una 
fronte  contra  hostem:  only  on  the  side  toward  the  enemy,  as  Caesar 
had  done,  p.  30,  35,  but  here  as  a  mere  feint.  25.  neque:  but .  .  . 
not;  see  on  p.  44,  6.  26.  constilntdii  pitched.  27.  animum  ad- 

verterimt:  see  on  p.  42,  5.  Cf.  1.  29.  31.  hora  x:  this  order  applied 

only  to  the  pabulatores,  the  equites  he  orders  to  follow  at  once,  36. 
universum :  in  a  body. 


Chap.  LXXXI.  The  enemy  are  forced  to  encamp  unfavorably,  and 
Caesar  begins  to  hedge  them  in. 

1.  idoneum  locum  castris:  App.  Ill,  19.  3.  natura  iniquo :  nat-  47 

urally  unfavorable.  4.  supra :  cf .  chap.  72.  7.  erumperent :  sc.  i  1 1  i , 

a  sudden  change  of  subj. ;  if  they  tried  to  hurry  on.  8.  proferunt: 
pushed  forward,  i.e.  toward  Caesar’s  position,  in  order  to  avail  them¬ 
selves  of  some  more  commanding  ground. — castraque  .  .  .  convertunt: 
and  exchanged  one  camp  for  another.  G.  404;  Gr.  252;  H.  422,  N.  2. 

12.  malo,  malis :  dat.  and  abl. ;  one  evil  is  cured  by  undergoing  others. 

14.  pabulatum:  see  on  p.  34,  3.  15.  male  haberi:  see  on  p.  39,  18. 

16.  quam  proelio  decertare:  rather  than  decide  the  issue  by  a  battle. 

19.  quo  .  .  .  existimabat:  and  to  this  (viz.  repentinas  eruptiones)  he 


184 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

47  thought  they  would  have  to  resort;  quo  =ad  quas.  20.  ad  id: 

1. e.  pabulationem  implied  in  pabuli,  or  eruptiones,  1.  18. 

Chap.  LXXXII.  To  hinder  Caesar’s  siege-works  the  enemy  offer 
battle,  but  neither  side  attacks. 

27.  contra.  .  .  afferebat:  for  the  appearance  (videri)  of  avoidi^ig 
battle,  contrary  to  the  good  opinion  which  his  soldiers  had  of  him,  and 
to  his  reputation  as  a  general  in  the  eyes  of  all,  was  sure  to  damage 
him  gpeatly.  G.  224,  246,  R.  2 ;  Gr.  308,  c ;  H.  476,  4.  29.  cognitae : 

see  on  1.  4. — quominus  .  .  .  vellet:  follows  movebatur  only  as  this 
contains  the  negative  idea  of  being  prevented,  Tcept  back  from ;  he  was 
rendered  unwilling  to  fight.  See  on  p.  30,  30.  30.  hoc  etiam  magis: 

so  much  the  more  also;  see  on  p.  39,  13. — spatii  brevitas  :  sc.  inter 
bina  castra,  as  the  next  sentence  shows.  No  decisive  victory  was  to 
be  won  when  the  vanquished  could  so  soon  retreat  within  fortifications. 
31.  non  multum.  .  .poterat:  could  not  help  much  toward,  i.e.  must 
hinder  greatly  a  decisive  victory.  The  mood  of  poterat  like  afferebat 
in  1.  28.  32.  Non  .  .  .  distabant:  see  on  1.  8.  33.  Hinc:  =  ex  eo 

spatio.  35.  Si.,  .committeretur:  the  thought  of  Caesar,  treated 

48  as  dependent  on  a  hist,  tense.  1.  dabat :  see  on  p.  47,  27. — signa 
inferentibus :  if  they  attacked. 

Chap.  LXXXIII.  At  sunset  both  armies  retire  to  camp  without  a 
battle.  Next  day  the  enemy  try  in  vain  to  cross  the  Sicoris. 

2.  Acies  .  .  .  duplex  .  .  .  triplex:  App.  Ill,  2,  d.  3.  in  subsidiis: 
as  reserve,  forming  really  an  acies  tertia.  4.  alariae  cohortes : 
see  on  p.  43,  31. — sed:  but  on  a  different  plan,  inasmuch  as  he  had 
legionary  cohorts  even  in  the  third  line,  and  brought  his  auxiliaries 
farther  to  the  front,  while  his  cavalry,  not  rendered  useless  by  fright 
as  was  that  of  the  enemy  (p.  46, 15-18),  protected  the  wings.  5.  v 
legionibus:  one  had  been  left  at  the  camp  before  Ilerda,  p.  40,  3.  6. 

suae  cujusque  legionis :  of  their  own  legion  in  each  case  ;  cf.  App.  Ill, 

2,  d,  end.  7.  media  acio:  may  mean  in  the  second  line,  or,  in  the 

intervals  of  his  battle  lines,  i.e.  between  the  legionary  cohorts  of  all 
three  lines ;  better  the  latter.  9.  tenere  propositum :  abide  by  his 
determination,  the  substantive  explained  by  the  clauses  ne  .  .  .  com¬ 
mitteret  and  ut  .  .  .  impediret ;  Caesar  not  to  ..  .  Afranius  to,  etc. 
14.  tentare :  either  histor.  infin.  (see  on  p.  39,  30),  or  dependent  on 
parat.  —  si.  .  .possent:  see  on  p.  13,30.  15.  partem  flumen:  so 

p.  36, 14. 


NOTES.— BOOK  I. 


185 


PAGE 

Chap.  LXXXIV.  At  last  the  enemy  confess  themselves  beaten,  and  48 
ask  for  merciful  terms. 

17.  omnibus  rebus:  see  on p.  14,  27.  18.  jumentis:  the  horses  of 

the  cavalry;  cf. p.  47, 19-21.  20.  et:  we  would  say  hut.  23,  non 

esse  .  .  .  succensendum:  no  anger  ought  to  he  cherished  against,  etc. 

25.  satis  .  .  .  officio:  they  had  satisfied  the  claims  of  duty.  H.  384,4, 

X.  1.  26.  supplicii:  cf.  p.  47, 15.  G.  371;  Gr.  216,  a,  4;  H.  397,4. 

28.  ingressu:  moving  about.  30.  si  .  . .  relinquatur:  if  any  room 
for  pity  was  left.  — ne  .  .  .  habeant :  that  they  might  not  he  obliged  to 
commit  suicide  ;  see  on  p.  21,  29. 


Chap.  LXXXV.  Caesar’s  answer,  and  his  terms. 

33.  nulli ,  .  .  convenisse:  for  no  one  in  the  world  was  this  complain¬ 
ing  or  pitiful  role  less  fitting  than  for  Afranius  and  Petreius.  34. 
reliquos  omnes  :  viz.  Caesar  (se),  exercitum  suum,  illius  exercitus 
milites.  36.  confligere  noluerit:  cf.  chap.  72.  2.  interfectis:  see  49 

p.  45,  13,  and  cf.  1.  9.  3.  conservarit:  cf.  chap.  77. — illius:  agrees 

with  exercitus;  of  the  opposing  army,  as  contrasted  with  exercitum 
suum,  1. 1.  4.  per  se:  of  their  own  accord;  see  chap. 74.  5.  suorum: 

sc.  imperatorum,  p.44,  8-10. — Sic  .  .  .  constitisse:  thus  the  conduct 
of  all  clashes  had  been  based  upon  pity,  had  been  merciful.  7.  induti¬ 
arum  :  the  word  for  a  formal  truce,  which,  of  course,  had  not  been  made. 

12.  humilitate,  opportunitate  :  abis,  of  cause.  13.  quibus  rebus; 

=  aliquas  res  quibus.  16.  alia  de  causa:  for  any  other  reason 
than  contra  se.  17.  tot  tantasque  classes  :  perhaps  a  rhetorical 
exaggeration  of  what  is  mentioned  p.  54,  7;  otherwise  the  allusion  can¬ 
not  be  explained.  18.  pacandas:  conquering,  as  p.  15,  4;  p.  29,  21. 

20.  diuturnitatem  pacis:  since  the  close  of  the  Sertorian  war  in  72. 

21.  in  se:  acc.,  against  him,  like  contra  se  just  before  ;  so  in  11.  24 

and  26,  but  1.  28,  in  se  uno,  abl.,  in  his  case  alone. — novi  generis  im¬ 
peria:  commands  of  a  new  sort,  i.e.  allowing  the  general  to  be  absent 
from  his  army  like  Pompey  (idem).  Int.  7.  23.  tot  annis :  since 

55;  see  on  p.  32,  36.  24.  ex  praetura  et  consulatu:  men  who  had 

been  praetors  and  consuls.  25.  per  paucos  probati  :  cf.  p.  14, 
7-10.  27.  cum.  .  .  evocentur:  when,  for  the  salce  of  raising  armies, 

veterans  of  former  wars  were  called  hack  to  service.  In  his  anxiety  to 
get  evocati  (App.  Ill,  12),  Pompey  had  compelled  many  to  serve  who 
were  really  too  old  and  feeble.  23.  non  servari:  that  privilege  had 
not  been  observed  which,  etc.  31.  exercitumque  dimittant:  and 
then  dismiss  their  army,  perhaps  after  having  entered  Rome  in  tri- 


186 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

49  umphal  procession,  whereas  Caesar  had  been  required  to  leave  his  army 

in  the  province,  p.  12,  7-9.  Cf.  Int.  8.  34.  quo :  abl.  with  utl ;  its 

antec.  is  obj  of  habeant.  35.  Proinde  .  .  .  dimitterent :  Caesar 
suddenly  gives  his  orders  (excedite,  dimittite),  which  become 
imperf.  subjv.  in  0.  0.,  respondit,  p.  48,  33,  which  up  to  this  point  has 
served  as  a  principal,  now  being  treated  as  a  histor.  tense.  In  the 
next  clause  the  old  form  is  resumed. — ut  esset  dictum:  as  had  been 
said,  viz.  11.  14-15. 

Chap.  LXXXVI.  The  soldiers  of  Afranius  force  an  immediate  accept¬ 
ance  of  these  terms  (Aug.  2d). 

50  2.  Id  :  explained  by  the  clause  ut,  qui  .  .  .  ferrent.  3.  ut .  .  . 

potuit :  as  could  he  seen  from  their  very  expressions,  both  by  word  and 
gesture,  as  explained  in  the  next  sentence.  4.  qui  .  .  .  exspectavis¬ 
sent:  see  on  p.  40, 12. — ultro:  not  only  received  no  punishment,  but  a 
reward  cf.  p.  46, 18.  5.  ejus  rei:  i.e.  missionis.  8.  ne¬ 

que  .  .  .  posse :  and  said  it  (the  dismissal)  might  prove  uncertain,  in 
spite  of  every  hind  of  pledge.  10.  res  hue  deducitur :  the  question 
was  thus  settled,  12.  Varum  flumen:  the  eastern  boundary  of 
Gallia  Narbonensis. — ne  quid  .  .  .  cavetur  :  Caesar  guaranteed  that 
they  suffer  no  harm,  and  that  no  one  he  forced  to  enlist  under  him. 

Chap.  LXXXVII.  The  justness  with  which  the  enemy  are  treated 
until  their  final  dismissal. 

16.  quae  .  .  .  sues:  so  far  as  such  things  were  in  the  hands  of  his 
own  soldiers.  17.  iis  qui  amiserant:  to  the  losers.  For  the  indie, 
see  on  p.  34,  31.  20.  in  jus:  for  a  decision.  21.  stipendium  .  .  . 

flagitarentur :  the  passive  construction  with  verbs  of  demanding.  G. 
333,  R,  1;  Gr.  239,  c,  R. ;  H.  374,1.  Translate  freely,  when  the  legions 
demanded  their  pay  from  Petreius,  etc.  22.  cujus  :  =  et  cum  ejus 
(i.e.  stipendii).  23.  cognosceret:  consider  the  case.  24.  Parte 
.  .  .  dimissa:  viz.  those  who  had  homes  in  Spain,  11.  10-11.  25. 

duas  legiones  .  .  .jussit:  from  ii,  19,  11,  we  learn  that  Caesar  sent  two 
of  his  six  legions  into  southern  Spain;  two  he  now  sends  on  ahead 
of  the  defeated  army,  and  behind  it  the  two  still  remaining.  For  the 
case  of  legiones  suas,  see  on  p.  33, 10.  27.  Hoc  ejus  praescripto; 

following  these  directions  of  his,  i.e.  thus  escorted,  the  defeated  army 
between  two  divisions  of  their  conquerors. 

In  forty  days  (ii,  32,  10-13)  Caesar  had  conquered  the  veteran  army 
of  Pompey,  commanded  by  experienced  officers,  strongly  intrenched, 


NOTES,— BOOK  II. 


187 


PAGE 

and  abundantly  supplied.  His  clemency  was  even  greater  than  at  50 
Corfinium,  since  the  defeated  veterans  were  not  even  required  to  enlist 
under  him,  but  dismissed  on  parole.  This  officers  and  men  most  dis¬ 
honorably  broke  to  join  Pompey  in  Grreece  (iii,  88,  7-10). 


BOOK  II. 

N.  B. — In  the  commentaries  on  the  Gallic  War,  each  book  narrates 
the  events  of  a  single  year;  in  those  on  the  Civil  War,  the  events  of 
the  year  49  occupy  books  i,  ii,  and  iii,  1-5. 

A.  SIEGE  OF  MASSILIA.  CHAP.  I— XVl. 

Chap.  I  (a  continuation  of  i,  34-36,  56-58).  Trebonius  makes  the 
usual  preparations  for  a  siege, 

2.  duabus  ex  partibus :  on  two  sides;  seeonp.  23, 4.  3.  aggerem:  51 

a  siege-mound,  not  rubbish  for  one  as  p.  23,  9. — vineas  turresque;  see 
on  p.  28,  22.  4.  Una;  sc.  pars;  on  the  east  of  the  city. — altera 

.  .  .  Rhodani :  the  other  side  where  Trebonius  brought  his  engines  to 
bear  on  the  city,  was  at  that  portion  of  the  city  where  the  road  comes 
into  it  from  Oaul  and  Spain,  near  that  arm  of  the  sea  which  is  next  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Rhone,  i.e.  on  the  north  of  the  city.  7.  quae  ... 
habeat:  such  as  to  afford  access  hy  land.  “Massilia  lay  on  a  recess  of 
the  Gallic  gulf,  upon  a  peninsula-like  promontory,  and  was  connected 
on  its  fourth  side  with  the  mainland  by  an  isthmus  only  1500  paces 
wide.”  10.  habet:  rendered  a  siege  long  and  difficult,  or,  required  a 
long,  etc.  See  on  p.  39, 19.  13.  materiam:  see  on  p.  28,  24.  14. 

aggerem  .  .  .  exstruit :  probably  begun  at  some  distance  from  the  city, 
increasing  in  height  as  it  approached  nearer,  and  designed  eventually 
to  support  siege-engines  of  all  kinds  on  a  level  with  the  city  walls,  or 
even  above  them. 

Chap.  II.  but  unusual  preparations  are  made  necessary. 

16.  tormentorum  :  engines  for  hurling  missiles  of  various  shapes 
and  kinds.  The  propelling  force  in  all  was  the  same  as  that  of  a  bow. 

17.  vineae:  see  on  1.  3.  18.  atque  hi:  see  on  p.  24,  20.  19.  bal- 


188 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

51  listis :  strictly  this  was  the  name  of  a  tormentum  specially  adapted 

to  throwing  stone  missiles,  but  by  later  writers  it  is  often  used  like 
catapulta,  which  was  the  tormentum  built  to  throw  heavy  darts, 
as  here.  So  catapulta  for  ballista,  p.  55,5. — cratium:  hurdles; 
see  on  p.  23, 18;  the  same  as  viminibus  in  1. 17,  of  which  they  were 
made,  20.  porticus;  several  heavily  built  vineae  Joined  together 
under  cover  of  which  the  stuff  for  the  siege-mound  was  brought  up, 
and  so  this  pushed  forward,  proferebatur.  See  on  p.  47,  8.  21. 

hac:=rsub  his. — inter  manus:  hy  hand.  22.  testudo:  a  tortoise. 
Strictly  it  was  the  name  of  the  battering  ram  (aries)  with  its  root 
covering.  The  head  of  the  battering  ram  then  reminded  people  by  its 
motions  of  the  head  of  the  tortoise.  But  the  word  is  used  here  of  the 
heavy  roof  covering  alone,  made  of  enormous  size  (60  feet  square),  and 
furnished  with  a  sloping  front  to  ward  off  missiles  from  the  city. 
It  was  sent  on  ahead  of  the  long  galleries  of  vineae  (porticus),  to 
level  off  the  surface  of  the  ground  (aequandi  loci  causa)  so  that  they 
could  be  easily  moved  forward  on  rollers. — pedum  lx:  sc.  quoquo¬ 
versus.  25.  administrationem :  prosecution  {of  the  siege).  Of.  p.  56, 

52  26.  1.  Albicos:  see  p,  27,  28-30,  i,  56-58.  3.  quae:  refers  to 

eruptiones  and  ignes;  see  on  p.  30,  6. — ultro:  see  on  p.  50,  4.  4. 

fecerant,  rejiciebant ;  both  actions  are  repeated  (iterative),  but  the 
first  before  the  second.  Gr.  569. 

Chap.  III.  Nasidius  is  sent  by  Pompey  with  a  fieet  to  aid  the  Massa- 
liots, 

6.  aeratae:  bronze-plated.  7.  freto:  with  pervehitur  as  abl.  of 
place  and  means;  see  on  p.  29,32.  8.  Curione;  cf.  p.  26, 1-2. — Mes¬ 

sanam:  modern  Messina,  in  N.  E.  Sicily,  always  an  important  city, 
with  a  wonderful  harbor.  About  282  it  was  seized  by  some  Campanian 
mercenary  troops  returning  home  from  Syracuse.  These  called  them¬ 
selves  Mamertini,  or  children  of  Mars.  Through  their  appeals  for 
aid  against  the  Carthaginians  Borne  finally  secured  the  city  and  all 
Sicily  in  the  first  Punic  war  (264-241). 

Chap.  IV.  and  they  eagerly  prepare  to  fight  Brutus  again. 

15.  superius  incommodum  :  cf.  i,  58. — ad  eundem  numerum  :  to 
make  up  the  original  (p.  36,25)  number.  16.  productas:  translate  as 
a  plup.  coordinate  with  those  following.  21.  matrum  familiae :  Caesar 
never  uses  the  gen.  in  -as  ;  G.  27,  R.  1 ;  Gr.  36,  b;  H.  49,1.  22.  sub¬ 

venirent  :  gives  the  contents  of  precibus  ac  fletu,  =  subveniatis  in 


NOTES.— BOOK  IL 


189 


PAGE 

0.  R. ;  tearful  prayers  to  help  the  state  in  Us  extremity.  24,  invisis :  52 
unseen,  a  rare  meaning.  25.  rebus:  abl.  with  both  verbs.  26.  ut 

turn  accidit:  cf.  p.  46,  22,  and  note.  Of  course  only  the  first  part 
(confidamus)  of  Caesar’s  general  statement  is  illustrated  by  the  Massa- 
liots.  They  magnified  the  help  which  Nasidius  was  bringing  them, 
before  they  had  seen  the  ships  or  learned  the  temper  of  their  crews. 

28.  Tauroenta:  acc.  of  Tauro  is,  gen.  -entos,  Greek  3"''  dec!.  It 
was  on  the  coast  S.  E.  of  Massilia,  modern  Tarente.  For  the  case,  see 
on  p.  19, 1.  31,  consilia  communicant:  took  common  counsel. 

\ 

Chap.  V.  Brutus  sails  against  them,  while  those  left  in  the  city 
devote  themselves  to  prayer  for  the  success  of  their  fleet. 

33.  quae  .  .  .  Caesarem  :  see  p.  28,  23.  34.  captivae  .  .  .  sex: 

cf.  p.  37,  29-31.  36.  quos  .  .  .  contemnerent:  for  the  position  of  the 

relative  clause  see  on  p.  15,  2-5.  Supply  eos  with  victos.  3.  pro-  53 
spicere  in  urbem  ut :  to  look  down  into  the  city  and  see  how,  etc.  4. 
superioris  aetatis:  =  senes.  5.  aut.  ..tenderent:  said  of  the 
juventus;  aut .  .  .  exposcerent  of  the  old  and  unwarlike.  The  subjvs. 
are  in  indirect  or  dependent  questions,  introduced  by  ut  (3)  =  quo¬ 
in  o  d  o ,  G.  469 ;  Gr.  334 ;  H.  529,  i,  last  Ex.  but  one.  Madvig  quotes 
under  this  rule,  Vides,  ut  (how)  alta  stet  nive  candidum 
Soracte,  from  Horace.  So  Harper’s  Diet.  8.  quin  .  .  .  existi¬ 

maret :  hut  thought,  who  did  not  think  (quin  =  qui  non)  that  his 
existence  depended  on  the  fortune  of  that  day.  For  in  .  ,  .  casu  .  .  . 
consistere,  cf .  p,  49,  6,  and  note.  9.  honesti :  refers  to  good  birth, 
as  p.  35, 2  ;  amplissimi  to  authority  in  the  state,  most  influential.  11. 
ut .  .  .  viderent :  so  that  they  saw  that  in  case  of  defeat,  there  would 
he  nothing  left  for  them  even  to  attempt.  14.  confiderent :  also 
dependent  on  ut  in  1, 11. 

Chap.  VI.  Both  sides  fight  desperately,  but  two  triremes  of  Massilia 
are  accidentally  disabled  and  sunk. 

16.  acceperant;  cf.  p.  52,  21-22,  17.  hoc  animo  ut:  with  this  feel¬ 

ing,  that  they  seemed  likely  to  have,  etc.  18.  ad  conandum:  used  ab¬ 
solutely  as  in  1.  12. — et  quibus:  sc.  ut,  which  introduces  existima¬ 
rent;  the  antec.  of  the  rel.  is  se.  20.  antecedere  existimarent: 
translate  as  =  antecederent,  the  existimarent  repeating  with  a 
preciseness  foreign  to  our  idiom  what  is  already  implied  in  animo 
above.  See  on  p.  33, 17. — quibus  .  .  .  patienda  :  since,  as  they  rea¬ 
soned,  in  case  the  city  should  he  taken,  they  (the  rest  of  the  citizens) 


190 


CAESAR’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

63  would  have  to  suffer  the  same  fortune  of  war.  They  had  provoked 
Caesar  greatly,  and  they  knew  that  on  Gallic  cities  his  vengeance  had 
fallen  terribly.  21.  diductisque  .  .  .  navibus ;  as  our  ships  gradu¬ 
ally  got  parted.  22.  et  artificio  .  .  .  dabatur:  here  the  Massaliots 
excelled;  cl  i,  58.  23.  forreis  manibus :  seeonp.  37,  2.  25.  suc¬ 

currebant  :  the  imperf .  shov»"S  that  religaverant  also  denotes  repeated 
action  ;  see  on  p.  52,  4. — comminus  .  .  .  deficiebant :  nor  were  they 
unequal  to  a  hand  to  hand  fight.  For  the  dat.  in  pugnando,  G.  430, 
345;  Gr.  299,  a;  H.  542,  ii.  26.  neque  .  .  .  nostris:  see  on  p.  37,  7. 
28.  imprudentibus  atque  impeditis:  translate  by  a  rel.  clause,  who 
were,  etc.  29.  inferebant:  G.  202,  Excep.  1);  Gr.  205,  c;  H.  461,1. 
30.  ex  insigni:  the  commander’s  vessel  carried  a  red  streamer  (vex¬ 
illum  rubrum).  31.  tantum.  ..enisus  est:  lit.  struggled  so 
much  with  the  speed  of  his  ship,  i.e.  crowded  his  ship  on  so  swiftly,  that 
he  just  got  out  of  their  way,  and  then  of  course  they  ran  into  each 
other.  34.  utraque  .  .  .  laborarent :  ‘  ‘  Caesar  has  the  plural  with 
uterque  only  once  besides,”  p.  88,  16.  35.  tota  collabefieret: 

became  a  total  wrecTc. 

Chap.  VII.  Nasidius  ignominiously  sails  off  and  leaves  the  Massa¬ 
liots  to  a  severe  defeat. 

54  2.  nullo  usui  :  G.  35,  R.  end,  350;  Gr.  83,  footnote,  233;  H.  151, 

N.  1,  390,  N.  2.  7.  quae  .  .  .  petiverunt :  this  happened  toward  the 

close  of  Caesar’s  campaign  in  Spain,  and  may  possibly  serve  as  basis 
for  the  exaggerated  tot  tantasque  classes,  p.  49, 17,  where  see  note. 
11.  excepit:  arose.  12.  eodem  vestigio :  on  the  very  spot,  at  that 
very  instant.  Cf.  p.  56,  33. 

Chap.  VIII.  The  besiegers  decide  to  build  a  tower. 

14.  Est  animadversum:  its  sub j.  is  the  whole  passage  ex  crebris 
.  .  .fecissent.  16.  pro:  to  serve  as.  17.  latere:  nom.  later. — 
fecissent:  represents  fecerimus  in  the  thoughts  of  the  soldiers;  see 
on  p.  16, 18,  and  cf.  p.  53, 12  and  13. — quam:  see  on  p.  14,  20,  end. — 
primo:  contrast  primum,  p.  55, 28.  See  on  p.  17,  34.  19.  oppres¬ 

serat,  propugnabant:  see  on  p.  53,  25;  propugnare  means  to  fight 
defensively  from  a  ship  or  fortified  place.  24.  si  .  .  .  elata:  the  order 
is,  si  haec  turris  elata  esset  in  altitudinem,  should  be  raised. 

Chap.  IX.  The  way  in  which  the  tower  was  built  in  the  face  of  the 
enemy. 


NOTES.— BOOK  II. 


191 


Fig.  1. 


Fig.  2. 


25-28.  The  tower  is  begun  under  cover  of  plutei  and  vineae 
(29),  and  when  its  walls  have  been  built  up  to  the  proper  place  for  the 
first  floor  (ad  contabulationem),  the  beams  of  this  floor  are  imbedded 
in  the  brick  walls  so  as  not  to  project  beyond 
the  outer  layer  (extrema  .  .  .  structura). — ubi  .  .  . 
adhaeresceret :  here  and  in  1.  36  ubi  =  u  t  i  b  i , 
where.  Elsewhere  in  the  chap,  it  means  when. 

28— p.  55, 11.  Above  this  floor  (contignationem 
—  contabTolationem)  they  carry  the  brick  walls 
up  as  far  as  the  men  can  work  under  the  plutei 
and  vineae,  and  then  construct  what  is  finally 
to  be  the  roof  of  the  tower  as  follows  :  on  the 
walls  thus  far  built  (supra  eum  locum),  they  lay 
duo  tigna  transversa  (Fig.  1),  to  serve  as  a  sup¬ 
port  (quibus  suspenderent)  for  the  skeleton 
frame-work  of  the  roof  (Fig.  2),  and  over  this 
skeleton  frame-work  they  put  cross-pieces  at  right 
angles  with  each  other,  and  fasten  them  down 
with  planks  (axibus)  so  as  to  project  over  the 
walls  of  the  tower  on  the  three  sides  exposed  to 
the  enemy  (Fig.  3),  so  that  protections  against 
missiles  can  hang  down  from  these  projections 
after  the  movable  roof  is  raised  up  and  while  the 
walls  are  being  built  up  to  it  (cum  inter  earn 
contignationem  parietes  exstruerentur).  This 
movable  roof  they  cover  so  as  to  be  fire-  and 
missile-proof.  Then  cable-curtains  (storias  ex 
funibus  ancorariis)  are  made  to  hang  from  the 
projecting  cross-pieces. — catapultis:  see  on  p.  51, 

19. — in  longitudinem  parietum:  cf.  p.  54,  21. — 
praependentes:  a  pred.  part.;  fastened  them  on 
the  projecting  beams  (cross-pieces)  so  as  to  hang  down  around  the  tower. 
— tormento  (11):  the  missile  hurled  by  an  engine.  So  in  1.  23. 

11-24.  At  last  the  plutei  and  vineae,  under  which  the  work 
has  thus  far  gone  on,  are  removed,  and  the  movable  roof,  which  now 
takes  their  place  as  a  protection,  is  raised  up  with  levers  (pressionibus) 
by  itself  (per  se  ipsum)  as  high  as  the  width  of  its  rope-curtains, 
from  the  walls  on  which  it  had  been  resting.  Then  the  walls  are  built 
up  to  it,  under  cover  of  the  rope-curtains.  By  raising  the  movable 
roof  with  a  second  leverage  (alia  pressione)  they  mahe  space  for  them¬ 
selves  to  build  the  walls  still  higher,  and  so  on  until  it  is  time  to  put 
in  a  second  fiooring  (alterius  contabulationis),  which  they  make  like 


PAGB 

54 


Fig.  3. 


65 


192 


CAESAR'S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

55  the  first  (p.  54,  26-28),  and  then  from  this  flooring  (contignatione  = 
contabulatione),  or,  standing  on  this  flooring,  they  raise  the  mov¬ 
able  roof  (summam  contabulationem)  with  its  protecting  cable-cur¬ 
tains  still  higher  up,  and  so  on  for  six  stories,  leaving  windows  in  the 
masonry  at  the  best  points  (quibus  in  locis  visum  est). 


Chap.  X.  The  building  of  a  huge  musculus. 

25.  musculum:  a  covered  gallery,  longer  and  stronger  than  a  vinea, 
used  to  protect  the  soldiers  while  levelling  ground  for  the  approach  of 
other  structures,  digging  trenches,  etc.,  but  here  of  extraordinary  size 
and  put  to  an  extraordinary  use.  It  was  built  as  massive  as  the  testudo 
(p.  51,  22),  but  long  and  narrow,  60x4  instead  of  60x60.  26.  quern 

.  .  .  perducerent :  rel.  clause  of  purpose.  The  per-  shows  that  the 
musculus  was  to  reach  from  tho  new  brick  tower  of  the  besiegers 
up  to  the  city  walls,  and  hence  its  unusual  length.  It  was  built,  how¬ 
ever,  by  the  tower,  and  then  rolled  forward  to  the  wall  (p.  56,  6-9). 
28.  primum:  see  on  primo,  p.  54, 17.  31,  capreolis:  rafters  of 

slight  slope.  32.  ponant  :  see  on  quae  vellet,  p.  11,  20.  So  stru¬ 
antur,  1.  36,  jaceretur,  p,  56,  2, — Eo  super  :  on  these  rafters  more¬ 
over,  etc.  34.  Ad  .  .  .  defigunt :  along  the  edge  of  the  roof  and 
of  its  beams  they  fastened  strips  of  wood  four  inches  square.  36. 
Ita  .  .  .  tecto :  after  the  roof  had  thus  been  made  with  a  regular  slope. 

56  1.  ut:  as  soon  as.  3.  canalibus:  pipes,  from  the  walls  of  the  city. 
The  bricks  were  unburnt.  7.  machinatione  navali :  on  a  launching 
frame.  9.  aedificio:  i.e.  the  outer  wall  of  the  enemy’s  tower.  See 
on  p.  55, 26.  G.  346,  R,  2;  Gr.  248,  a,  R. ;  H.  385,  4,  3). 

Chap.  XI.  Under  cover  of  this  musculus  a  tower  of  the  city  wall 
is  undermined,  when  the  besieged  beg  an  armistice. 

9,  subito:  with  malo.  10.  praecipitataque  muro :  translate  as  = 
praecipitabant  muro.  G.  388;  Gr.  243;  H.  414,1.  14.  devol- 

vimt — Involutae,  labmitur — delapsae :  related  to  each  other  as  repre° 
hendunt — reprehensas,  p.  25,  2,  where  see  note.  17.  continebantur: 
were  held  in  place,  cf.  contineri,  p.  23, 11.  22.  consequens  pro¬ 

cumbebat:  threatened  to  follow.  23.  direptione:  the  anticipated 
pillaging.  24.  cum  infulis :  flocks  of  white  and  red  wool,  intertwined 
with  white  fillets  or  bands,  wound  round  the  head  or  carried  on  wands 
as  symbols  of  inviolability,  in  this  case  something  like  our  flag  of  truce. 
Priests  wore  them  as  a  sign  of  their  sacred  office.  The  corps  of  sur- 


NOTES.— BOOK  II. 


193 


PAGE 

geons  on  a  modern  battle-field  are  secured  from  willful  injury  by  the  56 
red  cross  on  their  uniform. 

Chap.  XII.  Their  plea  is  heard, 

26.  administratio  belli:  cf.  p.  51,  25,  and  note.  27.  ad  studium 
.  .  .  feruntur:  are  carried  away  with  eagerness  to,  etc.  30.  videre: 
sc.  se  ;  they  said  they  saw  that  their  city  was  as  good  as  tahen.  32. 
NuUam  .  .  .  diriperentur:  that  no  obstacle  could  arise  to  prevent  their 
being  instantly  (e  vestigio)  plundered,  when  he  (Caesar)  came,  if  they 
did  not  obey  his  orders  implicitly  (ad  nutum).  See  on  p.  54,  12.  34. 

omnino:  cf.  pars  turris,  1. 22.  —contineri  quin  .  .  .  delerent:  hept  from 
destroying,  etc.  36.  ut  ab  hominibus  doctis:  as  was  to  be  expected 
of  cultured  people.  The  Massaiiots  wereG-reeks  (see  on  p.  27,  21),  and 
inherited  Greek  culture  and  gifts  of  speech,  probably  also  Greek  con¬ 
tempt  for  the  “  barbarous  ”  Homans.  1.  mi&exicox diB.:  pitif  ulness,  57 
pathos;  cf.  miserationis,  p.  48,  S4.  In  1.  4,  out  of  pity. 

Chap.  XIII.  and  granted,  to  the  disgust  of  the  Roman  soldiers. 

3.  oppugnatione:  active  prosecution  of  the  siege,  i.e.  the  opere  of 
the  preceding  line,  which  =  of ficio,  work  or  task.  8.  ne  .  .  . 
pateretur,  ne  .  .  .  :  not  to  suffer,  lest,  etc.  9.  et .  .  .  sioi:  both  by  the 
hatred  which  they  felt  on  account  of  the  city’s  desertion  of  Caesar,  and 
by  the  disdain  the  Massaliots  had  shown  toward  them.  12. 

quin  .  .  .  irrumperent:  see  on  p.  56,  34.  13.  quod  .  .  .  videbatur: 

namely  that,  etc.,  a  clause  explanatory  of  earn  rem. — stetisse  per  .  .  . 
quominus :  see  on  p.  30,  30. 

Chap.  XIV.  The  Massaliots  break  the  truce  and  destroy  the  works  of 
the  besiegers  on  one  side  of  the  city. 

17.  ex:  after.  19  contectaque:  with  special  ref.  to  the  shields, 
which,  when  not  in  use,  were  kept  in  leathern  cases. — .^e  erumpunt : 
“used  only  here  by  Caesar,  and  seldom  by  any  one  else.”  Cf.  se  .  .  . 
proripiunt,  p.  56,  24.  20.  vento:  abl.  abs.,  while  a  favorable  and 

high  wind  was  blowing.  ^.408;  Gr.  255,  a;  H.  431,4.  Cf.  altiore 
aqua,  p.  23, 11,  rapidissimo  flumine,  p.  34,  29.  25.  Fit .  .  .  impetus: 

see  on  p.  45,  G.  Translate  personally,  they  attack.  28.  multorum 
mensium:  not  more  than  three  certainly.  32.  alteram  turrim  ag- 
geremque:  cf.  p.  51,2-6,  with  notes. — eruptione  pugnaverunt:  made 
a  sally.  33.  Sed  ut .  .  .remiserant:  but  just  as  completely  as  our 
13 


194 


CAESAR'S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

67  men  had  relaxed  the  zeal  which  they  had  shown  in  the  time  preceding 
the  truce,  so  now,  etc. 

Chap.  XV.  The  besiegers  rapidly  construct  a  second  agger. 

58  2.  ubi  .  .  .  perdoluerunt :  when  they  saw  ,  .  .  and  bitterly  lamented 

that,  etc.  The  conclusion  is  aggerem  .  .  .  facere  instituerunt  (9),  then 
they  determined,  etc. ,  the  intermediate  clause,  quod  .  .  .  reliquum, 
giving  the  reason  why  the  new  agger  had  to  be  novi  generis 
atque  inauditum  (7),  and  the  abl.  abs.,  omnibus  .  .  .  convectis, 
the  reason  of  that  reason.  5.  unde:  =ut  inde,  no  place  remained 
whence,  etc.  9.  eorum  murorum  contignatione:  with  a  flooring 
over  these  walls. — aequa  .  .  .  atque  .  .  .  agger:  of  about  the  same  height 
as  the  former  {iWe)  mound  built  up  (congesticius)  with  wood  had  been. 
G.  646,  and  R.  1;  Gr.  156,  a;  H.  554,  i,  2,  N.  11.  Ubi  .  .  .  videre¬ 
tur  :  as  often  as,  etc. ;  a  rare  use  of  the  subj v.  G.  569,  R.  2 ;  Gr.  309, 
b;  H.  518,1.  12.  pilae.  .  .injiciuntur:  spiles  were  driven  perpen¬ 

dicularly  into  the  ground  between  the  two  walls  and  in  rows  parallel 
with  them,  and  beams  were  laid  from  top  to  top  of  these  spiles,  to  prop 
up  the  flooring,  or  roofing  (contignatione,  1.  9,  quidquid  est  contigna- 
tiun,  1.  13),  which  was  laid  from  wall  to  wall.  15.  tecto:  i.e.  this 
contignatio  laid  from  wall  to  wall  and  propped  here  and  there  by 
rows  of  spiles. — adversus  plutei  objectu:  in  front  by  the  interposition 
of  a  pluteus,  i.e.  by  an  interposed  pluteus,  which  in  this  case  was  a 
sloping  mantlet  of  hurdles  hung  across  the  ends  of  the  two  walls  of  the 
agger,  which  was  being  run  toward  the  city-wall,  at  right  angles  with 
it.  See  on  p.  51,  14.  17.  diuturni  laboris  detrimentum:  the  loss  of 

their  long  labor,  i.e.  the  loss  of  what  had  cost  them  such  long  labor,  viz. 
the  works  which  had  been  burnt;  cf.  p.  57,  29.  18.  brevi  reconcili¬ 

atur:  was  quickly  made  good,  by  the  new  agger,  etc.  19.  quibus 
locis  videtur:  see  on  p.  55,  23. 

Chap.  XVI.  The  Massaliots  are  discouraged  at  the  rapidity  with 
which  the  besieging  works  are  repaired,  and  think  again  of 
surrender. 

20.  Quod:  a  rel.  pron.  explained  by  the  clauses  ea  .  .  .  posset.— ubi: 
introduces  viderunt,  sentiunt  (25),  and  intellegunt  (32),  and  the  con¬ 
clusion  of  all  these  temporal  clauses  is  ad  .  .  .  recurrunt  (33).  The 
chapter  contains  then  but  a  single  sentence. — diu  longoque  spatio :  in 
a  very  long  time;  repetition  for  emphasis.  See  on  p.  13,  34.  21. 

sperassent:  see  on  p.  40, 12.  23.  nec  .  .  .  posset;  and  so  that  there 


NOTES.— BOOK  II, 


195 


PAGB 

was  absolutely  no  spot  left  where  either  our  soldiers  could  he  hurt  hy  58 
missiles  or  our  works  hy  fire.  24.  eodemque  exemplo:  after  the 
same  pattern,  i.e.  with  an  agger  built  of  brick  instead  of  wood;  in 
the  same  way,  to  be  taken  with  urbem  .  .  .  circummuniri  posse,  25. 

qua.  .  .terra:  see  on  p.  51,7.  The  subjv.  in  partial  0.  0.  27. 

esset:  for  sit,  there  would  not  he,  etc.,  in  case  the  city  w?ere  so  sur¬ 
rounded. — cum.  .  .  conjiceret'or:  since  the  walls  of  the  agger  were 
seen  to  he  almost  huilt  into  their  ramparts,  etc.  The  imperf.  for  the 
pres,  subjv.  here,  not  like  esset  above,  but  because  sentiunt  is  all  at 
once  thought  of  as  a  histor.  tense.  29.  suorumque  .  .  .  interire :  a 
second  obj.  clause  to  sentiunt,  like  urbem  ,  .  .  posse. — quibus :  abl.  of 
cause;  we  say  in  which.  30.  magna:  acc.  of  inner  object  (cog.  acc.), 
had  had  great  hopes. — spatio  propinquitatis:  on  account  of  the  dis¬ 
tance,  viz.  the  nearness,  i.e.  the  short  distance.  G.  359;  Gr.  214,  f; 

H.  396,  vi.  Too  short,  as  well  as  too  long  a  distance  rendered  these 
engines  useless. — parique:  the  -que  joins  sentiunt  (25)  and  intellegunt 
(32),  as  in  eodemque  (24)  it  ‘joined  viderunt  (20)  to  sentiunt.  The 
agger,  gradually  raised  to  a  level  with  the  city- wall,  and  built  up  to 
it,  made  the  condicio  bellandi  to  be  par.  31.  se:  probably  ob¬ 
ject  of  adaequare,  and  to  be  supplied  as  subj.  of  posse. 

B.  CONQUEST  OF  FURTHER  SPAIN.  CHAP.  XVH— XXI. 

Chap.  XYII.  Marcus  Varro  rather  courts  Caesar’s  favor  at  first,  but 
on  hearing  of  his  straits  at  Ilerda,  becomes  zealous  for  Pompey. 

35.  M.  Varro:  cf.  i,38. — ulteriore  Hispania:  see  on  p.  25,12,— initio: 
like  primo,  at  first.  1.  praeoccupatum:  his  accepting  the  office  59 
of  legatus  had  hound  him  in  advance  to  Pompey,  2.  necessitu¬ 
dinem  .  .  .  intercedere :  that  no  less  a  tie  indeed  existed  between  him 
and  Caesar.  4.  esset :  ind  or  depend,  question. — qui  .  .  .  obtineret : 
since  he  legatus)  held  a  position  of  trust.  5.  quae  vires  suae: 
sc.  neque  se  ignorare.  .  .essent.  So  esset  is  to  be  supplied 
with  quae  .  .  .  provinciae.  Varro  balances  the  motives  for  adhering 
to  Pompey  and  those  for  joining  Caesar.  10.  magna:  sc.  auxilia, 
subj.  of  the  two  foil,  infins.  11.  quaeque:  the  -que  joins  cognovit 
(8)  with  accepit  (12).  13.  latius  .  .  .  perscribebat:  cf.  p.  35,  28-30, 

with  notes. — se  .  .  .  movere :  to  veer  with  fortune. 

Chap.  XVIII.  Varro’s  preparations  against  Caesar. 

15.  legionibus  .  .  .  duabus:  cf.  i,  38.  16.  alarias:  see.^n  p.  43,  31. 


196 


CAESAR’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

59  18.  Gaditanis:  Grades,  modern  Cadiz,  was  an  old  Phoenician  city  just 

off  the  S.  W.  coast  of  Spain,  the  Venice  of  the  West.  It  came  into 
friendly  alliance  with  Rome  at  least  as  early  as  78.  19.  Hispali: 

modern  Sevilla,  in  S.  W.  Spain,  about  60  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Baetis.  Caesar  made  it  a  colony.  It  ranked  next  to  Gades  and 
Corduba. — faciendas  :  sec  on  p.  25,  18.  20.  fano  Herculis:  this 

stood  on  the  S.  E.  promontory  of  the  island  on  which  Gades  was  built. 
See  on  p.  14, 17.  22.  Gallonium  :  this  is  all  we  know  of  him.  23, 

procurandae  hereditatis  causa :  to  loolc  after  an  inheritance  for  him. 
30.  HS  CLXXX:  seeonp.  22,  5;  sestertium  centies  octogies, 
18,000,000  sestertii,  about  $750,000.  Remembering  that  the  pur¬ 
chasing  power  of  money  was  at  least  four  times  as  great  in  Caesar’s 
time  as  now,  some  idea  can  be  had  of  the  wealth  of  this  province,  from 
which  Caesar  got  enough  in  two  years  to  pay  his  heavy  debts  and  make 
him  rich  (Int.  5).  31.  pondo:  originally  an  abl.  of  specification,  but 

used  as  an  indecl.  noun  for  all  cases,,  here  for  the  acc.  plur. — modios: 
see  App.  Ill,  3,  d.  33.  his  .  .  .  injungebat  :  see  on  p.  13,  7.  34. 

judicia.  .  .reddebat:  judicium  dare  or  reddere  is  properly  said 
of  the  Praetor,  who  received  a  complaint  and  assigned  it  to  some  judge 
or  court  for  trial;  appointed  suits.  35.  adversus  rempublicam:  i.e. 
from  the  standpoint  of  friendship  for  Pompey.— in  publicum  addice- 

60  bat:  confiscated.  1.  jusjurandum  adigebat:  see  on  p.  45, 10;  in 

.  .  .  verba  follows  as  if  jusjurandum  were  jurare.  5.  insula:  see 
on  p.  59,  20.  8.  partem:  remnant.  10.  magnas  clientelas:  and 

'  that  his  bodies  of  clients  were  large,  etc. 


Chap.  XIX.  Caesar  advances  into  Further  Spain,  which  mostly  wel¬ 
comes  and  obeys  him. 

13.  ad  quam  diem:  stating  on  what  day  ;  cl.  11.  16, 17.  Lit.  up  to, 
or  as  we  say,  by  what  day.  15.  Cordubae:  modern  Cordova.  It 
was  X.  E.  of  Hispalis  (see  on  p.  59, 19),  on  the  river  Baetis,  and  was 
regarded  as  the  capital  of  the  province  Baetica.  It  ranked  in  commer¬ 
cial  importance  second  only  to  Gades.  17.  paulo  notior:  of  any 
note.  18.  conveniret:  {who  did  not)  join  the  throng. — conventus: 
see  on  p.  18,  4.  20.  colonicae:  formed  of  Roman  citizen  colonists. 

App.  Ill,  4.  21.  eo:  adv. ;  when  they  had  come  there  by  chance. 

22.  Carmonenses,  quae  .  .  .  civitas  :  cf.  Sulmonenses,  quod  oppi¬ 
dum,  p.  19, 12,  with  note.  Carmo,  or  Carmona,  was  about  20  miles 
X.  E.  of  Hispalis.  Caesar  describes  it  sufficiently  here.  24.  ejecit, 
praeclusit:  agree  with  civitas  rather  than  with  Carmonenses,  a  rare 


NOTES.— BOOK  II. 


197 


PAGE 

construction,  since  civitas  is  not  in  apposition,  but  predicate  in  a  rel.  60 
clause. 


Chap.  XX.  Varro  is  forced  to  surrender  to  Caesar. 

25.  properare:  see  on  p.  39,  30.  27.  trajectu:  see  on  pp.  59,  20; 

19,  4.  29.  simul  atque  .  .  .  excessisse  (36):  the  contents  of  the 

letter  in  0.  0.  30.  tribunis  cohortium:  i. e.  tribunis  militum 

who  had  come  in  command  of  the  cohorts.  App.  Ill,  9.  Cf.  p.  59,  21. 

31.  Gallonium  :  see  on  p.  59,  22.  35.  Hoc  timore :  =  h u  j n s  rei 

timore.  G.  357,  R.  2;  H.  450,4,  X.  3.  1.  vernacula:  provincial,  as  61 

distinguished  from  colonica,  p.  60,  20.  2.  inspectante :  “in  clas¬ 

sical  Latin  this  verb  occurs  only  in  the  abl.  abs.,  as  here,  and  once  in 
the  infln.”  3.  porticibus :  the  covered  passages  extending  round  the 
forum  and  opening  out  into  it.  5.  domum  ad  se:  see  on  p.  35,  29. 

7.  Italicam:  six  miles  X.  W.  of  Hispalis  (see  on  p.  59, 19),  on  the  river 
Baetis.  It  was  founded  by  Scipio  Africanus  in  207,  and  peopled  with 
his  veterans.  It  is  now  in  ruins. — praemisisset:  had  sent  on  word ;  so 
mittit,  1.  9.  9.  cui  jusserit:  to  whom  he  should  command  him  to 

surrender  it.  13.  eum:  instead  of  se,  from  Caesar’s  standpoint  as 
narrator.  See  on  p.  28,  8. — pecuniae,  frumenti  et  navium:  part. gens, 
with  quod  and  quid. 

Chap.  XXI.  After  politic  measures  at  Corduba,  Gades  and  Tarraco, 
Caesar  returns  to  Massilia  (about  Sept.  9th). 

15.  generatim:  severally. — civibus  Romanis:  i.e.  Cordubae  con¬ 
ventui,  p.  60, 18-21.  16.  quod.  .  .studuissent  :  because,  as  he 

said,  etc.  Caesar  the  historian  is  reporting  the  words  of  Caesar  the 
the  general. — Hispanis:  i.e.  Carmonensibns,  p.  60,  22-25.  This 
does  not  include  Gaditanis  (17),  who  were  of  Phoenician  origin  (see  on 
p.  59, 18),  and  dwelt  on  an  island  distinct  from  Sp^in.  17.  quod 
.  .  .  vindicassent :  cf.  p.  60,  29-36.  19.  eo:  i.e.  to  Gades;  cf.  pp.  59, 

21;  60,30-31.  20.  eorum:  =  Gaditanorum  .  21.  Pecunias: 

cf.  p.  59,  29-32.  22.  liberius  locutos:  causative ;  /or  having  spohen 

too  freely.  Cf.  p.  59,34-36.  23.  hanc  poenam:  implied* in  and  ex¬ 

plained  by  bona  restituit. — Tributis :  partic.  in  abl.  abs.  with  praemiis, 
and  governing  quibusdam  in  the  dat.,  with  which  reliquos  contrasts. 

24.  in  posterum:  see  on  p.  12, 15.  26.  monumentaque:  the  same 

as  the  ornamenta,  p.  59,  20,  where  see  on  ex  fano  Herculis.  20. 
iiii  legiones  :  viz.  the  two  of  Varro  (pp.  29, 4  ;  60,  3  and  25),  and  the 
two  which  came  with  Cassius  (p.  60,  11).  29.  quas  .  .  .fecerant: 


198 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

61  p.  59, 18-19.  30.  Tarraconem:  cf.  p.  38,  7.  32.  privatim  .  .  . 

honoribus:  cf.  11.  23-24,  habitis  hero  being  used  like  Tributis  there; 
after  rewards  of  a  public  and  private  nature  had  been  bestowed  on 
certain  cities.  33.  pedibusquo:  by  land,  as  navi  bus  =  “by  sea.” 
34.  Narbonem:  see  on  p.  28,29. — legem  .  .  ,  praetore  :  regularly  a 
dictator  must  be  declared  by  a  consul,  after  a  special  decree  of  the 
senate.  See  App.  II,  14.  Lepidus,  who  had  been  in  charge  of  the  city 
since  Caesar’s  departure  in  April  (see  on  p.  27, 15,  and  cf.  App.  II,  10), 
had  thought  of  holding  the  consular  comitia  himself,  but  as  this  was 
unprecedented,  he  proposed  a  special  law  (lex  Aemilia  de  dicta¬ 
tore  creando)  to  the  popular  assembly  (App.  II,  2),  which  em¬ 
powered  him  to  nominate  a  dictator.  Caesar  then,  as  dictator,  could 
hold  the  consular  comitia.  Cf.  iii,  1.  All  this  was  shrewdly  man¬ 
aged  by  Caesar,  to  avoid  the  appearance  of  violent  usurpation. 


C.  THE  SURRENDER  OF  MASSILIA.  CHAP.  XXII. 

62  3.  fusi  :  weakened  by.  5.  quod  .  .  .  contulerant:  cf.  pp.  27,  30; 

28,  19.  7.  auxiliis.  .  .  desperatis:  “only  in  the  abl.  abs.  does 

Caesar  use  the  construction  d e s p e r a r e  rem;  otherwise  desperare 
de  re,  or,  with  the  dat.  (twice  only),  desperare  rei.”  The  Massa- 
liots  had  counted  on  Caesar’s  failure  in  Spain.  9.  sine  fraude :  cf. 
sine  fide,  p.  57, 14.  15.  Ex  his:  refers  to  the  three  ships  of  Domi¬ 

tius;  illis  would  be  clearer.  16.  contendit:  struggled  on.  21. 
pro  nomine  .  .  .  conservans :  out  of  consideration  for  the  fame  and 
age  of  the  city,  Caesar  did  not  utterly  destroy  it,  nor  allow  it  to  be 
plundered,  but  left  it  “to  be  intellectually  the  centre  of  Hellenic  cul¬ 
ture  in  that  distant  Celtic  country.”  23.  ceteras:  four  had  returned 
from  Spain  with  the  captured  legions  of  Afranius  and  Petreius  (see  on 
p.  50,  25) ;  these,  with  one  of  the  three  legions  left  for  the  siege  of 
Massilia  (p  28,  21),  now  return  into  Italy  and  concentrate  near  Brun¬ 
disium  for  the  campaign  in  the  East. 

D.  CURIO’S  CAMPAIGN  IN  AFRICA.  CHAP.  XXIII— XLIV. 

Chap.  XXIII.  Curio’s  arrival  in  Africa  (about  Aug.  13th). 

26.  Iisdem  temporibus :  i.  e.  during  the  latter  part  of  the  campaign 
in  Spain  and  the  siege  of  Massilia. — in  Africam  profectus:  cf.  p.  25, 
20-21,  with  note.  He  probably  started  soon  after  the  favorable  turn 
in  Caesar’s  fortunes  at  Ilerda.  27.  jam  ab  initio:  from  the  very 


NOTES.— BOOK  II. 


199 


TAGE 

start. — ^Vari:  cf.  i,  31.  28.  ex  iiii  quas  acceperat:  see  on  p.  25,  20.  62 

29.  biduoque:  abl.  abs.  with  consumptis,  like  noctibus.  30.  ap¬ 
pellit:  sc.  naves,  beached  Ms  ships,  landed  at,  eic.  The  simple  acc. 
follows  this  verb  p.  52,  8. — Anquillaria  :  exact  location  uncertain; 
perhaps  on  the  S.  W.  side  of  the  promontorium  Mercurii,  which 
was  at  the  eastern  entrance  of  the  bay  of  Carthage.  31.  Clupeis: 
Clupea  (or  Aspis,  from  the  Gr.  aditii  —  shield)  was  a  stronghold  com¬ 
manding  a  good  harbor  on  the  coast  S.  of  prom.  Merc.  During  the 
Punic  wars  it  had  been  of  great  importance  as  a  landing-place  and  base 
of  operations.  Its  name  was  given  it  from  the  shield-like  shape  of  the 
hill  on  which  it  stood.  34,  Uticae:  cf.  p,  26, 10.  35,  ex  prae¬ 

donum  bello:  the  pirates  of  Crete  and  Cilicia,  who  had  long  made  all 
navigation  unsafe,  were  subdued  and  colonized  in  67  by  Pompey,  who 
had  received  extraordinary  powers  for  the  conduct  of  the  war  by  the 
lex  Gabinia. — subductas:  drawn  up  onshore,  the  opposite  of  de¬ 
ductas,  “launched.” — reficiendas:  see  on  p,  25, 18.  1.  constrata:  63 

=  tecta  ;  see  on  p.  36,  26.  2.  pedibus :  see  on  p.  61,  33. — Adrume¬ 

tum  :  a  very  old  Phoenician  city,  once  a  rival  of  Carthage,  on  the  coast 
south  of  Clupea.  It  was  now  the  capital  of  the  province  Byzacium. 

See  on  Afiricam,  p.  25,  21.  4.  ejus  fuga:  =  postquam  fugit, 

upon  his  flight.  5.  Marcius  Rufus :  not  to  be  confounded  with  M. 
Coelius  Rufus,  p.  11,  25.  Mentioned  oply  once  again,  p.73, 12.  7. 

remulco  abstraxit:  towed  away. 


Chap.  XXIV.  Curio  reconnoitres  for  a  camp. 

9.  eodem:  for  the  same  place,  i.e.  Utica.  12.  Castra  .  .  .  Corne¬ 
liana:  the  camp  of  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus  the  elder,  during  the 
second  Punic  war.  14.  Id:  G,  202,  R.  5;  Gr.  195,  d;  H.  445,4. 
16.  ab  ea  parte :  see  on  p.  23, 4.  17.  paulo  .  .  .  mille :  see  on  pp.  20, 

21;  19,6.  18.  quo.  .  .  .longius  :  through  which  the  sea  worJcs 

inland  for  quite  a  distance. 


Chap.  XXV.  Curio  wins  in  a  cavalry  skirmish,  and  gets  possession  of 
the  enemy’s  transports. 

23.  altera:  sc.  ex  parte;  this  phrase  is  then  explained  by  a  thea¬ 
tro,  the  prep,  a  being  used  just  like  ex,  where  we  use  on  or  at ;  on  the 
other  side,  viz.  at  the  theatre  which  stands  before  the  town,  by  the  mas¬ 
sive  masonry  of  this  structure  (i.e.  the  theatre).  25.  aditu  .  .  . 
angusto :  abl.  abs, ;  the  approach  to  the  camp  being  thus  rendered  difli- 


'^00  CAESAR'S  CIVIL  WAR. 

PAGE 

63  and  narrow,  running  as  it  did  between  the  walls  of  the  town  and 

the  masonry  of  the  theatre.  28.  habere  loco  praedae:  to  consider 
as  booty,  to  rob.  So  p  94,  24.  29.  his  rebus  subsidio:  to  aid  these 

attempts,  viz.  to  bring  property  into  the  city.  32.  paternum  .  .  . 
Pompeio:  the  Romans  had  conquered  Jugurtha,  the  usurping  king  of 
Rumidia,  in  106,  and  in  81  Pompey  had  secured  the  kingdom  for 
Hiempsal  II,  the  rightful  heir,  and  the  father  of  Juba.  33.  inter¬ 
cedebat  :  with  Huic  .  .  .  cum  Pompeio  .  .  .  cum  Curione  ;  between 
him  and  Pompey  there  existed  a  feeling  of  gratitude  for  the  kindness 
shown  to  his  father,  and  between  him  and  Curio  hostility,  because,  etc. 
Cf.  p.  59,  2-3,  with  note.  34.  qua  lege  :  G.  617;  Gr.  200,  a;  H. 
445,8. — publicaverat:  had  confiscated,  i.e.  reduced  to  a  province.  Cf. 

64  in  publicum  addicebat,  p,  59,  35.  2.  pronuntiare:  see  on  p.  38, 

35.  3.  stabant:  were  lying  at  anchor. — in  .  .  .  loco:  oftener  without 

in,  as  pp.  27,  9;  63,  28,  where  see  notes.  4.  e  vestigio:  see  on 
p.  54, 12. — (eum)  qui  non.  .  .traduxisset:  sc.  naves.  Fut.  perf. 
indie,  in  0.  R. 


Chap.  XXVI.  With  his  cavalry  alone.  Curio  routs  an  advance  guard 
of  troops  sent  by  Juba  to  aid  Varus. 

10.  imperator  appellatur:  a  title  of  honor  bestowed  by  the  soldiers 
of  a  commander  after  a  great  victory.  Here  absurdly  premature. 
Still  more  so,  p.  88,  31.  15.  Novitate  rei:  emphatic  for  nova  re; 

see  on  p.  39,  36.  19.  explicari  et  consistere:  extend  themselves  into 

battle  array.  21.  equitatuque:  i.e.  of  the  enemy;  though  these  es¬ 
caped,  still  the  enemy’s  infantry  suffered. 


Chap.  XXVII.  Deserters  persuade  Varus  that  Curio’s  soldiers  are 
disaffected. 

24.  Marsi:  cf.  pp.  18,  27;  20, 18-23.  27.  auiibus  Vari  serviunt: 

ticJcled  the  ears  of  Varus,  told  such  stories  as  they  knew  would  please 
him. — nam  .  .  .  speramus:  the  order  is,  et  credimus  ea  quae  volu¬ 
mus,  et  speramus  reliquos  sentire  ea  quae  ipsi  sentimus,  where  et 
...  et  both  .  .  and,  the  first  giving  an  explanation  of  sive  .  .  . 

serviunt,  the  second,  of  sive  .  .  .  perferunt.  29.  confirmant  qui¬ 
dem  certe:  whatever  was  their  motive,  they  assured  him  at  any  rate 
for  certain,  that,  etc. — animos  ...  a  Ourione:  cf.  p.  13,  35.  30. 

maximeque  .  .  .  exercitum:  and  that  his  (Varus’s)  army  must  by  all 
means  show  itself. 


NOTES.— BOOK  11. 


201 


PAGE 

Chap.  XXVIII,  Curio's  soldiers  are  publicly  entreated  to  be  faithful  64 
to  the  oath  they  had  sworn  Domitius  and  Pompey,  rather  than 
to  that  afterwards  sworn  Caesar. 

35.  supra;  p.  21,  34.  1.  legionesque  .  ,  .Caesar:  see  on  p.  22,  66 

32-35.  3.  ordines  manipulique  :  App.  Ill,  2,  a-b.  With  the  ex¬ 

ception  of  a  few  centurions,  these  remained  the  same.  5.  primam 
sacramenti  .  .  .  memoriam:  primi  sac.  mem.  would  seem  more  nat¬ 
ural  to  us  (cf.  p.  67, 17),  but  the  noun  and  dependent  gen.  form  one 
idea,  with  which  the  adj.  agrees;  not  to  forget  their  first  oath,  etc.  7. 
neu .  .  .  neu:  i.e.  et  ne.  ,  .  neu.  8.  perpessi;  sc,  essent.  10. 
Huc:  see  on  p.  29,  22. — ad:  with  reference  to,  i.e.  to  stimulate  their 
hope  of  a  reward. — quae  .  .  .  deberent :  appos.  to  pauca,  viz.  what 
they  ought,  etc.  12.  nullam  .  ,  ,  significatio :  no  demonstrationi  was 
made  either  way,  i.e.  of  loyalty  to  Pompey  or  Caesar,  Varus  or  Curio. 

Chap.  XXIX.  Curio’s  soldiers  are  filled  with  fear  and  discontent. 

14.  At:  though  the  speech  of  Varus  led  to  no  demonstration  either 
way,  still,  etc. — omnium:  strictly  subj.  g(dn.,=  on  the  part  of  all ;  trans¬ 
late  freely,  everywhere.  15.  incessit:  spread.  16.  fingebat:  kept 
inventing.  17.  Hoc:  the  opinio,  thus  exaggerated. — uno  auc¬ 
tore:  abl.  abs.,  though  only  one  person  started  it. 

The  rest  of  this  chapter  has  come  down  to  us  in  such  a  confused 
state,  that  it  cannot  be  satisfactorily  restored  or  translated.  It  con¬ 
tains,  evidently,  the  reasons  why  Curio’s  soldiers  felt  disturbed  and 
afraid. 

Chap.  XXX.  A  council  of  Curio’s  officers  is  held,  in  which  opinions 
are  divided  between  attacking  the  camp  of  Varus,  and  retreating 
to  Castra  Corneliana. 

30.  summa  rerum:  the  general  situation.  31.  conandum:  sc. 
esse  ;  used  absolutely,  that  efforts  must  he  made  in  every  way. — om¬ 
nibus  modis:  see  on  p.  14,27.  32.  censerent;  G.  634;  Gr.  320,  a; 

H.  503,  i.  The  word  is  used  of  the  sententiae,  though  of  course  strictly 
applicable  only  to  those  who  held  them.  33.  contrarium:  pernicious. 

— arbitrarentm :  the  verb  of  thinking  in  the  subjv.  instead  of  the  verb 
expressing  the  thought.  G.  541,  R.  2;  Gr.  341,  d,  R. ;  H.  516,  ii,  1. — 
praestare  .  .  .  quam:  that  it  was  better  .  .  .  than,  etc.  -  36.  de  tertia 
vigilia:  see  on  p.  39,  21. — Castra  Cornelia:  see  on  p.  63, 12.  2.  66 

simul :  sc.  u  t ,  introducing  daretur  (4). 


202 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

06  Chap.  XXXI.  Curio’s  speech  in  the  council,  disapproving  of  both 
propositions. 

5.  quantum.  .  .  dicebat:  said  that  one  proposition  was  as  rash  as 
the  other  was  cowardly ;  animi  is  gen.  part,  with  both  quantam  and 
tantum.  The  sententia  is  said  to  have  an  animus,  and,  bolder 
still,  censere,  p.  65,  32.  6.  hos  .  .  ,  illos:  the  holders  of  the  sen¬ 

tentiae,  the  former.  .  .the  latter;  with  the  same  meaning  but  a 
more  usual  order  in  11.  16-17.  G.  292,  R.  1;  Gr.  102,  a,  b;  H.  450,2. 
— rationem  habere:  proposed.  8.  et  opere  et  natura  loci:  cf. p.  63, 
20-25.  11.  quasi  non:  as  if  forsooth  it  were  not  true  that,  etc. 

13.  quid  habet  nisi:  what  does  that  mean  hut,  etc.  14.  omnium: 
neuter.  15.  pudentes:  honorable  soldiers. — sibi  parum  credi:  verbs 
which  govern  the  dat.  in  the  act.  must  be  used  impersonally  in  the 
passive;  see  on  p.  12,  29;  that  very  little  confidence  is  placed  in  them. 
17.  augeat:  would  increase,  viz.  si  sciant  se  timeri.  Supply  the 
corresponding  ellipsis  for  deminuat, — quod  si  jam:  hut  if  at  once;  see 
on  p.  43,  5.  18.  explorata  habeamus  :  consider  certain.  20. 

opinione:  than  is  supposed. — quanto.  .  .praestet:  how  much  better 
would  it  he,  etc.  See  on  p.  65,  33.  21.  An  non:  what !  ought  not, 

etc.  G.  459;  Gr.  211,  b;  H.  353,  X.  4.  24.  addunt:  to  their 

proposition,  desire  also. — credo:  I  suppose,  inserted  ironically,  as  be¬ 
low,  p.  67,  27.  25.  hujusmodi  res:  i.e.  insubordination,  mutiny. 

29.  magnaque  .  .  .  confido  :  and  I  trust  that  we  shall  soon  agree, 
essentially,  in  our  decision  about  the  matter;  jam,  as  ini.  17,  referring 
to  the  immediate  future. 

Chap.  XXXII.  Curio’s  harangue  to  his  soldiers. 

33.  auctoritate:  see  on  p.  27,  35.  34.  inquit:  an  unusual  position 

after  so  much  of  what  is  said.  G.  651,  R.  2;  Gr.  345,  c;  H.  569,  v. 
36.  gravissime :  what  was  Caesar’s  gain  was  loss  to  his  enemies  (illi). 

67  1.  praejudicio :  by  the  prophetic  significance,  the  example  of  your  con"- 
duct ;  this  led  Pompey  to  distrust  all  his  soldiers.  2.  Caesar  ,  .  . 
commisit:  this  sentence  illustrates  the  amicissime  of  p.  66, 36,  as  the 
preceding  does  gravissime. — quem.  .  .habuit:  see  on  p.  42,  22.  4. 

tueri  non  potest :  because  dependent  on  them  for  grain  supplies.  See 
on  p.  25,  18.  8.  eos,  eorum  :  Caesar’s  and  Pompey’s  representa¬ 

tives.  10.  An  vero:  what  indeed !  hadnH  you  heard,  etc.;  see  on 
p.  66,  21.  So  below,  11.  13,  33.  12.  quibus:  =  postquam  ;  see  on 

p.  33,  28.  14.  resistant:  G.  251;  Gr,  268;  H,  486,  ii.  15.  incerta 

victoria:  abl.  abs.  16.  cum:  concessive,  whereas.  17.  prioris 


NOTES.— BOOK  IL 


203 


PAGE 

sacramenti:  cf.  p.  65, 5.  20.  projecit:  cf.  p.  20, 17. — clam  vobis:  67 

‘  ‘  the  only  instance  in  classical  prose  where  e  1  a  m  is  used  as  a  prep,  with 
the  abl.”  Gr.  417,  R.  1;  Gr.  261,  c;  H,  437,3.  22.  qui:  interrog.  adv., 
how.  24.  Relinquitur :  ironical ;  there  remains  then  lor  them  to  ap¬ 
peal  to,  a  new  hind  of  sacred  obligation.  Cf.  pp.  16, 27 ;  45, 16.  25. 

respiciatis:  regard,  as  p.  11,  7.  26.  quod  .  .  .  sublatum  est:  which 

was  annulled  by  your  former  leader’’ s  surrender  and  consequent  loss  of 
civil  rights.  A  Roman  soldier  had  no  civil  rights  while  in  captivity, 
and  regained  them  after  being  freed  only  by  a  special  legal  process. 

The  fact  however  that  Domitius  was  taken  prisoner  in  a  civil  war,  and 
that  he  had  been  at  once  released  (p.  22, 4),  weakens  the  argument. 

27.  in  me  offenditis:  you  find  fault  with  me. — Qui:  =  ego  vero, 

30.  eventu  belli:  at  the  end  of  the  campaign.  32.  quom  .  .  .pro¬ 
cessit  :  limiting  fortunam:  so  far  as  the  campaign  has  as  yet  been 
conducted.  35.  adveniens:  by  my  mere  approoNi.  2.  eoque  ...  68 
compulerim:  and  drove  them  to  such  straits.  4.  vos:  subj.  of  se¬ 
quimini  (6). — repudiatis:  abl.  abs.  with  fortuna  and  ducibus.— Cor¬ 
finiensem  .  .  .  deditionem  :  i.  e.  the  leaders  who  were  disgraced  at 
Corfinium,  who  fled  from  Italy,  who  surrendered  Spain.  6.  prae¬ 
judicia  :  in  appos.  with  the  three  aces.  preceding ;  prophetic  precedents 
for  tbe  war  in  Africa.  Cf.  p.  67, 1.  7.  imperatoris :  cf.  p.  64, 10. — 

Ciijus  .  .  .  poenitet:  G.  376;  Gr.  221,  b;  H.  409,  iii.  9.  nomen:  i.e. 
miles  Caesaris,  1.  6. 

Chap.  XXXIIl.  Curio  wins  his  soldiers  back,  and  offers  battle  to 
Varus. 

13.  sit,  dubitet :  G.  546,  R.  3;  Gr.  331,  f,  R. ;  H.  499,2.  Or,  the 
subjvs.  may  represent  commands,  sis,  dubites,  in  0.  R. — necubi: 

=  ne  alicubi.  17.  productos:  translate  as  if  producit  .  .  .  et 
(collocat).  18.  constiterat :  cf.  p.  64,  33-34.  19.  Ne  Varus 

quidem  :  Varus  also  did  not  hesitate,  etc. — sive .  .  .  detur  :  see  on 
p.  13, 30. 

Chap.  XXXI Y.  The  troops  of  Varus  are  driven  back  into  their  camp. 

22.  supra:  p.  64,  33.  23.  Hanc:  sc.  vallem,  obj.  of  transire. 

— si  .  .  .  conarentur:  see  above  on  1. 19.  24.  aequiore  loco;  in  the 

better  position,  since  higher,  if  the  enemy  tried  to  climb  up  to  their  side 
of  the  ravine.  25.  Simul:  presently.  26.  una:  adv.,  with  inter¬ 
jecti,  interspersed.  Cf.  1.  30. — cum  .  .  .  cernebantur  :  were  seen  to 


204 


CAESAR’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

68  plunge,  etc.  28.  Marrucinorum:  see  on  p.  22, 12.  29.  admissis 

equis:  gme  their  horses  the  rein  and  galloped  hack,  etc.  32.  Huo 
.  .  .  conversa  .  .  .  videbat :  thither  .  .  .  turned  and  saw,  etc,  36. 

69  unum  elocutus  :  with  hut  a  single  exhortation.  1.  quae  .  .  .  con- 

firmassent:  p.  68, 13-14.  4.  eniterentur:  struggled  out  of  the  ravine 

to  the  plain  beyond. — animus:  collective;  contrast  p.  64,  29. 

Chap.  XXXV.  Varus  narrowly  escapes  being  killed  by  a  rash  soldier 
of  Curio.  In  the  night  he  abandons  his  camp  for  the  town. 

9.  Pelignus:  cf.  p.  18,  27.  10.  ex  infimis  ordinibus:  a  centurion 

of  the  lowest  rank.  App.  Ill,  11,  a. — primum:  =  novissimum,  as 
p.  39,  22.  15.  humerum.  .  .appetit:  sc.  Fabius;  struck  at  his 

exposed  shoulder,  etc. — paulumque  .  .  .  interficeret  :  and  there  was 
little  lacking  hut  he  had  killed,  i.e.  he  narrowly  missed  killing  Y.; 
paulum  =  minimum,  or  baud  multum,  and  so  implies  a  negative ; 
cf.  1.  21.  Gr.  551, 1,  last  ex. ;  Gr.  319,  d;  H.  504.  18.  Hac  multi¬ 

tudine  :  connects  closely  with  1.  9,  after  the  episode  of  Fabius  has  been 
told.  22.  eodem  cursu:  without  stopping.  23,  cum.  .  .turn 
quod :  not  only  .  .  .  hut  also  the  fact  that,  etc.  G.  589 ;  Gr.  326,  b ;  H. 
521,  2),  N.  1.  24.  egressi :  since  they  had  gone  out  to  fight.  25. 

usui:  see  on  p.  19,  33.  29.  per  simulationem:  under  the  pretence,  = 

simulatione.  31.  bucinatore:  App.  Ill,  15,  32.  ad  speciem: 

to  keep  up  appearances,  for  show.  The  ruse  was  to  prevent  Curio  from 
attacking  during  the  evacuation  of  the  camp. 

Chap.  XXXVI.  The  town  also  is  likely  to  surrender  to  Curio,  when 
news  comes  that  King  Juba  is  near  with  large  forces. 

35.  multitudo:  the  peasants  of  the  neighborhood,  who  had  flocked 
into  the  city  for  safety.  Cf.  p.  63,  25-27.  From  these  are  distinguished 
the  citizens,  Uticenses  (36),  and  the  Roman  colonists,  conventus, 
p.  70, 1. — insolens  .  .  .  otii:  unaccustomed  to  war  through  long  enjoy- 

70  ment  of  peace.  Cf.  p.  32,  5.  1.  is  qui  .  .  .constaret:  of  such  a 

nature  that  it  consisted  of  men  of  all  political  opinions,  and  so  was  not 
specially  opposed  to  Caesar’s  cause. 

Chap.  XXXVII.  As  soon  as  Curio  is  convinced  of  Juba’s  approach,  he 
retires  to  Castra  Cornelia. 

9.  fides  fieri  non  poterat:  belief  could  not  he  created  in  him,  i.e.  he 
could  not  he  made  to  believe  them.  11.  nuntiis  et  litteris:  official 


NOTES.— BOOK  II. 


205 


PAGE 

news;  private  messages  had  come  to  Curio  at  least  two  days  before  70 
this,  p.  67, 10-13.  14.  milibus:  sc.  passuum;  abl.  of  meas.  of 

diff. ;  see  on  amplius,  p.  19,  6;  longe  is  redundant  in  this  idiom,  and 
rare.  16.  materiam:  see  on  p.  28,  24,  and  cf.  1.  21.  17.  duae 

legiones:  see  on  p.  62,  28.  21.  salinis  :  salt-vats,  made  in  low 

ground  near  the  sea,  for  the  manufacture  of  salt  from  sea-water  by 
evaporation. 

Chap.  XXXVIII.  Curio  is  lured  by  a  false  report  from  his  impregna¬ 
ble  position,  again  assumes  the  offensive,  and  routs  with  his 
cavalry  an  advance  guard  of  the  enemy  under  Saburra.  > 

/ 

25.  ex  perfugis:  instructed  of  course  by  Juba.  27.  Leptitano¬ 
rum:  the  people  of  Leptis  (Minor),  a  flourishing  city  of  Phoenician 
origin  Just  S.  E.  of  Hadrumetum  (see  on  p.  63,  2.)  A  still  more  flour¬ 
ishing  city  of  the  same  name,  Leptis  (Major),  lay  further  S.  E.  on  the 
coast.  30.  Multum  .  .  .  adjuvat :  contributed  much  to  the  adoption 
of  this  course.  Caesar  was  very  fond  of  Curio,  and  speaks  of  his  rash¬ 
ness  almost  with  admiration.  32.  proventus:  much  less  common  in 
this  meaning  than  eventus,  or  successus.  33.  prima:  see  on 
medio,  p.  30,  29.  36.  intervallo:  at  a  distance  of,  etc.  So  spatio, 

p.  72,6.  3.  nullis  ordinibus:  pell-mell.  71 

Chap.  XXXIX.  Curio  is  infatuated  by  the  success  of  his  cavalry,  and 
pursues  the  enemy  hotly. 

9.  convenit,  cognovit,  quaerit:  the  asyndeton  expresses  haste  and 
excitement.  11.  respondent  Saburram:  sc.  praeesse  castris. — 
Reliqua:  all  further  details.  12.  signa:  =  cohortes.  App.  Ill, 

17,  b.  13.  cum  perfugis  :  a  condensation  for  cum  perfugarum 
oratione.  15.  potuerint:  subjv.  .of  characteristic.  16.  jam: 
at  once;  see  on  p.  66, 17. — praemiis:  cf.  p.  67, 80.  17.  perse:  of 

themselves,  without  any  exaggeration,  still  (tamen)  they  had  to  be  ex¬ 
aggerated.  20.  inflatius:  too  boastfidly ;  see  on  p.  59, 13.  22. 

praeferebantur:  were  exhibited. — ut .  .  .  videretur:  so  that  whatever 
time  elapsed  in  making  cautious  or  even  needful  preparations,  all  this 
seemed  only  to  delay  their  victory.  25.  quam  maxime  .  .  .  perter¬ 
ritos  :  while  in  the  greatest  possible  panic  after  their  flight.  27. 
alii  alio  loco:  see  on  p.  21,  8.  28.  ad  spem:  see  on  p.  39,  10. 

Chap.  XL  Juba  advances  slowly  after  reinforcing  Saburra,  who  lures 
Curio  into  rash  pursuit  by  feigned  retreat. 


206 


CAESAR\S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

71  33.  elephantisque:  The  Carthaginians  had  sent  elephants  even  into 
Italy,  and  at  Zama  Hannibal  had  placed  eighty  in  front  of  his  lines  of 
battle.  They  were  always  an  unwieldy  and  dangerous  ally.  They 
were  used  for  the  last  time  by  Juba  at  Thapsus.  34.  praemissis  .  .  . 
Curionem:  that  after  sending  on  his  cavalry  Curio  himself  would 
come.  36.  ut .  .  .refeirant:  to  feign  fear  and  gradually  yield  and 

72  retreat.  3.  praesentis  .  .  .  opinione:  his  misunderstanding  of  the 
present  manoeuvre. 

Chap.  XLI.  The  enemy  turn  and  attack  Curio  after  his  men  are  ex¬ 
hausted  by  pursuing. 

6.  spatio:  see  on  p.  70, 36 ;  sixteen  miles  from  8.  ad  spe¬ 
ciem:  see  on  p.  69,  32.  9.  Non  deest  negotio:  was  not  wanting  to 

the  occasion,  did  not  fail  to  do  his  duty.  11.  ut  defessis,  confectis: 
weary,  worn  out  as  they  were,  though  weary,  etc.  13.  numero  cc: 
sc.  tantum,  only  200.  Cf.  p.  71, 26-28.  17.  aversos  proterere: 

to  ride  them  down  from  behind.  18.  procucurrissent:  see  on  p.  58, 
11.  19.  rursusque  .  .  .  se  recipientes:  sc.  nostros.  22.  casum 

subire:  risk  an  attack.  26.  de  .  .  .  desperantes:  see  on  p.  62, 7. 
29.  commendabant,  si  quos:  expresses  more  uncertainty  than  iis 
quos,  commended  to  their  comrades,  in  case  any  should  happen  to 
succeed  in  saving  themselves,  etc. 

Chap.  XLII.  Curio  and  all  his  men  except  a  few  horsemen  are  slain. 

32.  ut  in  miseris  rebus:  as  happens  in  disasters,  yiz.  that  men  seize 
on  slight  hope  of  rescue.  33.  universos:  sc.  milites,  subj.  of 

73  capere.  1.  integri  procumbunt:  fell  without  a  wound,  from  sheer 

exhaustion. — Cn.  Domitius  :  mentioned  only  here.  2.  praefectus 
equitum :  App.  Ill,  5, 10.  9.  demonstratum  est:  p.  71, 26-28.  10. 

ad  unum :  to  a  man. 

Chap.  XLIII.  The  cohorts  left  to  guard  the  camp  are  panic-stricken 
and  wildly  try  to  embark  for  Sicily. 

12.  Marcius  Rufus;  see  on  p.  63,  5,  and  cf.  p.  71,  8.  15.  primo: 

used  like  prima,  p.  70,  33.  16.  appulsas  habeant:  more  precise  than 

appellant,  land  and  keep  on  shore.  See  on  p.  30,  7.  19.  classem 

hostium;  p.  62,  33  tf.  23.  ad  ofEcium  imperiumque  convenie¬ 
bant  :  reported  for  duty.  24.  qui  .  .  .  conscenderent:  as  to  who 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


207 


PAGE 

in  particular  should  embarh;  depend,  question.  26.  hoc  timore:  73 
see  on  p.  60,  35. 

Chap.  XLIV.  Few  succeed,  the  rest  surrender  to  Yarns,  only  to  be 
murdered  (nearly  all)  by  command  of  Juba,  who  enters  Utica  in 
triumph. 

28.  patresque  familiae:  see  on  p.  52,21. — qui  .  .  .valerent:  who 

vrevailed  through  their  popularity  or  pitiful  entreaties.  29.  recepti: 
were  taken  onboard  and  came  at  last,  etc.  31.  numero  :  =  loco  ; 
see  on  p.  64,  3.  34.  cum:  although.  35.  suam  fidem:  the  pledge 

of  safety  which  he  (Yarns)  had  given  them  at  their  surrender. — neque 
.  .  .  auderet:  but  still  did  not  dare,  etc.  1.  senatoribus:  Homan  sen-  74 
ators  in  the  train  of  a  petty  African  prince,  who  was  insulting  a  Homan 
provincial  capital !  Nothing  more  is  known  of  them,  except  that  Lici¬ 
nius  perished  in  trying  to  escape  to  Spain  after  Thapsus.  2.  paucis: 
sc.  verbis,  i.e.  briefly,  haughtily. 


BOOK  III. 

Last  months  of  49,  and  most  of  48.  See  N.  B.  at  beginning  of  Book  ii. 

A.  CAESAR  AT  ROME  AND  BRUNDISIUM.  CHAP.  I— II. 

Chap.  I.  Caesar’s  political  and  economical  measures  at  Rome. 

11-20.  Dictatore:  as  dictator ;  see  on  p.  61,  34-36.  The  narrative, 
interrupted  by  the  story  of  Curio’s  campaign,  is  a  continuation  of  ii, 
22,  1.  23,  ipse  ad  urbem  proficiscitur. — comitia :  App.  II,  3. — con¬ 
sules  :  for  the  year  48,  though  in  the  absence  of  Marcellus  and  Lentu¬ 
lus  they  acted  also  for  the  remainder  of  49.  12.  per  leges:  since 

342  the  legal  interval  between  two  consulships  of  the  same  man  had 
been  ten  years.  See  Int.  6-7.  13.  consulem:  the  dat.  would  be 

more  regular.  Gr.  535,  R.  3;  Gr.  272,  a;  H.  536,  2,  3),  N. — cum  fides 
.  .  .  esset  angustior:  since  credit  was  quite  restricted,  etc.  Owing  to 
the  uncertainty  of  the  future,  capitalists  would  not  lend  money  even 
on  good  security.  14.  neque  .  .  .  solverentur :  those  who  owed 
money  delayed  paying  it  because  they  hoped  that  one  result  of  the 
civil  war  would  be  tabulae  novae  (see  below  on  1.  18). — creditae 


208 


CAESAB’S  CIVIL  WAB. 


74  pecuniae:  =  aes  alienum,  see  on  p.  12,  32.  15.  ut  arbitri  daren¬ 

tur:  that  assessors  should  he  appointed,  i.e.  men  to  decide  on  the  value 
of  property  not  legally,  as  j  u  d  i  c  e  s ,  but  after  their  own  ideas  of  what 
was  fair  and  right. — fierent:  sc.  ut.  16.  possessionum:  real  estate. 
—rerum:  personal  effects. — quanti  .  .  .  fuisset:  Gr.  379;  Gr.  252,  a;  H. 
404 ;  at  that  value  which  each  of  these  articles  had  had  before  the  war. 
All  values  had  fallen  heavily  in  consequence  of  the  outbreak  of  the 
war,  so  that  a  man  whose  property  in  good  times  was  more  than  enough 
to  balance  his  debts,  might  find  himself  now  unable  to  pay  them  even 
by  parting  with  his  property.  Caesar’s  plan  was  an  arbitrary  one,  it  is 
true,  but  it  favored  both  classes,  the  debtor  by  increasing  the  value  of 
what  he  could  oUer  in  payment  of  his  debts,  the  creditor  by  securing 
him  some  payment,  instead  of  none  at  all  (tabulae  novae).  17. 
hae:  i.e.  these  possessiones  and  res  at  their  ante-bellum  value. 
18.  novarum  tabularum:  fresh  accounts,  involving  the  cancelling  of 
the  old  ones  by  summary  decree,  abolition  of  debts.  20.  ad  .  .  .  ex¬ 
istimationem:  and  for  preserving  confidence  in  the  debtors,  i.e.  in  their 
ability  and  willingness  to  pay  their  debts. 

21-30.  rogationes:  bills.  22.  nonnullos:  obj.  of  restituit  (26). 
— ambitus:  G.  377;  Gr.  220;  H.  409,  ii;  convicted  of  bribery  sX  elec¬ 
tions,  by  the  lex  Pompeia,  which  was  brought  forward  in  52  to 
serve  as  a  political  weapon  against  the  friends  of  Caesar  (1.  26).  It 
modified  the  existing  laws  against  bribery  (Cato  was  about  the  only 
prominent  man  in  Pome  who  would  not  be  amenable  to  some  bribery 
law)  by  increasing  the  penalty  from  ten  years  to  perpetual  banishment, 
but  it  so  arranged  the  process  of  trial  that  it  was  almost  impossible  for 
the  jurors  finally  selected  to  decide  the  case  (sententiam  ferentibus)  to 
have  heard  (audientibus)  the  witnesses  and  the  arguments.  For  the 
whole  panel  of  jurors  (judices)  numbered  360,  but  after  the  case  had 
been  argued  before  them  three  days,  51  from  the  whole  number  were 
selected  by  lot  to  give  the  final  decision.  Some  of  these  would  nat¬ 
urally  have  been  absent  during  parts  of  the  testimony.  The  51  ought 
to  have  been  selected  to  begin  with.  23.  illis  temporibus:  the  time 
during  Pompey’s  sole  consulship  (52)  when  the  murder  of  Clodius  by 
Milo  and  the  consequent  excitement,  led  to  the  “proclamation  of  mar¬ 
tial  law  ”  in  the  city  and  its  occupation  by  Pompey’s  soldiers.  24. 
judicia:  implied  in  damnatos.  26.  in  integrum  restituit :  restored 
to  the  position  they  had  held  when  condemned  for  bribery,  to  their 
former  status. — qui:  its  antec.  is  nonnullos  (22).  27.  si.  .  .  vellet: 

see  on  p.  13,  30. — proinde  .  .  .  potestatem:  ranking  them  just  as  high 
(proinde)  in  his  favor  as  (ac)  he  would  have  done  if  he  had  employed 
them,  since  they  had  placed  themselves  at  his  disposition.  See  on  p.  58, 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


209 


PAGE 

9. — sui  facere  potestatem  =  se  .  ,  .  offerre,  1.  26.  29.  prius  ...  74 

quam :  rather  than.  30.  ingratus :  to  have  done  it  on  his  own  au¬ 
thority  as  dictator  would  not  have  been  so  great  a  favor  to  these  ban¬ 
ished  friends  of  his,  as  to  have  it  done  by  formal  vote  of  the  people. 


Chap.  II.  Caesar  goes  to  Brundisium,  where  he  finds  too  few  ships 
and  a  diminished  army.  (About  the  middle  of  December,  49.) 

31.  His  rebus.  .  .  perficiendis:  G.  430,  R. ;  Gr.  299,  a;  H.  544,2. 

See  also  on  p.  79,  7.  32.  feriis  Latinis:  Latin  holidays;  a  religious 

festival,  founded,  according  to  legend,  by  Tarquinius  Superbus,  to 
celebrate  the  union  of  the  Romans  with  the  Latin  league.  It  was  in 
honor  of  Jupiter  Latiaris  (God  of  the  Latins),  and  was  celebrated  an¬ 
nually  from  one  to  four  days  on  the  Alban  mount,  under  the  lead  of 
the  newly-elected  consuls.  All  Latin  cities  sent  delegates.  By  holding 
this  festival  now,  Caesar  “was  making  himself  the  supreme  imperso¬ 
nation  of  the  laws  against  Pompey  with  his  hordes  of  Oriental  auxili¬ 
aries.” — comitiisque :  for  the  election  of  other  officers  besides  the 
consuls.  App.  II,  2.  34.  legiones  xii:  five  who  had  served  in  the 

Spanish  campaign  and  before  Massilia  (see  on  p,  62,  23),  to  which  were 
possibly  added  the  two  veteran  legions  which  Curio  had  left  in  Sicily 
(p.  62,  28),  the  veteran  legion  wbich  had  been  in  Sardinia  (p.  25, 18), 
the  two  veteran  legions  which  had  been  temporarily  left  at  Massilia 
(p.  62,  22-23),  one  legion  from  the  22  cohorts  mentioned  p.  19,  27, 
who  had  been  doing  garrison  duty  in  Italy,  and  were  now  no  longer 
tirones,  and  the  legion  of  tirones  mentioned  expressly  p. 87, 35. 

As  recruiting  had  probably  been  going  on  in  Italy  all  through  the 
Spanish  campaign,  legions  of  new  recruits  may  have  been  sent  to 
replace  the  veterans  withdrawn  from  Sicily,  Sardinia  and  Massilia. 

The  fifteen  cohorts  lost  at  Curicta  (see  on  p.  7 5, 25)  may  have  been 
made  up  of  part  of  the  Gallic  levies  mentioned  p.  19, 27,  and  of  still 
newer  recruits.  Of  course  this  is  all  pure  guess-work,  since  Caesar 
gives  no  particulars.  Caesar  has  besides,  in  Spain,  four  veteran  legions 
(p.  61,28),  two  of  wliich  had  been  Yarro’s.  35.  tantum  navium: 
so  few  ships.  1.  Hoc  .  .  .  defuit:  freely,  this  alone  prevented  Caesaris  75 
quickly  finishing  the  war.  See  on  p.  39, 10.  G.  429;  Gr.  298;  H.  542, 
i,  544,1.  2.  infrequentiores :  quite  depleted  in  numbers  ;  from  p.  76, 

28,  we  see  that  seven  legions  had  only  the  above  total  of  15,000,  whereas 
if  they  had  been  full  the  number  would  have  been  from  20,000  to 
25,000.  3.  defecerant:  sc.  viribus;  had  broken  down.  5.  ex 

.  .  .  regionibus :  after  their  stay  in,  etc. 

14 


210 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


^AGE 

75  B.  POMPEY’S  PREPARATIONS.  CHAP.  Ill— V. 

Chap.  III.  Pompey’s  ships  and  money. 

9.  annuum  spatium :  Tery  nearly ;  since  the  middle  of  March ;  cf .  i, 
28-29.  11.  ex  Asia,  etc.:  this  and  the  two  following  chapters  are 

highly  colored  by  the  liberal  use  of  Eastern  geographical,  political  and 
personal  names,  for  rhetorical  effect  in  contrasting  Caesar’s  scanty 
forces  with  Pompey’s  immense  and  motley  hordes,  drawn  from  every 
nook  and  corner  of  the  Roman  Empire  in  the  East.  Asia  as  a  Roman 
province  (which  is  here  meant),  comprised  Caria,  Lydia,  Mysia  and 
Phrygia. — Corona,  Athenis  :  prominent  naval  powers  still,  as  they 
had  been  the  leading  ones  at  the  opening  of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  in 
431.  15.  dy nastis  et  tetrarchis  :  petty  monarchs  dependent  on 

Rome,  but  not  honored  with  the  title  of  “  rex.”  See  on  p.  12,  33. — 
liberis  Achaiae  populis :  Achaia  was  the  name  given  to  Greece  proper 
(i.e.  all  south  of  the  province  of  Macedonia)  as  a  Roman  province,  made 
subject  to  the  Roman  governor  of  Macedonia  soon  after  the  destruction 
of  Corinth  by  Mummius,  in  146.  See  on  p.  90, 8.  “A  fixed  land-tax 
to  be  paid  to  Rome  was  imposed  on  each  community,  yet  they  retained 
‘freedom,’  that  is,  a  formal  sovereignty  which  involved  the  property 
of  the  sod  and  the  right  to  a  distinct  administration  and  jurisdiction 
of  their  own.”  16.  societates:  sc.  publicanorum,  guilds  of 
bailiffs  or  revenue-collectors. 

Chap.  IY.  Pompey's  infantry  and  cavalry. 

18.  traduxerat:  cf.  p.  22,  35.  19.  ex  duabus:  formerly  under 

Cicero  as  proconsul  of  Cdicia,  56-55  b.  c.  24.  supplementi  nomine : 
as  substitutes  for  those  who  had  in  any  way  been  lost,  thus  keeping  the 
legions  up  to  the  normal  number.  25.  Antonianos  milites :  Gaius  An¬ 
tonius  is  meant,  who,  while  legatus  for  Caesar  in  Illyricum  during  the 
latter’s  Spanish  campaign,  had  been  hemmed  in  with  Dolabella  on  the 
island  of  Curicta  (off  the  coast  of  Illyricum)  by  Octavius  and  Libo,  naval 
commanders  of  Pompey,  and  forced^to  surrender  with  fifteen  cohorts. 
Sec  on  p.  74,  34.  Caesar  speaks  elsewhere  as  though  he  had  narrated  this 
disaster  (cf.  pp.  78,  31-32;  105,30-31),  probably  in  the  portion  of  the 
history  lost  between  chap.*8and  9,  where  see  note.  26.  cum  Scipione 
ex  Syria:  cf. p.  14, 8.  30.  Gallos:  i.e.  Galatas  or  Gallograe¬ 

cos.  About  280  B.  c.,  the  Galli  invaded  Greece,  and  part  of  them 
were  taken  over  to  Asia  Minor  in  278,  as  mercenaries.  Once  there  th  3y 
conquered  a  settlement  for  themselves.  Deiot^us  was  one  of  their 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


211 


PAGE 

tetrarchs.  Cf.  p.  76,  2.  33.  ex  Gabinianis:  of  the  troops  of  Oa-  75 

hinius  at  Alexandria.  See  the  biog.  of  Gabinius  in  App.  I,  and  cf. 
p.  126,  23.  35.  Pompeius  filius:  i.e.  Gnaeus,  the  elder  and  less 

famous  son.  See  App.  I.  2.  alter  .  .  .  alter:  refer  to  the  preceding  76 
names  in  reverse  order,  as  we  learn  from  Cicero’s  oration  pro  Deio- 
taro,  X,  28.  5.  Hue:  see  on  p.  29,  22. — partim  imperio  .  .  .  com¬ 

paratos  :  partly  conscripts  or  volunteers.  8.  supra:  p.  75, 29, 
equitum  vii  milia.  Pompey  controlled  11  legions,  7000  cavalry,  5000 
archers  and  slingers,  and  500  ships. 

Chap.  V.  Pompey’s  supplies,  and  the  disposition  of  his  fofees  on  land 
and  sea. 

10.  Dyrrhachii :  see  on  p.  22,  35.  It  was  a  free  town  in  the  Roman 
province  of  Macedonia,  much  as  Massilia  had  been  in  Gallia  Narbo¬ 
nensis.  11.  Apolloniae:  S. of  Dyrrhachium,  a  short  distance  inland. 

(See  Map  I.)  It  was  a  very  ancient  city  but  not  prominent  at  all  in 
Greek  history.  At  this  time  it  was  a  famous  seat  of  learning  to  which 
wealthy  Romans  sent  their  sons.  13.  omni  ora  maritima:  all  along 
the  sea-coast,  omni  here,  like  tot  a,  making  the  prep,  in  improper; 
see  on  Italia,  p.  11, 19.  14.  Pompeius  filius:  see  on  p.  75,  35.  15. 

Marcellus  :  the  consul  in  49.  See  App.  I.  17.  Toti  .  .  .  officio 
maritimo:  over  the  whole  naval  service.  18.  ad  hunc  .  .  .  respicie¬ 
bat:  on  him  devolved  the  command-in-chief. 


C.  THE  CAMPAIGN  IN  THE  EAST.  CHAP.  VI— CXIV. 

a.  Caesar’s  Passage  to  Greece  and  Surprise  of  the  Pompeians, 

Chap,  vi— viii. 

Chap.  VI.  The  passage  from  Brundisium  to  Greece  (Jan.  4th,  48). 

20.  Caesar  :  subj.  of  solvit  (27),  while  ut .  .  .  venit,  contionatus 
.  .  .  sperarent,  conclamantibus  .  .  .  facturos  all  denote  actions  prior 
to  this ;  quoniam  .  .  .  sperarent  gives  in  0.  0.  the  contents  of  Caesar’s 
harangue  (contio),  relinquerent,  conscenderent  and  sperarent  rep¬ 
resenting  commands  in  0.  R.  So  imperaret  (26)  represents  the  im¬ 
perative  in  the  shout  (conclamantibus)  of  the  soldiers.  27.  ii  Non. 
Jan.;=:ante  diem  secundum  Nonas  Januarias,  or,  pridie 
Nonas  Januarias.  See  on  p.  13,  22.  28.  supra:  cf.  p.  74,  36, 

and  see  on  p.  75,  2.  29.  Germiniorum:  the  name  of  an  otherwise 

unknown  people,  if  the  text  is  right,  somewhere  near  the  ilcroceraunian 


212 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

76  range.  See  Map  I. — Saxa  inter:  a  rare  position  for  the  prep.  31. 
arbitrabantur:  usually  deponent,  here  passive.  32.  Palaeste:  a  sea¬ 
port  of  Epirus,  at  the  southern  foot  of  the  Acroceraunian  prom. — ad 
unam:  cf.  p.  73, 10. 

Chap.  VII.  The  surprise  of  the  Pompeians  guarding  the  coast. 

33.  Orici  :  just  noilh  of  Caesar’s  landing  place,  a  convenient  harbor 
for  those  coming  from  or  going  to  Brundisium.  See  Map  I.  34. 
Minucius  Rufus:  this  is  all  that  is  definitely  known  of  him.  35. 
Corcyrae :  «about  thirty  miles  south  of  Caesar’s  landing  place,  the 

77  modem  Corfu;  see  on  p.  27,  22.  1.  praesidio:  as  a  convoy  for  the 

transports.  2.  constratae:  see  on  p.  63, 1, — neque.  .  .occurrit: 
nor  was  B.  on  hand  soon  enough,  'because  his  ships  were  not  sea-ready, 
etc. 


Chap.  VIII,  Bibulus  burns  most  of  Caesar’s  transports  on  their  way 
back,  and  then  more  carefully  guards  the  whole  coast. 

6.  naves:  sc.  onerarias,  as  p.  92, 26-27  clearly  shows.  8.  qui 
.  ,  .  adhiberet;  with  orders  to  hasten;  rel.  clause  of  purpose,  11. 
oflFenderunt :  met  with  mishap,  came  to  grief.  12.  onustarum: 
while  still  laden,  i.e.  with  soldiers,  opposed  to  inanibus,  empty,  i.e. 
after  having  landed  the  troops.  13.  in  eas  .  .  .  erupit:  wreaked  on 
them  the  wrath  which  his  own  carelessness  and  mortification  caused 
him.  16.  terreri:  that  he  was  frightening  the  rest  by,  etc.  See  on 
p.  15,  20.  17.  a  Sasonis:  sc.  portu  ;  Saso  was  the  small  island  just 

north  of  the  Acroceraunian  prom.,  and  a  very  important  naval  position, 
commanding  Oricum  and  Apollonia. — Ourici :  a  town  on  the  island 
of  Curicta;  see  on  p.  75,  25.  19.  gravissima  hieme:  abi.  abs.,  though 
the  winter  was  very  severe.  21.  posset:  the  main  verb  of  the  sen¬ 
tence  has  fallen  out,  as  has  also  probably  the  account  of  Gaius  Antony’s 
surrender;  see  on  p.  75, 25.  Of  such  an  account  the  opening  words  of 
the  next  chap,  are  a  natural  continuation. 


b.  The  Surrender  of  Gains  Antony  at  Curicta  to  Libo  and  Octavius 

(probably  narrated  here  but  lost  out.  See  last  note.  The  ac¬ 
count  concludes  with  chap.  9).  Chap. — ix. 

24.  Discessu  Liburnarum:  sc.  navium.  Cf.p.  76,16.  On  these 
Libo  probably  brought  to  Pompey  the  fifteen  cohorts  of  Antony  from 
Curicta,  25.  Salonas:  near  the  modern  Spalatro,  on  the  coast  of 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


213 


PAGE 

Illyricum,  little  known  before  this  time,  but  soon  of  importance  as  a  77 
great  road  center.  Here  Grabinius  died  in  48  (see  biog.),  and  here  the 
great  Emperor  Diocletian,  after  his  abdication  in  305  a.  d.,  built  a 
splendid  palace  and  spent  the  last  years  of  his  life.  26.  Issam;  an 
island  south  of  Salona,  early  settled  by  Greek  colonists.  In  229  b.  c. 
it  was  made  independent  of  the  main-land  by  the  Romans,  and  its  peo¬ 
ple  treated  as  Roman  citizens.  30.  Sed:  used  as  if  the  preceding 
sentence  were  parenthetical.  33.  ad  extremum  auxilium:  to  des¬ 
perate  measures.  34.  praesectis  .  .  .  crinibus :  to  twist  into  strings 
for  the  tormenta;  see  on  p.  51, 16.  36.  quinis:  see  on  p.  44, 14. 

1.  obsidione  et  oppugnationibus:  hy  Mockade  and  storming  attacks.  78 

2.  perpeti:  see  on  p.  16,  5.  6.  nacti  .  .  .eorum:  taking  advantage 

of  the  opportunity  which  noon  gave  hy  their  withdrawal  (from  the 
siege-works  into  the  tents  for  rest  or  food).  Cf.  p.  57, 17-19.  9. 

manu:  sallymg party.  10.  His:  i.e.  proxima  castra. — eodem  im¬ 

petu:  see  on  p.  69,  22,  eodem  cursu.  11.  altera;  se.  castra.  G. 

306;  Gr.  203,  a;  H.  459.  14.  hiems  appropinquabat:  comparison 

with  p.  77, 19,  shows  that  Caesar  went  hack  in  point  of  time  from  chap. 

8  to  narrate  the  surrender  of  Antony,  which  took  place  about  the  time 
of  Curio’s  disaster  in  Africa,  i.e.  in  August  of  49.  The  siege  of  Salona 
was  protracted  until  winter  was  approaching,  i.e.  until  shortly  before 
Caesar  crossed  into  Greece,  and  while  Pompey  was  still  at  Dyrrhachium 
(1.  16).  This  is  not  contradicted  by  the  date  of  Caesar’s  crossing  given 
p.  76,  27,  for  at  this  time  the  Roman  calendar  had  become  some  sixty 
days  ahead  of  the  seasons,  so  that  Jan.  4th,  48,  was  really  about  Nov. 

6th,  49,  according  to  the  reformed  calendar,  which  Caesar  himself  in¬ 
troduced  in  46.  This  variation  between  the  calendar  date  and  the 
season  of  the  year,  must  be  borne  in  mind  in  connection  with  all  dates 
given  for  the  events  of  the  war. 

c.  Caesar  secures  firm  Footing  in  Greece.  Chap,  x — xiv. 

Chap.  X.  Caesar  had  informally  commissioned  Vibullius  Rufus  to 
propose  once  more  to  Pompey  a  peaceful  settlement  of  the  issue 
between  them. 

18.  praefectum:  perhaps  the  same  office  as  that  of  Magius,  p.  22,  25. 

20.  ad  Corfinium ;  cf.  p.  27, 19-20. — in  Hispania:  though  not  ex¬ 
pressly  mentioned,  he  was  among  those  dismissed  at  the  Varus,  p.  50, 

29.  Cf.  p.  28,  36.  21.  judicaverat;  had  deemed,  viz.  after  he  had 

been  thus  dismissed  at  the  Varus.  22.  mitteret  ;  see  on  p.  15,  25. 

27.  quae  .  .  .  timerent:  which  they  could  consider  as  instruction  and 


214 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

78  warning  to  fear  further  disasters.  28.  ilium:  sc.  satis  incom¬ 

moda  accepisse,  of  which  the  partic.  expulsum  denotes  the  cause, 
just  as  the  abls.  morte,  detrimento,  deditione  below  give  the  cause  of 
se  satis  incom.  accepisse.  30.  centum  atque  xxx:  no  ex¬ 
aggeration;  seventy  in  Spain,  more  than  thirty  at  Corfinium  (p.  19,  5), 
and  others  as  explained  in  note  on  p.  22,  33-34.  32.  ad  Curictam: 

see  on  p.  75,  25. — parcerent:  represents  a  subjv.  of  exhortation  in 
0.  R.,  “let  us  spare,”  etc.  34.  satis  essent  documento:  had  proved 

79  clearly ;  see  on  p.  19,  33,  for  the  dat.  3.  Condiciones:  subj.  of  de¬ 
bere. — quoniam  .  .  .  non  potuissent:  since  they  (condiciones)  had  not 
heen  able  to  he  agreed  upon,  convenire  as  in  p.  24,  33 ;  since  it  had  not 
been  possible  to  agree  upon  them.  7.  Depositis:  strictly  applicable 
only  to  armis,  but  with  the  meaning  dismiss  to  be  taken  also  with 
auxiliis,  by  Zeugma.  Gr.  690 ;  Gr.  p.  298 ;  H.  636,  ii,  1.  So  p.  74,  32, 
perficiendis  is  to  be  taken  in  a  slightly  different  meaning  {performing 
celebrating,  holding)  with  rebus,  feriis  and  comitiis. 


Chap.  XI.  But  Vibullius  is  the  man  who  informs  Pompey  of  Caesar’s 
arrival  in  Greece.  Pompey  then  hurries  toward  Apollonia,  and 
Caesar  takes  Oricum. 

9.  his  expositis  Corcyrae:  having  set  forth  these  propositions  of 
Caesar  to  the  naval  officers  of  Pompey  at  Corcyra  in  the  absence  of 
Pompey  himself.  11.  ad  id:  i.e.  the  adventus  of  Caesar.  12. 
mandatis:  the  message  of  Vibullius  from  Caesar,  chap  10.  15.  Can¬ 

davia:  a  mountainous  district  just  east  of  Dyrrhachium.  19.  Oricum: 
see  on  p.  76,  33.  21.  Parthinorum:  inhabitants  of  the  small  Greek 

city  Parthus,  near  Dyrrhachium.  Hence  Graecos  in  the  next  line. 
Caesar’s  capture  of  the  town  is  mentioned  p.  93, 23-24.  22.  cum: 

introduces  juberet,  negarent  and  conarentur,  and  finds  its  conclusion 
in  aperuit,  etc.,  1.  26.  23.  contra  imperium  pop.  Rom.:  Caesar’s 

observance  of  the  forms  of  law  in  taking  the  consulship  made  him  the 
representative  of  the  Roman  people.  See  on  p.  74,  32.  24.  autem: 

moreover. 


Chap.  XII.  Caesar  takes  Apollonia  also  before  Pompey  can  get 
there. 

29.  Staberius  :  mentioned  only  in  this  connection.  31.  negare: 
histor.  infin. ;  neque  daturos  se  dicebant,  neque,  etc.  32.  sibi 
.  .  .  atque :  presume  to  decide  otherwise  than,  etc.  See  on  p.  58,  9. 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


215 


PAGE 

36.  Bullidenses,  Amantini:  insignificant  Illyrian  towns  whose  site  is  79 
no  longer  precisely  known. 

Chap.  XIII.  Pompey  succeeds  in  throwing  himself  between  Caesar 
and  Dyrrhachium,  and  the  two  armies  encamp  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  river  Apsus. 

4.  Dyrrhachio:  since  all  his  supplies  were  there  (p.  93,  32).  6.  ejus:  80 

i.e.  Pompey ’s,  to  whom  the  subjects  of  the  following  pluperfs.  also 
refer;  the  forced  marches  showed  the  soldiers  what  a  serious  thing 
Caesar’s  arrival  seemed  to  Pompey.  10.  metari:  used  by  Caesar  only 
here,  instead  of  muniri.  App.  Ill,  19.  11.  etiam  turn:  even  after 

accomplishing  the  object  of  their  haste  and  heading  Caesar  off.  13. 

Hoc  idem:  see  on  p.  45, 12.  The  fresh  oath  revives  their  loyalty  as  it 
had  also  done  for  Petreius,  i,  76.  15.  praeoccupato;  sc.  a  Pom¬ 

peio.  16.  ad  flumen  Apsum:  on  the  south  bank,  so  as  better  to 
protect  Apollonia  and  Oricum  (bene  meritae  civitates).  19.  sub 
pellibus:  in  ordinary  tents  (made  of  skins),  instead  of  the  barracks 
(hibernacula)  usually  built  in  hibernis. 

Chap.  XIV.  The  troops  of  Caesar  left  at  Brundisium  are  prevented 
in  the  nick  of  time  from  trying  to  cross  to  Greece. 

22.  Calenus:  cf.  p.  77,  8.  23.  quantum  .  .  .  habebat:  so  far  as  he 

had  a  supply  of  ships,  i.e.  as  many  as  his  ships  would  hold.  29. 
privatoque  consilio :  and  was  being  run  on  private  responsibility,  going 
over  on  business  under  convoy  of  the  ships  of  war.  31.  ad  impu¬ 
beres  :  down  to,  i.e.  including  even,  etc.  32.  ad  unum  ;  see  on  p. 

73, 10. — magnoque  casu:  the  great  piece  of  luck  was  the  arrival  of 
Caesar’s  letter  just  in  time.  33.  constitit:  depended  on;  cf.  p.  49, 6, 
with  note. 

d.  Caesar’s  successful  Tactics  against  the  blockading  Fleet  of 

Pompey.  Chap,  xv— xix. 

Chap.  XV.  Caesar’s  troops  keep  the  crews  of  Bibulus  and  Libo  from 
landing  for  supplies,  until  at  last  the  commanders  beg  an  ar¬ 
mistice. 

34.  supra:  implied  but  not  distinctly  stated  in  1.  30  above.  6.  uno  81 
tempore:  =  aliquando,  once,  not  at  one  and  the  same  time,  as 

p.  78, 1.  11.  in  quibus  .  .  .  angustiis:  =  in  iis  angustiis  in  quibus 

eos  esse  demonstravimus.  16.  ut .  .  .viderentur:  so  that  they 


216 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

81  really  seemed  about  to  sue  for  terms.  19.  videbatur:  sc,  iis,  i.e. 
Acilius  and  Murcus. — profectum:  sc.  esse,  perf.  infm.  pass,  of  pro¬ 
ficio  (see  on  p.  22,  29);  that  some  good  had  resulted  from,  etc.  20 
Vibulli  mandatis:  cf.  chap.  10,  and  p.  79,  9-14. 

Chap.  XVI.  Libo’s  proposition  to  confer  with  Pompey  about  a  settle¬ 
ment  of  the  war 

22.  rem  .  .  .expediendam:  see  on  p.  36, 13.  28.  ex  aedilitate 

.  .  .  conceptas:  see  biog.  of  Bibulus.  31.  suam:  Libo’s,  and,  since 
he  represented  Bibulus,  the  latter’s  also.  33.  de  consilii  sententia: 
in  accordance  with  the  decision  of  the  council,  i.e.  the  group  of  senators 
and  ex-magistrates  about  Pompey,  who  styled  themselves  the  Roman 
Senate,  and  pretended  to  keep  up  the  only  legitimate  forms  of  govern¬ 
ment.  Of  course  Libo  would  not  speak  of  them  so  in  addressing 

82  Caesar.  34.  summam  belli:  cf. p.  28, 14,  with  note.  2.  de  causa: 
the  question  at  issue  between  Caesar  and  Pompey. 

Chap.  XVII.  is  refused  by  Caesar  when  he  discovers  it  to  be  a  mere 
ruse  to  extricate  the  fleet  from  its  hardships. 

3.  Quibus  rebus :  the  pauca  of  the  previous  line,  which  Libo  must 
have  said  rather  boastfully,  and  with  a  desire  to  impress  Caesar  with 
Pompey’s  power.  Caesar  thought  such  boasts  unworthy  of  answer  at 
the  time,  and,  now  that  he  writes  his  history,  unworthy  of  mention. 
6.  idque  .  .  ,  reciperent:  and  that  they  as  commanders  guarantee 
that  this  be  done,  or  take  the  envoys  themselves  and  conduct  them  to  him 
(Pompey).  8.  Quod :  adv.  acc. ;  as  to  what.  10.  Si  .  .  .  custodiis : 
if  they  wished  this  restriction  removed  from  them,  they  must  remove 
(imper.  in  0.  R.)  from  him  that  of  guarding  the  coast.  11.  illud: 
refers  to  de  marit.  oust.,  and  would  probably  be  istud  in  0.  R.  G. 
663,3;  H.  526.  12.  id:  refers  to  hoc  in  1.  10,  and  that  to  the  pre¬ 

ceding  ut .  .  .prohiberet.  13.  ut:  although  these  restrictions  were 
not  removed. — hanc  rem:  the  fact  implied  in  non  remitterentur.  14. 
Ille:  Libo,  speaking  also  for  Bibulus.  15.  periculum  praestare: 
go  surety  for  their  danger,  i.e.  guarantee  their  safety ;  cf.  fore  reci¬ 
perent,  1.  7.  The  infins.  in  this  whole  sentence  are  historical.  See  on 
p.  39,  30.  16.  unum  .  .  .  contendere:  in  one  matter  (acc.  of  spec.), 

viz.  the  truce,  he  was  persistent,  and  strove  very  hard  to  secure  it. 

Chap.  XVIII.  Death  of  Bibulus.  Pompey’s  reception  of  Caesar’s 
njessage  by  Vibullius  Rufus. 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


217 


PAGE 

24.  ad  neminem  unum:  on  no  one  man  alone  did  the  chief  command  82 
devolve.  25.  Vibullius:  cl  chap.  10-11,  p.  81,  20.  27.  ubi  .  .  . 

visum  est:  as  soon  as  it  seemed  worth  while  ;  ere  =  ex  usu,  lit.  in 
accordance  with,  i.e.  adapted  to  the  case  in  hand,  expedient,  proper. 

28.  Lucceio  et  Theophane ;  see  App.  I.  It  had  become  the  fashion  for 
great  generals  to  have  historians  accompany  them  in  order  to  narrate 
their  campaigns  (Cic.  pro  Archia,  ix — x).  These  two  seem  to  have 
even  advised  Pompey  in  military  matters,  so  much  so  that  the  Roman 
nobles  became  very  Jealous  of  them.  30.  ingressum  in  sermonem : 
see  on  p.  11, 17.  33.  cujus  rei  opinio:  and  yet  people's  belief  in  this, 

viz.  that  I  owe  my  salvation  to  Caesar.  34.  reductus :  brought  bach, 
by  the  kindess  of  Caesar,  to  the  country  from  which  I  set  out  as  an  in¬ 
dependent  commander  of  all  her  resources. 

Chap.  XIX.  An  attempt  of  Caesar  to  win  over  Pompey’s  soldiers  is 
frustrated  by  Labienus. 

2.  unum  flumen  tantum :  simply  a  river  only,  and  nothing  more.  83 
The  tantum  is  really  redundant;  cf.  p.  64,33.  3.  per  pactiones 

loquentium :  by  mutual  agreement  on  the  part  of,  etc.  4.  Mittit : 
sc.  Caesar.  6.  et .  ,  .  pronuntiaret  liceretne:  and  to  cry  out .  .  . 
was  it  not  right,  etc.  G.  654;  Gr.  338;  H.  523,  ii,  1.  8.  fugitivis: 

the  remnants  of  the  followers  of  Sertorius  (see  on  p.  38,  29),  who  were 
allowed  by  Pompey  to  found  a  city  in  southern  Gaul. — ^praedonibus- 
que:  the  pirates,  see  on  p.  62,  35.  9.  ne  .  .  .  decertarent:  a  clause 

in  appos.  with  id.  12.  Aulum  Varronem:  a  minor  character.  13. 
atque  .  .  .  visurum:  and  that  he  would  see  how,  etc.,  i.e.  would  see  to 
it  that,  etc.  16.  Quo  .  .  .  ventum:  when  it  had  been  come  to  this 
time,  i.e.  when  this  time  came,  etc.  19.  summissa  oratione:  in 
subtle  phrases.  20.  atque  altercari :  after  pretending  to  fall  in  with 
the  general  desire  on  both  sides  for  peace,  he  cunningly  argues  the  case 
(altercari)  so  as  to  work  up  the  minds  of  his  soldiers  into  renewed  hos¬ 
tility  to  Caesar.  22.  ille:  Vatinius.  23.  M.  Plotius,  L.  Tibur- 
tius :  othei’wise  unknown.  25.  nisi  Caesaris  capite  relato :  unless 
Caesar's  head  is  brought  us,  i.e.  as  long  as  Caesar  lives. 


e.  The  Sedition  of  Coelius  Rufus  in  Itaiy.  Chap,  xx — xxii. 

Chap.  XX.  Coelius  tries  to  excite  dissatisfaction  with  Caesar’s  finan¬ 
cial  measures,  and,  failing  in  this, 

27.  praetor,  praetoris  urbani  (29):  App.  11,10. 


28.  juxta  O. 


218 


CAE  SAB ‘S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

83  Treboni  .  .  .  sellam:  Gr.  393,  R.  3;  Gr.  195,  b.  29.  si  quis  .  .  .  pol* 
licebatur :  interfering  in  the  financial  measures  of  Caesar  described  in 
chap.  1,  Coelius  promised  to  help  any  one  who  protested  (appellavisset) 
to* the  praetor  urbanus  against  the  estimates  of  the  assessors  and 
refused  to  pay  his  debts.  34.  ut .  .  .  nasceretur :  that  none  could  he 
found  to  begin  protesting.  35.  excusare;  to  plead  as  an  excuse  (ior 
not  paying  one’s  debts);  this  and  the  two  following  infins.  form  the 

84  subject  of  est  (p.  84, 1);  is  characteristic  even  of  a  moderate  boldness; 
hut  that  men  should  heep  their  property  intact,  who  yet  confess  that 
they  are  in  debt,  of  what  boldness,  or  rather  of  what  shamelessmss  is 
that  a  token.  2.  tenere:  subj.  of  est  (3);  cf.  excusare,  etc.,  above. 
3.  hoc:  i.e.  integras  tenere  possessiones,  etc.  4.  ipsis:  abi.  after 
the  compar,  durior ;  and  so  Coelius  was  found  to  be  more  severe  toward 
the  creditors  than  those  very  men  in  whose  interests  he  was  engaged, 
viz. ,  the  debtors  who  were  loath  to  pay  their  debts.  He  would  absolve 
them  from  still  more  of  their  debts  than  the  lenient  plan  of  Caesar  had 
done,  and  even  from  more  than  any  of  them  had  the  boldness  to  de¬ 
mand.  7.  ut .  .  .  solvantur:  appos.  with  legem.  See  on  p.  14,25. 
— sexenni  die :  six  years  from  date.  This  would  give  the  debtors  the 
use  of  the  money  they  owed  for  six  years  free  of  charge. 

Chap.  XXI.  proposes  two  seditious  laws,  for  which  he  is  deposed 
from  office,  when  he  joins  Milo  in  trying  to  excite  a  revolution. 

8.  resisteret:  see  on  p.  12,  9.  9.  efficeret:  i.e.  Coelius.  10. 

sublata  :  withdrawn ;  cf.  1.  7.  11.  qua  .  .  .  donavit :  by  which  he 

gave  tenants  a  yeaVs  rent ;  a  bid  for  their  political  support.  .  12. 
aliam:  less  common  in  such  a  case  than  alteram. — tabularum  nova- 
rum:  see  on  p.  74, 18.  15.  ab  republica  removere:  to  deprive  of 

all  official  rights.  19.  simulavit:  pretended.  Quae  non  sunt 
simulo;  quaesunt  ea  dissimulantur.  Cf.  p.  19,33,  with  note. 
— Milonem,  Clodio :  ruffian  tools  of  Pompey  and  Caesar  respectively, 
whose  deadly  feud  long  filled  Rome  with  brawls.  See  on  p.  74,  23,  and 
cf.  Cicero  pro  Milone,  a  speech  which  represents  what  Cicero  wished 
to  say  at  the  trial  which  resulted  in  Milo’s  banishment  (1.  30).  Milo 
was  living  at  Massilia.  20.  eo  nomine:  on  that  charge,  = 
nomine.  G.  377,  R.  3;  H.  410,  ii,  1.  21.  muneribus  datis:  since 

he  had  given  the  people  great  shows,  during  the  year  before  he  ran  for 
the  consulship.  See  for  this,  as  well  as  for  familiae,  on  p.  18, 1  and  4. 
22.  conjunxit:  its  obj.  is  the  same  as  the  one  expressed  with  the  follow¬ 
ing  verb. — Thurinum:  sc.  agrum  (1.  34),  on  the  gulf  of  Tarentum. 
Thurii,  as  the  city  used  to  be  called,  had  been  one  of  the  prosperous 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


219 


PA.GK 

Greek  cities  in  Magna  Graecia,  or  Southern  Italy,  but  after  becoming  84 
an  ally  and  dependent  of  Rome,  about  282,  it  declined,  and  was  now  the 
seat  of  a  small  Roman  colony.  23.  Casilinum:  a  town  of  Campania 
near  the  ancient  Capua,  important  only  from  a  military  standpoint,  as 
commanding  the  principal  bridge  of  the  river  Vulturnus.  Caesar  after¬ 
wards  established  a  colony  of  veterans  there.  The  modern  Capua  is  on 
its  site.  25.  et .  .  .  appararet:  together  with  his  troop  of  gladiators 
which  had  been  sent  from  Naples  to  arrange  for  the  surrender  of  the 
town  (Capua), — Neapoli:  ‘''the  Greek  city,”  since  327  slowly  sinking 
into  actual  dependence  on  Rome,  though  nominally  independent.  In 
59  it  became  an  ordinary  municipium  (see  on  p.  18,  6),  and  even 
now  was  already  Rome’s  fashionable  watering-place.  28.  eo  itinere: 
i.e.  to  Capua. 

Chap.  XXII.  Death  of  Coelius  and  Milo. 

30.  litteris  :  see  on  p.  29, 30. — ea  .  .  .  delata  essent  :  the  contents 
of  Milo’s  letters.  31.  quae  mandata:  implied  in  jussu  atque  im¬ 
perio  above. — per  Vibullium :  who  had  probably  stopped  at  Massilia 
(see  on  1.  19)  on  his  way  to  or  from  Spain  (cf.  p.  27, 18-19,  and  see  on 
p.  78, 20).  33,  quibusdam  solutis  ergastulis:  hebrohe  open  a  few 

slave-pens,  and  began,  etc.  The  ergastula  were  strong  pens  or 
cellar-dens  in  which  field-slaves  were  kept  at  night  to  prevent  conspi¬ 
racies  or  escape.  Milo  failed,  it  seems,  to  enlist  the  peasants  (1.  23)  in 
his  scheme,  and  so  had  to  content  himself  with  slaves,  34,  Cosam: 
distinguished  by  the  following  words  from  Cosa  in  Etruria ;  cf .  p.  27, 

22,  with  note.  35.  cum  legione:  something  has  fallen  out  here, 
perhaps  ventum  esset,  36,  dictitabat;  cf.  11.  18-19.  G.  787,1; 

Gr,  167,  b;  H.  336,  i.  1.  Thurios:  see  on  p.  84,  22.  4.  magna-  85 

rum  initia  rerum:  the  nucleus  of  a  revolution. — quae.  .  .habebant; 
which  rendered  Italy  anxious  on  account  of  the  distraction  of  the  offi¬ 
cials  (obj.  gen.)  and  of  the  times  (subj.  gen.);  “cum  magistratus 
aliis  rebus  occupati  essent,  et  tempora  homines  occu¬ 
parent,” 

f.  Liho’s  fruitless  Attempt  to  blockade  Marc  Antony  at  Brundisium. 

Chap,  xxiii — xxiv. 

7.  ab  Orico:  cf.  pp.  80, 35;  81, 12,  and  see  on  p.  16,  9,  prae¬ 
stare  .  .  .  quam:  see  on  p.  65,  33.  15.  dejecit:  dislodged,  routed. — 

adeo  .  .  ,  profecit :  took  such  advantage  of,  etc.  16.  naves  .  .  . 
prohibiturum:  the  contents  of  his  letter,  where  juberet  represents  a 


220 


CAi:SAB’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

85  j^beas  in  0.  R.,  “you  can  order  if  you  wish  to,”  etc.  G.  250;  Gr. 

311,  a;  H.  485.  17.  subduci:  see  on  p.  62,35.  19.  Brundisii; 

cf.  p.  77,  5-7.  20.  cratibus  pluteisque;  see  on  p.  23,  18. — eoque; 

=  et  in  eas.  Cf.  p.  55,32.  23.  per  causam:  in  Caesar  this  differs 

from  causa  in  always  giving  feigned  reason.  32.  ut .  .  .  prohi= 
berentur:  see  on  ut .  .  .  recitarentur,  p.  11,  2.  This  was  the  policy  by 
which  Caesar  also  had  turned  the  tables  on  Libo  (and  Bibulus).  Cf, 
chap.  15. 

g.  Antony  crosses  to  Greece  and  joins  Caesar.  Chap,  xxy— xxx. 

Chap.  XXV.  Caesar  blames  Antony  and  Calenus  for  not  crossing 
sooner,  and  gives  them  positive  orders  to  improve  the  first 
favorable  wind.  . 

36.  praecipitaverat:  had  begun  to  draw  toward  a  close.  It  was  now 
about  April  1st,  i.e.  Feb.  1st  by  the  seasons  and  the  reformed  calendar 
(see  on  p.  78, 14),  and  Pompey  had  allowed  Caesar,  .with  only  half  his 

86  army,  to  hold  him  in  check  at  the  Apsus  for  nearly  three  months.  3. 

quibus  .  .  .  existimabat ;  to  which  he  thought  they  must  necessarily 
intrust  themselves.  Caesar  relied  fearlessly  on  his  felicitas,  or 
fortuna,  which  Cicero  speaks  of  as  one  of  the  requisites  in  a  great 
general,  and  as  possessed  in  a  high  degree  by  Pompey  (pro  lege  Manilia 
xvi,  46) ;  other  historians  tell  how,  during  this  anxious  time  of  waiting 
for  the  rest  of  his  forces,  Caesar  began  to  suspect  that  Antony  was  pur¬ 
posely  delaying,  and  so,  on  a  stormy  day,  entered  an  open  boat,  pre¬ 
tending  to  be  a  messenger  of  Caesar’s,  and  forced  the  unwilling  crew  to 
put  out  to  sea  for  Italy.  The  sea  grew  so  violent  that  the  boatman 
refused  to  proceed,  and  even  put  about,  when  Caesar  ordered  him  on,  at 
the  same  time  disclosing  who  he  was,  and  saying,  “be  not  afraid,  you 
carry  Caesar  and  his  fortune.  ”  In  spite  of  renewed  attempts,  however, 
the  boat  was  actually  driven  back  into  the  mouth  of  the  Apsus.  4. 
Quantoque  .  .  .  tanto :  freely,  the  more  {of)  this  season  had  passed  by, 
the  more,  etc.  The  winter  season  is  meant,  when  the  winds  were  strong 
and  favorable  for  the  sailing  transports.  As  spring  came  on  the  winds 
grew  lighter,  and  so  the  season  was  more  difficult  for  transporting  the 
troops  (11.  9-10),  while  Pompey’s  ships  of  war  could  better  remain  out 
at  sea  on  guard.  7.  quoniam  .  .  .  impedirent;  the  contents  of  Pom¬ 
pey’s  letters,  urging  them  to  hinder,  etc.  10.  lenioribus  ventis: 
abi.  abs.  13.  si .  .  .  possent:  see  on  p.  13,  30.  14.  ejicere:  here 

of  a  hurried  beaching  of  the  ships,  perhaps  under  pursuit  of  the  enemy ; 
naves  ejiciuntur  is  elsewhere  used  of  shipwreck.  15.  a  porti- 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


221 


PAGE 

bus :  the  chief  naval  stations  of  Pompey’s  fleet  were  Corcyra  and  Dyr-  86 
rhachium ;  midway  between  were  the  litora  Apolloniatium,  in  stormy 
weather  therefore  least  under  guard. 

Chap.  XXVI.  They  obey,  cross,  evade  the  enemy,  and  gain  a  harbor. 

20.  praetervehuntur :  the  wind  was  too  strong  for  them  to  venture 
ejicere  naves  (1.  14).  22.  Ooponius:  cf.  p.  76, 15.  25.  et  vim 

tempestatis :  by  having  his  men  row  hard,  he  hoped  that  the  force  of 
the  storm  also  could  be  conquered.  Coponius  had  war  ships,  which 
could  go  faster  than  the  transports  only  when  the  wind  was  light. 

See  on  1.  4.  29.  Nymphaeum,  Lissum:  insignificant  havens  on  the 

Illyrian  coast  north  of  Dyrrhachium.  33.  felicitate:  see  on  1.  3,  and 
cf.  1.  35,  and  p.  80,  32-33. 


Chap.  XXVII.  The  enemy’s  war  ships  in  pursuit  are  wrecked. 

'  35.  m.odo‘.  just  now.  1.  tempore:  circumstances,  the  situation.  87 
In  this  sense  more  often  plural.  4.  propugnatorumque :  the  soldiers 
on  the  ships,  marines.  See  on  p.  54, 19. 

Chap.  XXVIII.  Only  two  of  Antony’s  ships  fall  into  the  enemy’s 
hands,  and  the  soldiers  on  board  one  of  these  escape. 

7.  Nostrae  naves:  we  would  use  the  gen.  See  on  p.  33, 10.  8. 

in  noctem  conjectae:  overtahen  hy  night.  10.  Otacilius  Crassus: 
known  only  from  this  passage.  A  Eoman  of  the  same  name  had  been 
a  naval  commander  in  the  second  Punic  war.  12.  deditis :  if  they 
would  surrender.  G.  670;  Gr.  292;  H.  549,2.  13.  tironum:  App. 

Ill,  12,  a  See  on  p.  74,  34. — sustulerat:  had  on  hoard.  15.  esset: 
attracted  from  sit,  there  is,  by  the  histor.  tense  in  licuit.  16.  salo 
nauseaque:  =  sali  nausea,  sea-sickness.  G.  695;  Gr.  p.  298,  Hen¬ 
diadys;  H,  636,  iii,  2.  21.  vitiis:  discomforts. — neque  .  .  .et:  neither 

.  .  .  but  rather.  22.  tractandis  .  . .  tempore:  in  discussing  the  terms 
and  feigning  surrender  they  prolonged  the  first  hours  of  the  night,  and 
then,  etc.  24.  navem  ejicere:  see  on  p.  86, 14.  27.  quique  eos 

armati:  i.e.  armatisque  ex  praesidio  (missis)  qui  eos,  etc. 

Chap.  XXIX.  Antony  occupies  Lissus  and  notifies  Caesar. 

31.  attribuerat:  during  the  years  when  he  was  proconsul  of  the  two 
Gauls  and  Illyricum,  in  which  latter  country  Lissus  lay.  Int.  6.  34, 


222 


OAI/SAB’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

87  quarum  .  .  .  legionum:  both  gens,  limit  summa,  of  which  forces  the 
sum  total  was  one  of,  etc.  Instead  of  the  second  gen ,  Caesar  also  uses 
the  nom.,  legiones,  etc.  36.  reliquos:  there  were  still  left  one 
veteran  legion  and  one  more  of  tirones,  recruited  during  the  winter ; 

88  see  on  p.  74,  34,  and  cl  p.  76,  28.  1.  quod  est  genus:  Gr.  616,  R.  3,  ii; 

G-r.  199;  H.  445,4.  6.  quibus  .  .  .  exposuisset:  telling  him  in  what, 

etc.  7.  quid  militum:  cf.  quid  .  .  .  navium,  p.  61, 13,  with  note. 


Chap.  XXX.  Pompey’s  vain  attempt  to  prevent  a  junction  between 
Caesar  and  Antony. 

10.  secundum  eas  terra;  after  them  hy  land,  i.e.  along  the  shore  in 
the  same  direction.  13.  venientibus:  sc.  Antonianis  militibus. 
14.  si  .  .  .  posset;  to  see  whether,  etc.  See  on  p.  13,  30.  15.  castris 

stativis:  App.  Ill,  19,  end.  16.  educunt:  the  plur.  after  uterque 
is  strange,  especially  as  eorum  follows.  See  on  p.  53, 34,  and  cf. 
p.lll,  2. — clam  et  noctu:  it  was  contrary  to  military  etiquette,  and 
even  dishonorable,  to  leave  a  camp  without  the  customary  signals. 
App.  Ill,  15.  17.  Sed  .  .  .flumine:  hut  Caesar  had  quite  a  long 

and  roundabout  march  up  stream,  in  order,  etc. — circuitu  majore: 
Gr.  402;  Gir.  251;  H.  419,  ii.  18.  adverso  flumine:  abi.  abs.,  see 
on  p.  57,  20.  The  river  was  too  large  and  strong  to  be  bridged  so 
near  its  mouth.  Pompey  had  tried  it,  as  Dio  Cassius  relates,  but 
when  he  tried  to  cross  and  attack  Caesar,  the  bridge  broke,  those 
who  were  on  it  were  drowned,  and  those  who  had  crossed  were  cut 
down  by  Caesar’s  soldiers.  19.  quia:  used  by  Caesar  only  here; 
because  his  march  was  unimpeded  (i.e.  he  had  good  roads),  and  he  had 
no  river  to  cross.  App.  Ill,  16,  end.  23.  ejus  adventus:  see  on 
iis,  p.  28,  8.  25.  castris :  Antony  had  probably  made  a  detour  into 

the  interior,  since  the  coast  north  of  Dyrrhachium  was  in  Pompey’s 
power,  and  had  now  crossed  the  Genusus  river  at  a  point  about  opposite 
the  ford  in  the  Apsus  (1.  18)  where  Caesar  had  crossed  that  river,  so 
that  he  was  about  equi-distant  from  friend  and  enemy.  28.  Aspara¬ 
gium:  on  the  river  Genusus,  between  Apollonia  and  Dyrrhachium,  pro¬ 
bably  on  the  left  or  south  bank.  Pompey  probably  bridged  the  river 
at  his  camp,  and  thought  he  had  thus  secured  communications  with 
Dyrrhachium,  his  great  base  of  supplies. 

h.  Tarioiis  Operations  carried  on  by  Officers  of  Pompey  and  Caesar, 
in  the  Interior  and  on  the  Coast,  Chap,  xxxi — xxxiii,  xxxiv 
— XXXV,  xxxvi — xxxviii,  xxxix — xl. 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


223 


PAGE 

Chap.  XXXI.  Scipio  levies  moneys  in  Syria,  and  comes  into  Asia,  88 

30.  Scipio  :  cf.  p.  75,  26,  with  note. — detrimentis  .  .  .  acceptis: 
Caesar  is  always  severe  on  Scipio.  He  had,  he  cuttingly  says,  no  claim 
to  the  title  of  imperator  except  that  based  on  a  few  defeats.  31. 
Amanum:  the  range  separating  Cilicia  and  Syria. — imp.  se  appella¬ 
verat  ;  had  had  himself  dubhed  imperator.  See  on  p.  64, 10.  33. 

publicanis:  see  on  p.  75, 16.  35.  mutuam:  sc.  pecuniam  ;  had 

taken  in  advance  (prae-)  the  money  due  for  the  coming  year.  Cf.  p.  29, 
26-27,  with  note.  36.  finitimis  .  .  .  relictis:  sarcasm  again.  Scipio 
might  better  have  devoted  his  attention  to  the  arch-enemy  of  the  Ro¬ 
mans  in  the  Egst,  than  abandon  his  province  to  them  in  order  to  help 
Pompey.  1.  interfecerant:  Int.  7.  2.  in  obsidione:  see  biog.  84 

in  App.  I.  5.  sese  .  .  .  non  laturos:  the  gist  of  the  voces;  cf.  p.  41, 

32-33.  7.  Pergamum:  the  strong  and  rich  capital  of  the  kingdom 

of  the  same  name  embracing  most  of  Asia  Minor,  which  became  the 
Roman  province  of  “Asia”  in  130.  See  on  p.  75, 11,  end. 


Chap.  XXXII.  whence,  after  most  ruinous  exactions  of  money, 

10.  provincia:  see  last  note.  11.  generatim:  according  to  the  dif¬ 
ferent  classes  of  tax-payers.  Cf.  p.  61, 15. — ad  avaritiam:  to  satisfy 
his  greed.  Cf.  ad  celeritatem,  to  increase  his  speed,  p.  79, 13. — In 
capita  singula  .  .  .  tributum:  a  poll-tax  on  slaves,  etc.  13.  colum¬ 
naria,  ostiaria  :  sc.  tributa;  duties  on  pillars  and  doors.  14. 
vecturae:  transportation,  as  p.  94, 18. — cujus  .  .  .  poterat:  if  only  a 
name  could  he  discovered  fur  any  thing,  this  was  deemed  good  ground 
for  levying  a  tax  on  it;  i.e.  countless  objects  besides  columnae  and 
ostia  were  taxed.  17.  cum  imperio:  sc.  homines;  this  phrase 
is  subj.  of  praeficiebantur.  There  were  so  many  ex-consuls  and  ex¬ 
praetors  (these  only  could  be  cum  imperio)  among  Pompey’s  followers, 
that,  in  order  to  give  them  all  commands,  some  had  to  h&put  in  charge 
not  only  of  cities,  hut,  I  had  almost  said  (paene,  cf.  p.  13, 19,  with 
translation),  of  villages  and  separate  forts,  instead  of  provinces.  Of 
course  this  is  scornful  exaggeration.  19.  imperiorum:  i.e.  homi¬ 
num  cum  imperio,  the  abstract  for  the  concrete.  20.  praefec¬ 
tis:  App.  Ill,  10.  21.  compendio:  worked  for  their  own  private 

gain  also.  23.  praescriptione: —  praetextu,  ea’cwse,  referring  to 
the  clause  se  . .  .  rebus,  which  served  them  as  an  apology  for  their 
private  plundering  (rem  turp.).  25.  universis:  dat.,  the  usual  case 
with  imperare;  cf.  p.  29,  9-11.  26.  diiei:  pay-day.  29.  sed; 


224 


CAESAR'S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

89  Roman  citizens  too  were  taxed,  hat  by  societies  and  cities,  not  per 
capita  like  the  slaves  (1. 12).  30.  mutuasque  illas:  that  loan  which 

had  oeen  authorized  hy  the  senate,  in  a  decree  passed  probably  at  the 
same  time  as  the  motions  mentioned  p.  14, 1-7.  31.  pubUcanis:  sc. 

imperabatur;  cf.  p.  88,  33-35.  These  harpies  would  take  good 
care  to  collect  from  the  provincials  a  generous  interest  on  the  money 
thus  advanced.  32.  promutuum:  in  advance;  pred.  adj.with  the 
implied  imperabatur. 


Chap.  XXXIII.  he  is  summoned  into  Greece  by  Pompey. 

32.  Sphesi:  a  Greek  city  in  Lydia,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Caystrus, 
always  most  famous  for  the  temple  mentioned  in  the  next  line.  Cf. 
Acts  of  the  Apostles,  19,  21-41.  33.  pecunias:  see  on  p.  14, 17.  34. 

ventum  esset :  sc.  a  Scipione,  which  is  rendered  unnecessary  by 
the  Scipio  in  1.  36,  and  cf.  p.  84,  35,  with  note.  Translate  freely  by 
the  personal  construction,  when  Scipio  had  come,  etc.,  accompanied  hy 
several  senators  whom  he  had  summoned,  to  be  witnesses  as  to  the  sums 
90  of  money  taken;  cf.  p.  124, 10,  with  note.  1.  properaret,  postha¬ 
beret:  see  on  p.  16,  6.  2.  omniaque  posthaberet:  and  make  every¬ 

thing  else  subordinate  to  this.  5.  salutem  attulit:  Caesar  tries  to 
make  it  appear  that  it  was  he  who  saved  the  famous  temple  from 
plunder.  Cf.  p.  124,  8-13. 

Chap.  XXXIV.  Caesar  sends  troops  to  secure  the  neighboring  coun¬ 
tries. 

6.  conjuncto:  sc.  sibi,  and  cf.  p.  88,  25.  7.  posuerat:  cf.  pp.  79, 

27;  81, 13.  8.  provincias:  the  relations  of  the  various  districts  of 

Greece  to  Rome  in  Caesar’s  time  are  quite  uncertain.  Macedonia, 
which  under  Alexander  had  won  the  command  of  all  Greece,  was  con¬ 
quered  and  governed  like  a  province  in  149,  Achaia,  the  confederation  ' 
of  southern  Greece,  most  hostile  to  Macedonia,  in  140.  Thessaly, 
Aetolia,  Acarnania  and  Epirus  had  not  yet  been  incorporated  in  either 
province,  but  were  left  to  govern  themselves  under  the  guidance  of 
Rome.  9.  CiUi  .  .  .pollicerentur:  to  promise  that  if  he  would  send 
them  garrisons,  etc.  11.  legione  tironum:  cf.  p.  87,  35.  15.  de 

re  frumentaria:  can  be  taken  either  with  providerent  or  hortatus 
est.  With  providere  Caesar  oftener  uses  the  acc.  or  dat.  18. 
libera:  independent,  the  name  of  western  Macedonia.  20.  excel¬ 
lens:  pred.  adj. 


f  . 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


225 


PAGH 

Chap.  XXXV.  Their  reception  in  Aetolia  and  Thessaly.  90 

21.  primo  adventu :  =  c u m  primum  advenisset. — voluntate: 
see  on  p.  17,  3.  22.  Calydone  et  Naupacto:  in  southern  Aetolia, 

famous  in  Greek  history;  the  former  in  the  legendary  period  as  the 
home  of  most  celebrated  heroes,  the  latter  in  the  time  after  the  Persian 
wars,  as  an  important  naval  station  commanding  the  Corinthian  gulf. 

— relictis:  abl.  abs.  with  the  two  names  preceding.  24.  varia.  .  . 
utebatur :  found  the  sentiments  of  the  cities  divided. 


Chap.  XXXVI.  Scipio  suddenly  appears  in  Macedonia,  but  is  check¬ 
mated  by  Caesar’s  two  legions  under  Domitius. 

30.  adesse  Scipionem  :  cf.  1.  3.  31.  magna  .  .  .  omnium :  the 

manner  of  nuntiatum  est,  with  large  estimates  and  reports  of  what  he 
covldi  diO  on  the  part  of  all.  32.  rem  fama  antecedit:  rumor  goes 
beyond  fact.  34.  cum  .  .  .  afuisset:  when  he  had  come  within  twenty 
miles  of  him. — ad  Cassium  Longinum:  who  had  only  one  legion,  and 
that  a  raw  one  (1.  11).  3.  impedimentis:  App.  Ill,  16.  4.  Cotyis:  91 

cf.  p.  75,  31.  5.  qui:  i.e.  equitatus,  a  border  guard.  8.  Ambraciam: 

in  southern  Epirus.  It  was  almost  destroyed  by  the  Athenians  in  the 
early  part  of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  but  under  Pyrrhus  was  enriched 
and  beautified.  It  held  out  famously  against  the  Romans  in  189,  but 
was  taken,  stripped  of  its  wealth,  and  soon  became  insignificant.  11, 
praesidium :  here  the  same  as  castellum,  1.  3. 

Chap.  XXXVII.  The  two  threaten  each  other,  without  coming  to  a 
decisive  battle  ;  Scipio  finally  retreats,  and  is  worsted  in  a  cav¬ 
alry  fight. 

23.  turn  quoque:  even  then,  though  Scipio  had  come  back,  whereas 
he  had  designed  to  attack  only  Favonius,  thought  he  ought  not  to  hesi¬ 
tate  to  lead  out  his  legions  and  fight  a  decisive  battle.  27.  Ac  tamen: 
and  still,  though  Domitius  invited  a  battle,  and  though  his  soldiers 
could  scarcely  be  held  back,  circumstances  prevented  a  battle,  and  espe¬ 
cially  the  fact  that  (quod),  etc.  23.  est  factum  no:  for  this  use  of 
ne,  see  on  p.  20, 10.  33.  qui:  although  he,  etc.,  see  on  p.  40, 12. — 

temere  .  .  .  exitum :  after  a  rash  advance  he  beat  a  shameful  retreat. 

34.  ne  .  .  .  vasis  :  see  on  p.  88, 16.  3.  Q.  Varus  :  probably  the  92 

Quintus  Atius  Varus  mentioned  B.  G. viii,  28,  as  singularis 
et  animi  ct  prudentiae  vir.  He  has  been  identified  with  sev* 

15 


22G 


CAESAR’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

92  eral  famous  men  of  the  same  name  in  later  years.  6.  ultro:  see  on 
p.  46, 18. 

Chap.  XXXVIII.  Domitius  tries  in  vain  to  entice  Scipio  into  an 
ambush. 

10.  simulavit:  see  on  p.  84, 19.  16.  turmate:  App.  Ill,  5.  18. 

quique  hos  sequebantur:  i. e.  the  other  turmae  of  Scipio’s  cavalry. 
19.  cognitis  insidiis :  by  the  enemy.  20.  duas  .  .  .  exceperunt : 
since  they  had  two  squadrons  within  their  ambuscade,  closed  on  them. 
21.  M.  Opimius :  mentioned  only  here. 

Chap.  XXXIX.  Arrangements  are  made  for  the  protection  of  Caesar’s 
ships  of  war  at  Oricum, 

24.  ut  supra  dem.  est :  applies  only  to  Deductis  praesidiis,  and  not 
to  the  main  clause  Caesar  .  .  .  reliquit.  Cf.  p.  90,  6-7.  27.  quas 

.  .  .  traduxerat:  cf.  chap.  7,  and  see  on  p.  77,  6.  28.  Manius  Aci¬ 
lius:  cf.  p.  81, 13-14.  29.  post  oppidum:  Oricum  was  on  a  jutting 

peninsula  formerly  an  island,  but  now  connected  with  the  main-land  by 
a  narrow  sand-bar  formed  by  the  action  of  the  waves.  Cf.  p.  93,  8-9. 
30.  submersam  objecit :  sank  as  an  obstruction. 

Chap.  XL.  but  Gnaeus  Pompey  Junior  burns  or  captures  them,  and 
also  the  transports  of  Antony  at  Lissus. 

35,  remulco  .  .  .  adduxit :  sc.  ad  se,  and  cf.  p.  63,  7;  by  dint  of 
great  exertions  (contendens)  hauled  off  with  a  tow-line  and  many 
cables.  36,  atque:  connects  adduxit  with  nostros  vicit,  p.  93,  6,  for 
which  ut  pugnans  {since  he  fought,  etc.),  (ut)  summittens,  (ut)  ten- 
tans  give  reasons ;  aggressus  then,  1. 1,  is  a  participle,  having  attacked. 

93  2.  ad  libram:  lit.  according  to  the  line,  i.e.  of  equal  height. — ex  supe¬ 

riore  .  .  .  loco :  in  order  not  to  contradict  ad  libram,  the  compar,  must 
here  be  used  absolutely,  =  very  high  ;  the  phrase  then  =  ex  turribus. 
3.  reliquis  partibus:  at  other  points.  8.  ex  altera  parte:  on  the 
other  side  of  the  city,  i.e.  from  the  sea;  see  on  p.  92,  29. — objectam: 
thrown  up  by  the  waves.  10.  subjectis  scutulis :  by  putting  rollers 
underneath  ;  cf.  p.  56,  8.  13.  ab  Asiatica  classe:  cf.  p.  76, 14.  14. 

Bullide  atque  Amantia;  see  on  p.  79,36.  16.  relictas:  cf.  p.  88, 

1-2.  20.  re  infecta :  Caesar  would  thus  weaken  the  effect  of  the  pre¬ 

ceding  narrative  of  disaster.  A  crushing  blow  had  been  dealt  him. 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


227 


PAGE 

He  was  now  cut  off  from  Italy,  unless  he  marched  round  through  Illyri-  93 
cum,  and  from  supplies,  except  as  he  foraged  or  levied  them  in  Greece, 
while  Pompey’s  fleet  kept  him  easily  in  communication  with  all  the 
world.  Cf.  p.  97,  7-10. 


i.  Caesar’s  Siege  of  Pompey  near  Hyrrhachiiim.  Chap,  xli— Iv. 

Chap.  XLI.  After  vainly  offering  battle  to  Pompey,  Caesar  gets  be¬ 
tween  him  and  Dyrrhachium  by  feigned  and  forced  marches. 

22.  ad  Asparagium  :  cf.  p.  88,  27-29,  with  note.  24.  oppido 
Parthinorum:  see  on  p.  79,  21.  26.  decernendi:  sc.  proelio, 

opportunity  for  a  decisive  hcMle.  30.  magno  circuitu :  Caesar  pro¬ 
bably  marched  all  day  in  an  easterly  direction,  so  that  Pompey  was 
deceived  into  thinking  him  bound  for  Macedonia  to  get  supplies.  To¬ 
wards  night,  however,  Caesar  turned  N.  W.  toward  Dyrrhachium,  over 
the  mountains.  Pompey’s  scouts  discovered  this  on  the  following  day 
and  brought  him  word  in  time  for  him  to  start  late  on  the  same  day 
toward  Dyrrhachium.  In  two  days  and  two  nights  (resting  only  the 
first  night)  Caesar  marched  about  sixty  miles  over  rough  roads.  In  the 
second  of  these  nights  Pompey  marched  about  twenty-five  miles,  only 
to  find  himself  outstripped.  Caesar  calculated  that  even  if  his  ruse 
failed,  Pompey  would  be  driven  back  upon  (compelli)  Dyrrhachium, 
hecaitse  this  was  his  base  of  supplies,  and  if  it  succeeded  he  would  be 
cut  off  (intercludi)  from  Dyrrhachium,  a  thing  of  great  importance  to 
Caesar  because  this  was  Pompeifs  base  of  supplies.  The  clause  quod 
.  .  .  contulisset  in  this  way  gives  a  reason  for  both  compelli  and  in¬ 
tercludi.  34.  diverso  .  .  .  itinere :  in  the  opposite  direction,  viz. 
from  Dyrrhachium.  Caesar  had  fooled  Afranius  and  Petreius  in  Just 
this  way.  Cf.  i,  68-70.  3.  parva  .  .  .  intermisso  :  halted  only  a  94 

small  part  of  the  night,  i.e.  the  second  night  after  leaving  his  camp. 


Chap.  XLII.  Pompey  intrenches  himself  on  the  coast  south  of  Dyr¬ 
rhachium,  and  has  his  fleet  bring  him  stores;  Caesar  tries  hard 
to  secure  supplies. 

8.  Petra:  see  Map  III.  Though  cut  off  from  Dyrrhachium,  Pompey 
could  thus  establish  communication  with  it  by  sea.  9.  castra  com¬ 
munit:  Map  III,  c.  10.  convenire:  as  if  jubet  were  to  follow 
(cf.  p.  38,  35-36),  instead  of  which  imperat  is  loosely  used,  with 
which  either  the  pass,  infin.  or  ut  v.dth  the  subjv.  are  the  only  regular 


228 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAIL 


PAGE 

94  constructions.  15.  fecerat:  i.e.  facien  da  s  curaverat  ;  so 

constituit,  1. 18,  =  constituenda  curavit.  16.  Tillium,  Canu- 
leium:  mentioned  only  here.  18.  vecturas:  see  on  p.  89, 14.  19. 

descripsit :  assigned  to.  21.  cum  .  .  .  turn  (23) :  see  on  p.  69,  23. 
24.  praedae  .  .  .  habuerat:  see  on  p.  63,  28. 

Chap.  XLIII.  Caesar  begins  to  wall  Pompey  in  (Map  III,  dd). 

29.  Inde:  i.e.  ex  his  collibus.  30.  ferebat:  see  on  p.  34,  33. 
33.  quo:  i.e.  ut  eo  equitatu;  and  therefore  could,  etc.  34. 
simul :  groups  together  two  of  the  designs  Caesar  had  in  mind  (haec 
spectans),  viz.  uti  .  .  .  prohiberet,  and  (uti)  .  .  .  eiSceret.  35.  ad 
rem  gerendam  inutilem:  unable  to  strike  a  blow;  cl  p.  42,  30-31. — 
qua.  .  .videbatur:  on  which  he  clearly  placed  very  great  reliance, 
etc.  G.  405 ;  Gr.  249 ;  H.  421,  i.  Pompey  had  made  his  military  repu- 

95  tation  in  the  East  (Int.  4),  Caesar  in  the  West.  2.  cum  .  .  .  per- 
crebuisset:  this  represents  cum.  ,  .percrebuerit  in  the  thoughts 
of  Caesar;  the  subjv.  is  to  be  explained  on  the  principle  of  partial  ind. 
disc. ;  when  (as  he  planned)  it  should  have  been  noised  abroad  over  the 
worl\  etc.  G.  584,  516;  Gr.  327,  a,  286,  R.,  end;  H.  521,  i,  4th  Ex., 
525,2. 

Chap.  XLIV.  Pompey  builds  counter-walls  (Map  III,  ee). 

6.  neque  .  .  .  poterat,  nisi  .  .  .  vellet:  G.  598,  R.  1;  Gr.  307,  f;  H. 
509,  X.  3,  511,1.  8.’ Relinquebatur  ut .  .  .  sequens  .  .  .  occuparet. 

all  he  could  do  was  to  resort  to  the  only  plan  left  for  carrying  on  the 
war,  and  occupy  as  many  hills  as  possible,  12.  idque  accidit: 
Caesar  has  been  censured  by  military  critics  for  having  tried  such  a 
hopeless  task  as  the  siege  of  Pompey  proved  to  be,  but  this  passage 
clearly  shows  that  he  hoped  at  first  to  surround  Pompey  with  a  much 
shorter  line  of  works  than  he  was  subsequently  and  gradually  forced  to 
build.  13.  multaque:  those  kinds  of  grain  are  meant  which  were 
used  for  fodder ;  frumentum  could  be  brought  from  Dyrrhachium. 
15.  perpetuas  :  continuous.  22.  quae  cum  .  .  .  loca  :  and  when 
such  places,  i.e.  as  those  described  p.  94,  27-28.  23.  suis  locis:  see 

on  p.  38,  34.  24.  magnum  .  .  .  numerum:  cf.  p.  75,  27-29.  27. 

coactis:  the  neut.  of  coactus  (cog o)  used  as  a  noun,  coarse  and 
heavy  felt. 

Chap.  XLV.  In  one  case  Caesar’s  escape  from  a  position  attacked  by 
the  enemy  is  made  impossible, 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


229 


PAGE 

29.  praesidiis:  the  colies  of  p.  94,  28.  32.  In  his:  sc.  proe-  95 

liis  ;  as  a  specimen  of  these.  33.  praesidium  quoddam:  Map  III,  f. 

36.  prope  aequum:  almost  level,  whereas  the  other  side  was  steep 
(Erat  per  declive  receptus,  p.  96,5).  6.  hoc  acrius  .  .  .  quod:  so  96 

much  the  more  fiercely  because,  {as),  etc.  The  abl.  denotes  meas.  of 
diff.  8.  videbantur:  i.e.  nostri.  9.  non  recusare  .  .  .  existi¬ 
maretur  :  he  did  not  object  to  being  considered  a  good-for-nothing  gen¬ 
eral.  10.  legiones :  not  only  the  9th  (1.  25),  but  all  the  rest  in  trying 
to  rescue  this. 

Chap.  XL VI.  until  he  orders  a  sudden  dash  forward,  and  then  a 
retreat  while  the  enemy’s  motions  are  obstructed. 

12.  extremum  tumulum:  the  edge  of  the  hill.  18.  hoc:  as  in  1.  6. 

20.  fossas :  plur.  with  ref.  to  the  different  parts  or  sections.  22.  a 
medio  fere  spatio:  about  half-way  down  the  slope,  cf.  1.  6,  per  declive. 

24.  tuba:  App.  Ill,  15.  25.  conspirati:  with  one  accord.  26. 

incitati  cursu:  cf.  p.  46,  13-14,  with  note. — praecipites:  pred.  adj. 
with  Pompeianos,  drove  headlong  and  routed.  28.  longuriique 
objecti:  and  the  staJces  (to  hold  the  crates)  which  stood  in  their  way. 

29.  fossae:  see  on  1.  20.  31.  pauloque  citra  eum  locum:  Map  III,  g. 

— This  was  a  sample  of  the  tactics  by  which  Pompey  forced  Caesar  to 
extend  his  siege-walls.  Had  Caesar  succeeded  in  holding  this  position, 
he  might  have  hindered  Pompey’s  men  from  getting  water  out  of  the 
Palamnus. 

Chap.  XLVII.  The  difficulty  of  Caesar’s  undertaking,  and  his  lack  of 
provisions. 

33.  cum.  .  .turn:  see  on  p.  69, 23.  1.  offensione:  mishap,  cf.  97 

p.  77, 11,  with  note.  2.  continuerunt:  shut  in;  the  perl,  as  in 
conati  sunt  and  consuevit,  denotes  what  has  been,  and  probably  will 
be  generally  the  case,  and  may  be  rendered  by  a  pres.  G.  228,  K.  2 ; 

Gr.  279,  b,  c;  H.  471,3.  9.  haberent:  its  subj.  is  eae  supplied  from 

quae  naves  (8).  13.  in  Hispania:  i,  48  and  52.  14.  ad  Alesiam, 

ad  Avaricum  (15):  as  described  in  B.  G.  vii,  71  and  17.  16.  victores 

discessisse:  cf.  p.  33, 17,  with  note. — Non:  sc  hordeum  recusa¬ 
bant.  17.  cum  daretur:  see  on  p.  58, 11.  18.  magno  in  honcre: 

cf.  p.  35,  26,  and  App.  Ill,  3,  c. 


Chap.  XL VIII.  Caesar’s  soldiers  invent  a  new  kind  of  bread. 


230 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


vjt  Gi; 

97  20.  fuerant  in  vallibus:  the  Mss.  reading  valeribus  is  uncertain, 

and  no  other  very  satisfactory  improvements  have  been  made.  Sam¬ 
ples  are  vacabant  ab  operibus,  fuerant  valetudinarii  ex 
vulneribus,  fuerant  vacui  ab  operibus. — chara:  do  not  try 
to  translate.  Botanists  differ  as  to  what  the  plant  was.  23.  panes : 
loaves. 


Chap.  XLIX.  Some  facts  encouraging  to  Caesar. 

25.  maturescere:  it  was  now  getting  toward  July.  Pompey  was 
kept  shut  up  for  about  four  months.  29.  victuros:  vivo.  30. 
tolerari:  barely  kept  alive.  31.  uti:  infin.  32.  cum  .  .  .turn: 
as  above,  p  96,  33-35.  33.  insuetos  laborum:  see  on  p.  45,  29.  35. 

magnis  operibus:  Map  III,  hh.  All  running  water  was  turned  either 
southward  into  the  Palamnus,  or  northward  into  a  stream  flowing  into 
the  sea  above  Dyrrhachium.  36.  ad  specus  angustiae  vallium:  like 
montuosa,  a  predicate  phrase  to  loca,  usually  explained  as  =  ad  spe¬ 
cuum  similitudinem  angustae  valles,  {tvll  oi)  narrow  cave- 
98  like  valleys.  1.  has:  i.e.  valles.  3.  loca.  .  .  demissa:  probably 
near  the  Palamnus,  at  least  six  miles  from  Pompey’s  main  camp ;  cf. 
11.  5-6.  5.  qui  tamen  fontes  :  referring  to  the  puteos  of  1.  4;  these 

springs  however,  etc.  8.  turn:  and  besides.  9.  succedere:  wets 
approaching. 

Chap.  L.  Devices  of  the  enemy  to  cause,  and  of  Caesar’s  soldiers  to 
avoid  trouble. 

13.  ad  munitiones  excubare  :  bivouacked  along  the  lines.  14. 
universi:  all  together,  before  Caesar’s  men  could  protect  themselves. 
16.  ut .  .  .  facerent:  supply  immediately  after  these  words  alio  (loco) 
excubarent.  The  two  clauses  are  in  appos.  with  remedia,  and 
should  be  translated  by  inflns.  The  fires  were  probably  for  signalling 
between  different  parts  of  the  long  siege-lines. 

Besides  the  words  alio  excubarent,  there  has  fallen  out  here  a 
description  of  Caesar’s  defeating  an  attempted  sally  of  Pompey’s  cav¬ 
alry  from  Dyrrhachium,  or,  as  another  historian  says,  of  his  vain  at¬ 
tempt  to  take  Dyrrhachium  by  surprise,  and  of  Pompey’s  then  attacking 
with  four  legions  one  of  the  besieging  forts,  whose  garrison,  though 
consisting  of  one  cohort  only,  held  out  successfully  several  hours,  and 
was  finally  relieved  by  Sulla,  whom  Caesar  had  left  in  command  of  the 
siege-lines. 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


231 


PAGE 

Chap.  LI.  Sulla  relieves  the  cohort  under  attack,  and  drives  the  98 
enemy  back  into  an  unfavorable  position,  where  they  are  forced 
to  fortify  themselves. 

19.  discedens:  to  attack  Dyrrhachium.  See  last  note. — Castris:  the 
main  camp  of  Caesar,  between  Pompey’s  main  camp  (Map  III,  c)  and 
Dyrrhachium ;  cf.  p.  94,  5.  26.  potuisse:  its  subj.  is  readily  supplied, 

and  is  referred  to  by  the  following  Cujus,  and  yet  his  plan,  etc. ;  finire 
belliim  “  is  used  only  here  for  the  usual  conficere  bellum.”  27. 
aliae  .  .  .  atque:  other  than,  different  from.  See  on  p.  58,  9.  29.  ad 

summam  rerum :  according  to  the  general  state  of  affairs,  on  general 
principles.  31.  quae  res  tamen:  which,  even  though  chance  seemed 
to  favor  it,  still,  as  he  thought,  might  perhaps  turn  out  hadly ;  reci¬ 
peret  represents  recipiat  in  the  thought  of  Sulla.  G.  250 ;  Gr.  311, 
a;  H.  485.  35.  reciperent .  .  .  verebantur:  see  on  p.  95,  6.  The 

relative  position  of  the  two  parties  is  now  just  the  reverse  of  what  it 
was  in  chap.  45.  2.  rem:  the  attack  on  the  fort. — necessario  atque  99 

ex  tempore :  as  the  necessities  of  the  instant  demanded.  3.  tumulum 
quendam  :  Map  III,  i ;  between  his  own  line  of  works  and  that  of 
Caesar. 

Chap.  LII.  Meanwhile  conflicts  take  place  at  two  other  points. 

8.  pariter:  as  well,  besides. — distinendae  manus  causa:  cf.  p.  93,5. 

11.  Germani;  cf.  p.  75,  34. — munitiones  .  .  .  egressi  :  the  direct  acc. 
after  egredior,  instead  of  the  usual  abl.  with  or  without  e x  ;  hav^ 
ing penetrated,  gone  beyond,  as  if  =  extra  mun. 


Chap.  LIII.  The  losses  on  both  sides,  and  the  rewards  of  Caesar’s 
soldiers. 

13.  tribus  ad  Dyrrhachium:  see  last  note  on  chap.  50.  15.  ad 

duorum  milium  numero:  ad  is  used  adverbially  like  circiter  with 
numerals,  =  about,  and  the  gen.  is  dependent  on  numero ;  there  had 
fallen  of  Bompeffs  men  to  the  number  of  about  SOOO ;  a  tempting  cor¬ 
rection  is  ad  duo  milia  numero,  “as  many  as  2000  in  number.” 
17.  L  (u  c  i  i)  filius,  ejus  qui :  the  son  of  that  Lucius  ( Valerius  Flaccus) 
who,  etc.  See  App.  I.  18.  signaque:  App.  Ill,  17. — Nostri:  see 
on  p.  33, 10.  23.  renumeraverunt :  counted  out,  not  necessarily 

one  by  one,  but  in  packs  of  a  thousand  each  perhaps;  cf.  p.  75,17. 
26.  donatum  milibus  cc:  sc.  sestertium,  about  $8000.  See  on 
pp.  22,  5,  and  59,  30.  After  the  numeral  something  like  pro  con- 


232 


GAE8AR’8  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

99  ti  one  laudavit  seems  to  have  fallen  out-,  presented  with  200,000 
sesterces,  “and  publicly  praised.”  27.  ab  octavis  ordinibus,  etc.: 
App.  Ill,  11,  c.  29.  duplici  stipendio:  App.  Ill,  3,  d.  30.  con¬ 
giariis  ;  ‘  ‘  literally,  ‘  congius  ’  measures,  i.  e.  about  six  pints  of  oil  or 
wine ;  hence  the  name  was  extended  to  other  donations  of  oil,  wine,  and 
money ;  ”  here  probably  extra  and  immediate  presents  of  money,  pour- 
hoire,  besides  the  promised  double  wages. 

Chap.  LIV.  Pompey  succeeds  at  last  in  regaining  his  old  camp. 

33.  vineis  .  .  .  obtexit:  protected,  i.e.  lined  that  side  of  his  camp 
where  the  towers  had  been  built  with  vineae,  which  served  to  connect 
the  towers  together,  and  afiord  safe  passage  from  one  to  another.  See 
on  p.  28,  22.  34.  obstructis  .  .  .  et .  .  .  objectis  :  barricaded  and 

left  in  the  way  to  hinder  the  advance  of  Caesar’s  men.  Similar  tactics, 
but  on  a  vastly  larger  scale,  to  those  of  Caesar  described  in  chap.  46. 

100  1*  antiquas  munitiones:  Map  III,  c. 

Chap.  LV.  Caesar  in  vain  offers  Pompey  battle. 

2.  si .  .  .  vellet:  see  onp.  13,  30.  4.  tantumque  .  .  .  aberat:  was 

Icept  at  just  such  a  distance.  Cf.  p.  74,35,  with  note.  5.  uti  ne: 
rare  for  ne.  G.  545,  P.  1;  Gr.  317,  6th  Ex. ;  H.  499,1.  Cf.  Map 
III,  k. 

j.  Caesar’s  Cause  in  southern  Greece,  and  his  Attempt  to  use 
Scipio  as  Peacemaker,  Chap.  Ivi — Ivii. 

10-19.  Amphilochis:  this  people,  just  south  of  Epirus,  were  allied 
with  Acarnania  during  the  Peloponnesian  war  (431-404),  then  con¬ 
quered  by  the  Aetolians,  and  later  included  in  the  Roman  province 
Epirus.  11.  ut  demonstravimus :  not  directly  nor  fully.  Cf.  how¬ 
ever  chap.  31r-35.  12.  Achaiam:  see  on  p.  75, 15.  13.  eique  .  .  . 

adjungit:  and  put  under  his  command.  16..  Achaia:  here  the  north¬ 
ern  district  of  the  Peloponnesus,  which  had  given  its  name,  first  to  the 
Achaean  league  (see  on  p.  90,  8),  and  then  to  the  Roman  province  com¬ 
prising  southern  Greece.  17.  Delphos :  in  Phocis,  the  seat  of  the 
most  famous  Greek  oracle  and  temple  of  Apollo. — Thebas,  Orchome¬ 
num:  one  the  capital,  the  other  the  oldest  city  of  Boeotia.  19.  ami¬ 
citia  :  abi.  of  manner,  opposed  to  per  vim  (18),  by  hindness. 

22-36.  venisse:  cf.  p.  90,  28-32.  23.  pristini  instituti:  his  de- 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


233 


PAGE 

termination  from  the  start,  viz  ,  to  make  peace  with  Pompey  if  possible.  100 
25.  traditum.  .  .  et  commendatum:  introduced  and  recommended; 
cf.  p.  44,  19.  26.  instituerat:  had  made  it  a  practice,  i.e.  was  wont, 

=  solebat.  27.  sese  .  .  .  voluisset:  since  he  had  tried  every  plan 
for  peace,  he  thought  the  failure  to  accomplish  anything  up  to  this  time 
(factum  esse)  due  to  the  fault  of  those  whom  he  had  wished  to  bring 
this  thing  (peace)  about.  Between  adhuc  and  arbitrari  some  would 
supply  [effecisse;  id].  29.  quod  .  .  .  vererentur:  the  excuse  of 
these  messengers  to  Caesar,  Cf.  p.  82,  25-34.  30.  ea  esse  auctori¬ 

tate:  was  a  mail  of  such  influence.  33.  suo  nomine:  as  proconsul 
of  Syria  independent  of  Pompey.  36.  uni  .  .  .  relaturos:  all  would 
have  to  thank  him  alone  for,  etc. ;  lit.  would  acknowledge  as  received. 
Notice  the  rhetorical  position  of  uni  omnes. 


k.  Pompey^’s  victorious  Sally.  Chap.  Iviii — Ixxi. 

Chap.  LVIII.  Pompey  is  unable  longer  to  keep  his  cavalry  horses  101 
alive,  and  determines  to  break  the  siege. 

5.  quo  .  .  .  contineret:  see  last  note  on  chap.  50.  6.  aditus  duos: 

two  ravines  leading  down  to  the  tongue  of  land  on  which  the  city  lay. 

Map  III,  b.  7.  demonstravimus :  in  the  portion  lost  at  the  close  of 
chap.  50.  13.  sata:  cf.  p.  95, 14.  16.  hordeo  adaugere:  to  increase 

it  (the  pabulum)  adding  barley, =  \i.oYd.Qum  admiscendo  au¬ 
gere.  17.  tolerare:  see  on  p.  97,  30. 


Chap.  LIX.  Two  of  Caesar’s  most  trusted  Gauls  are  found  guilty  of 
dishonesty. 

21.  Allobroges:  a  tribe  in  S.  E.  Gaul,  subdued  by  the  Eomans  as 
early  as  121,  but  always  suspected.  They  had  joined  but  afterwards 
betrayed  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline  in  63  (Cic.  in  Catilinam,  Or.  iii). 
Caesar  had  defended  them  against  more  powerful  neighbors.  B.  G.  i, 
11  ff.  22.  multis  annis:  see  on  p.  32,  36.  23.  quorum  opera  .  .  , 

eratusus:  freely,  who  had  served  Caesar,  etc.,  most  excellently  and 
bravely.  26.  senatum :  of  the  Allobroges.  27.  rei  pecuniariae : 
of  a  pecuniary  nature,  =  pec  uniaria.  31.  amicitia :  G.  373,  E.  1 ; 
Gr.  254,  b;  H.  425,1,  1),  N.  32.  stipendiumque  equitum  frauda¬ 
bant:  embezzled  the  wages  of  the  horsemen,  both  by  deducting  a  certain 
per  cent,  for  themselves,  and  by  drawing  pay  for  men  who  had  been 
killed  as  if  they  still  belonged  to  the  force,  keeping  their  names  on  the 


234 


CAESAM^ S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

101  lists  (11.  35-36).  The  usual  construction  with  fraudare,  is  all- 
quern  aliqua  re . — praedam  .  .  .  avertebant :  instead  of  distributing 
it  among  their  men.  33.  illi:  the  equites  . 

Chap.  LX.  Caesar’s  rebuke  and  the  contempt  of  their  fellows  lead 
them  to  desert  to  Pompey. 

102  1-  tempus  illud  animadversionis  esse:  that  that  time  was  th.Q -pio- 

per  one  for  punishment,  when  he  was  straining  every  nerve  to  hold 
Pompey  fast. — multa  .  .  .  concedens :  making  many  allowances  for. 
3.  quaestui:  G.  350 ;  Gr.  233 ;  H.  390,  ii,  X.  2 ;  freely,  had  made  money 
at  the  expense  of  their  horsemen. — ex  sua  amicitia  :  instead  of  e  x 
fraudatione.  4,  ex.  .  .  officiis :  on  the  basis  of,  in  proportion  to 
past  favors.  5.  reliqua:  sc.  officia,  future  favors.  6.  ad  omnes: 

among  all.  7.  domestico  :  of  their  own  countrymen.  8.  quo 
pudore:  =  cuj us  rei  pudore;  see  on  p.  60, 35.  9.  se  non  liberari 

sed.  .  .  reservari:  sc.  a  poena,  ad  poenam.  12.  clientibus 
suis:  see  on  p.  19,  36.  15.  cum  munere  aliquo:  after  doing  him 

some  service.  17.  proinde  ac  (si):  see  on  p.  74,  27. 

Chap.  LXI.  Pompey  welcomes  them  and  their  traitorous  information. 

21.  honesto  :  see  on  p.  35,  2.  23.  quodque  .  .  .  acciderat :  and 

because  things  had  turned  out  unexpectedly  and  unusually  ;  cf.  p.  32, 
12,  with  note.  24.  (Quos)  praesidia  circumduxit:  see  on  p.  36,  7. 
27.  perfugerent:  i.e.  milites  equitesque. — vulgo  vero  universi: 
soldiers  had  deserted  singly,  and  indeed  all  in  a  body  who  belonged  in 
Epirus,  etc.  29.  regionum:  limiting  milites  directly,  instead  of 
in  eis  regionibus  conscripti,  corresponding  to  the  previous 
line.  32.  temporibusque  rerum  et  spatiis  locorum:  abls.  in  explan, 
appos.  with  omnibus  rebus ;  the  time  when  everything  was  done,  and 
the  distances  between  the  posts,  viz.  all  along  Caesar’s  lines.  34. 
ferebat:  operated;  cf.  p.  94,  30,  with  note. 

Chap.  LXII.  Pompey  prepares  to  break  through  Caesar’s  lines, 

103  36.  ut  dem. :  p.  101,  19-20.  1.  tegimenta:  as  a  protection  against 

missiles;  cf.  11.  33-35.  2.  aggerem:  rubbish,  to  be  used  in  filling 

up  Caesar’s  moats.  5.  ex  maximis  castris:  Map  III,  c.  6.  (de¬ 
ductas  .  .  .)ad  mare:  Map  IV,  a.  7.  maximis  castris  Caesaris; 
right  opposite  Ppmpey’s  as  above  denoted.  8.  naves  .  .  .  mittit : 
Map  lY,  b.  11.  Lentulum  Marcellinum,  Fulvium  Postumum  (13); 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


235 


PAGE 

known  only  from  this  incident.  12.  positum  habebat:  see  on  103 
p.  30,  7. 

Chap.  LXIII.  and  succeeds,  by  taking  advantage  of  a  gap  not  yet 
filled  up. 

14.  pedum  xv:  see  on  p.  30,  36.— contra  hostem:  i.c.  facing  north. 

17.  vallus  humiliore  paulo  munitione:  Map  IV,  c;  vallus  generally 
means  the  palisading  on  the  rampart,  here  =  vallum.  18.  Hoc: 
explained  by  ne  .  .  .  circumvenirentur.  20.  ancipiti:  viz.  from  the 
lines  of  the  besieged,  and  from  a  party  sent  round  by  ship  to  the  rear 
of  the  besiegers’  lines,  as  was  now  actually  done.  23.  spatium:  of 
time ;  see  on  p.  12,  26. — contra  mare  transversum  vallum:  Map  IV,  d. 

27.  excubuerant:  had  been,  and  so  were  still  hivouacJcing.  Gr.  233,2; 

H.  471,4.  28.  accessere:  see  on  p.  35,  10.  29.  navibus  circum¬ 
vecti  milites  .  .  .  complebantur:  Map  IV,  e.  30.  legionarii:  Map 
IV,  a;  the  milites  above  were  levis  armaturae  (1.3).  32.  mul¬ 

titudo  sagittariorum:  MapIV,  ff.  34.  viminea  tegimenta:  cf.  1. 1. 

35.  omnibus  rebus;  see  on  p.  14,  27.  36.  animadversum  est:  was 

discovered.  The  Allobroges  had  told  them  of  it.  1.  supra:  p.  103,  104 
23-25. — vallos:  see  on  p.  103,  17.  2.  per  mare  navibus  expositi: 

Map  IV,  g.  3.  aversos :  trying  to  repel  the  attacks  from  the  north 
and  south.  4.  terga  vertere :  Map  IV,  h. 

Chap.  LXIV.  Caesar’s  guards  are  panic-stricken.  Gallant  death  of  a 
color-bearer. 

5.  .  .  .  cohortes :  the  numeral  has  fallen  out.  Map  IV,  i.  6. 
castris  :  viz.  of  the  ninth  legion,  p.  103,  12,  27 ;  Map  III,  q.  From 
this  the  guard  at  the  shore  had  been  detailed.  12.  aquilifer:  App. 

Ill,  17,  a. — a  viribus  deficeretur  :  felt  that  his  strength  was  leaving 
him;  a  semi-personification  in  the  passive  of  the  idiom  vires  aliquem 
deficiunt,  p.  121,  8;  deficeret  v  i  r  i  b  u  s  would  be  the  commoner 
usage,  cf.  pp.  19,  34;  73,  13.  15.  Nolite  .  .  .  committere:  G.  264, 

ii;  Gr.  269,  a;  H.  489,1);  the  obj.  is  ut .  .  .  admittatur.  19.  princi¬ 
pem  priorem :  App.  III,  11,  c. 

Chap.  LXV.  Antony  brings  relief  and  checks  the  enemy.  Caesar 
abandons  most  of  his  siege-lines  and  encamps  opposite  Pompey. 

20.  ca.stris:  see  onl.  6.  21.  proximum  locum:  Map  III,  m.  26. 

per  castella:  from  fort  to  foj't. — fumo:  see  on  p.  98,  16.  29.  extra 


236 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

104  munitiones  egressum:  see  on  p.  99, 11,  31.  propositum:  had  not 

carried  out  his  plan,  viz,  to  prevent  Pompey  from  foraging.  32, 
castra  juxta  Pompeium :  Pompey’s  position  is  now  Map  III,  n  (Map 
V,  a),  Caesar’s,  Map  III,  o  (Map  V,  b). 

Chap.  LXVI.  Pompey  re-occupies  with  one  legion  an  old  camp,  which 
now  threatens  Caesar’s  flank. 

34.  quod.  .  .videretur:  which  looked  as  large  as  a  legion;  both 
pron.  and  verb  attracted  into  agreement  with  the  pred.  noun.  G.  616, 
R.  3,  ii;  Gr,  199;  H.  445,4.  35.  vetera  castra:  Map  III,  p  (Map 

106  V,  c).  1.  ut  dem. :  chap.  45-46. — circummuniret:  its  obj.  is  to  be 

supplied  from  Fompeianis  copiis.  4.  paulo  ultra  eum  locum :  Map 
III,  g,  the  same  as  citra  eum  locum,  p.  96,  32.  5.  eadem:  i.e.  the 

vetera  castra  abandoned  by  the  9th  legion.  7.  relicto ;  left  standing. 
10.  munitionem;  Map  V,  fl. — ad  flumen:  the  Palamnus,  which  Caesar 
had  not  diverted  from  its  course  with  the  other  streams  (chap.  49).  12. 

quas  .  .  .  non  est:  this  was  probably  a  ruse,  and  part  of  Pompey’s  ad¬ 
mirable  plan  for  surprising  the  position  of  the  9th  legion.  It  succeeded 
so  well  that  Caesar  does  not  like  to  describe  it. 

Chap.  LXVII.  This  Caesar  attacks,  at  first  with  success  ; 

14.  Eo;i.e.  in  ea  vetera  castra.  17.  novis  Pompeii  castris ; 
see  on  p.  104,  32.  20.  munitionis:  of  fortifying,  building  fortifica¬ 

tions.  22.  numero  xxxiii:  not  all  of  Caesar’s  forces;  some  were 
still  stationed  at  various  points  along  the  siege-lines.  Cf.  p.  108,  5-6. 
24.  castraque  minora:  i.e.  the  vetera  castra  above  described,  now 
distinguished  from  Pompey’s  main  camp  secundum  mare,  p.  104,  32. 
Cf.  1.  8. — duplici  acie:  App.  Ill,  2,  d;  a  longer  line  of  battle  was  here 
better,  in  order  to  surround  the  enemy’s  position.  27.  sinistro  cornu: 
Map  V,  d.  28.  ericius:  a  beam  bristling  with  iron  spikes,  and  so 
called  a  porcupine.  30.  Tito  Pulione  .  .  .  propugnante :  abl.  abs. 
31.  demonstravimus:  in  the  part  lost  at  the  close  of  chap.  8,  where 
see  note.  33.  primo  .  .  post;  contrasted  as  in  p.  20, 18-21. — ma¬ 
jora  castra  .  .  .  castellum:  cf.  11.  6-9. 

Chap.  LXVIII.  but  his  right  wing  is  misled  by  a  portion  of  the 
fortifications, 

106  36.  fortuna:  see  on  p.  86,  3  and  33.  1.  parvis  momentis,  etc. : 

cf.  p.  20,  31-32.  3.  supra:  p.  106,  10,  where  see  note.  4.  dextri 


NOTES,— BOOK  III. 


237 


PAGE 

Caesaris  cornus  cohortes:  Map  V,  e.  6.  Quod:  see  on  p.  58,  20,  106 
9.  est  secutus :  Map  V,  gg. 

Chap.  LXIX.  and  when  Pompey  comes  to  help  his  legion  with  a 
large  force,  a  panic  ensues  among  Caesar’s  soldiers,  and  a  dis¬ 
astrous  retreat. 

■  10.  V  legiones  .  .  .  duxit:  Map  V,  hh. — ab  opere:  of  fortifying  the 
main  camp  by  the  sea.  11.  equitatus  ejus:  Map  Y,  i.  12.  acies 
instructa:  the  live  legions  of  1.  10.  14.  Legio  Pompeiana:  Map  Y, 

k,  and  cf.  pp.  104,  33-35;  105,  15,  34-35.  15.  decumana  porta: 

App.  Ill,  19. — ultro:  see  on  p.  46, 18.  16.  Equitatus  Caesaris: 

Map  Y,  gg. — quod  .  .  .  ascendebat:  a  breach  had  been  made  in  the 
long  wall  running  down  to  the  river  (1.  7),  through  which  the  cavalry 
and  the  infantry  of  the  right  wing  had  slowly  passed,  and  they  were 
now  on  the  way  up  to  the  central  fort  and  over  its  moats  and  walls 
(per  aggeres).  The  panic  made  them  all  try  to  get  back  through  the 
narrow  breach  in  a  hurry,  and  hence  the  following  disaster.  21. 
angustias:  i.e.  between  the  enemy  and  the  long  wall. — x  pedum:  this, 
with  the  depth  of  the  ditch,  would  make  a  leap  of  about  twenty  feet. 

25.  angustiis:  i.e.  between  the  outer  and  inner  fortifications  of  the 
camp  they  had  stormed.  26.  extra  et  intus:  the  relieving  force  of 
Pompey,  and  the  legion  which  had  taken  refuge  in  the  inner  camp  or 
castelliim,  11.  14-16. — eodem .  .  .  consulebant  :  tried  to  save  them¬ 
selves  hy  retreating  the  same  way  they  had  come ;  receptui  itinere 
se  recipientes,  of  which  itinere  belongs  with  quo  venerant. 

27.  omniaque  .  .  .  plena:  cf.  p.  72,  30.  29.  demissis  signis:  lowered 

their  colors,  so  that  Caesar  might  not  see  them  and  check  them,  and 
ran  on.  30.  etiam  signa  dimitterent :  even  threw  their  colors  away. 

App.  Ill,  17,  b. 


Chap,  LXX.  The  same  wall  which  had  caused  Caesar’s  defeat,  hinders 
the  enemy  from  following  up  their  victory. 

32.  haec  .  .  .  quod  Pompeius  .  .  .  tardabantur  :  these  facts  were 
helpful  and  prevented  the  whole  army  from  being  destroyed,  namely 
that  Pompey,  etc.,  and  that  his  horsemen,  etc,  36.  angustiis  atque 
his :  by  the  narrow  breach  (see  on  1.  16),  especially  as  that  was  held  by 
Caesar’’ s  soldiers.  See  on  p.  24,  20.  1.  ad  insequendum:  see  on  107 

p.  39,  10.  4.  propriam  expeditamque :  certain  (his  own)  and  com- 


238 


CAESAR’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

107  Chap.  LXXI,  Caesar’s  losses. 

8,  equites  Romanos,  tribunos  militum  :  App.  Ill,  9.  All  are 
known  only  from  this  mention  of  their  death.  9.  Placentia,  Puteo¬ 
lis,  Capua:  for  the  case,  see  on  p.  22,  25.  The  first  was  one  of  the 
chief  towns  of  Gallia  Cispadana,  and  the  military  centre  of  the  pro¬ 
vince.  The  second  was  an  old  Greek  maritime  city  of  Campania,  on 
the  bay  of  Neapolis.  For  the  third,  see  on  p.  16,  14.  — Fleginatem, 
Sacrativirum:  noms.-- Fleginas,  Sacrativir.  14.  imperator: 
see  onp.  64,  10.  15.  sed  .  .  .praetulit:  the  victory  was  won  in  a 

civil  war,  so  Pompey  did  not  officially  use  the  title  of  Imperator,  nor 
have  the  fasces  of  his  lictors  wreathed  with  laurel,  as  victors  usually 
did.  19.  perfugae  :  as  a  renegade  and  traitor,  he  wished  to  show 
Pompey  how  utterly  he  had  broken  with  his  old  comrades-in-arms. 
20.  contumelia:  with  magna,  an  abl.  of  manner. 

1.  Caesar’s  Retreat  into  Thessaly.  Chap,  Ixxii — Ixxxi, 

Chap.  LXXII.  Special  reasons  for  Caesar’s  defeat. 

23.  spiritus :  ;  gen.  sing.  24.  ratione:  conduct  of 

the  war.  25.  Non  .  .  .  non  .  .  .  non:  repetition  for  rhetorical  effect; 
see  on  p.  21,  19.  27.  abscisum  .  .  .  exercitum:  sc.  esse,  the  sepa¬ 

ration  of  the  army,  etc.  29.  causae:  sc.  militibus  Caesaris 
fugae.  G.  350;  Gr.  233;  H.  390,  i.  '30.  dimicatum:  sc.  esse; 
pass,  impers. — ipsos:  sc.  nostros.  31.  multitudine:  thronging, 
does  not  contradict  paucitatem  in  1.  25.  Caesar’s  men  had  no  room  to 
fight  in.  32.  communes  belli  casus :  war’s  impartial  fortunes.  G. 
375,  R.  2;  Gr.  219,  R.,  end;  H.  407,  N.  1.  33.  quam:  namely  how 

triflmg  reasons ;  like  quotiens  (35)  introducing  a  clause  explanatory 
of  casus.  34.  suspicionis,  terroris,  religionis:  either  in  the  way  of 
groundless  suspicion,  sudden  fright,  or  opposing  religious  scruples  ;  the 
gens,  may  be  regarded  thus  as  appositional,  or  as  subjective,  arising 
from,  etc.  36.  esset  offensum:  pass,  impers.,  disaster  had  occurred ; 
cf.  p.  77,  11. 

Chap.  LXXIII.  Caesar’s  address  to  his  defeated  soldiers, 

108  9.  opponerent:  set  off  against.  10.  fortunae:  see  on  p.  86,  3,  and 
cf.  11. 14,  22. — aliquo:  any  considerable;  ullo  would  mean  “any  what¬ 
ever.”  12.  ducibus:  abl.  abs.  expressing  concession,  on  which  depends 
the  gen.  hominum  (11);  in  spite  of  leaders  who  were  very  experienced 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


239 


PAGE 

and  skillful  and  had  very  warlike  soldiers.  13.  provincias:  Sicily  108 
and  Sardinia;  cf.  i,  30-31.  18.  cujusvis  .  .  .  culpae:  to  any  one’’ s  fault 

rather  than  to  his  own.  22.  partam  (pario) .  .  .  interpellavisset: 
cf.  p.  107,  4-5.  23.  dandam  (esse)  .  .  .\xi:  all  must  exert  themselves 

^0,  etc.  24.  Quod:  i.e.  operam  dare. — fore  ut .  .  .verteret:  see 
onp.  16,  12;  vertere  is  here  intrans,  25.  ad  Gergoviam:  B.  Gr. 
vii,  51,  ff.  Here  he  had  been  obliged  to  raise  the  siege,  after  a  severe 
defeat,  but  soon  won  the  crowning  victory  of  Alesia.  Cf.  p.  97, 14-16. 

26.  ultro  .  .  .  offerrent :  Caesar  prophesies  well ;  Pompey,  who  has 
hitherto  avoided  battle,  soon  takes  the  offensive  and  pursues  him, 
although  strongly  urged  to  cross  over  to  Italy  and  strengthen  himself 
there  against  the  enfeebled  army  of  Caesar,  which  would  have  had  to 
march  round  the  head  of  the  Adriatic.  He  thought  that  would  look 
too  much  like  retreating  before  a  conquered  enemy.  Caesar’s  defeat 
was  then  a  necessary  prelude  tc  his  great  victory  at  Pharsalus. 

Chap.  LXXIV.  and  its  stimulating  effect. 

28.  ignominia  .  .  .  movit:  disgraced  (by  lowering  their  pay,  or  ex¬ 
posing  them  publicly  before  the  commander’s  tent)  and  degraded.  This 
was  really  mercy,  for  the  military  punishment  was  death.  App.  HI, 

17,  b.  31.  desideraret:  needed,  waited  for  a  command  from,  etc. 

33.  cum  .  .  .  nonnulli:  while  some  of  the  higher  officers  even,  such  as 
tribunes,  legates  and  quaestors,  as  distinguished  from  centurions. — 
ratione  permoti:  the  soldiers  burned  to  fight  at  once  and  wipe  out 
their  disgrace ;  the  higher  officers,  after  due  deliberation,  thought  they 
ought  to  remain  there  and  eventually  the  decisive  battle.  35. 
Contra  ea:  for  the  more  usual  contra  as  adv. ;  neque  .  .  ,  putabat 
is  Caesar’s  objection  to  the  desire  of  the  soldiers,  and  et .  .  .  timebat  to 
the  opinion  of  the  officers. 


Chap.  LXXV.  Caesar  abandons  his  camp  and  is  pursued  by  Pompey. 

4.  prima  nocte:  see  on  medio,  p.  30,  29.  5.  ante  iter  confectum:  109 

=  antequam  iter  confectum  esset,  before  the  conclusion  of  their 
march;  so  ante  urbem  conditam.  G.  324,  R.  3;  Gr.  292,  a;  H. 
549,5,  N.  2.  7.  reliquas:  four  in  number,  for  seven  had  crossed  with 

Caesar  (p.  76,  28),  and  Antony  had  brought  him  four  more  (p.  87,  35), 
but  one  legion  had  been  sent  into  Thessaly  (p  90,  11),  two  into  Mace¬ 
donia  (p.  90, 16),  five  cohorts  into  Aetolia  (p.  90,  13),  three  cohorts  had 
been  left  to  guard  Oricum  (p.  92,  25),  and  one  was  at  Lissus  (p.  110,  30). 


240 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

109  — compluribus  portis:  to  hasten  matters.  9.  institutum:  practice. 

Caesar  did  not  wish  to  disgrace  himself  by  departing  stealthily,  and 
yet  wished  to  get  the  start  of  Pompey.  See  on  p.  88, 16,  and  cf.  p.  91, 
34. — serissime:  a  Very  rare  superl.  of  sero.  10.  ejus:  see  on  p.  28, 
8. — conclamari:  App.  Ill,  16.  13.  moram  .  .  .  intulit:  delay  at  all 

to  follow ;  for  ad  insequendum,  see  on  p.  39, 10. — id  spectans:  with 
this  intention,  viz.  to  see  if  he  could,  etc. ;  cf.  p.  94,  31,  and  for  the 
pronoun,  p.  11, 18.  14.  impeditos:  App.  Ill,  3,  c,  end.  16.  nequos 

=:que  is  often  used  where  we  expect  an  adversative  conj.  Cf.  pp.  14, 
13;  108,8;  113,27.  17.  multum:  with  antecesserat;  adv.  acc.  in¬ 

stead  of  abl.  of  meas.  of  difl. — expedito  'itinere:  cf.  p.  88, 19,  with 
note;  owing  to  his  unohstructed  march.  20.  antesignanos  admis» 
cuit:  App.  Ill,  5,  18. 

Chap.  LXXVI.  Both  armies  resume  their  old  camps  at  Asparagium, 
but  Caesar  by  a  ruse  gets  another  start  of  Pompey. 

23.  justo:  see  on  p.  22, 11;  the  army  had  started  very  early  (11.4-8). 
25.  Asparagium:  see  on  p.  88,  28,  and  cf.  p.  93,  25.  27.  per  cau¬ 

sam  :  the  foraging  was  only  a  ruse,  to  make  the  enemy  think  he  was 
not  going  to  march  any  further  that  day.  See  on  p.  85, 23.  28.  de¬ 

cumana  porta:  where  the  enemy  would  least  notice  it;  App.  Ill,  19. 
33.  imped,  et  sarcinarum:  App.  Ill,  3,  c,  16.  35.  contubernio: 

110  App.  Ill,  19.  36.  ad  .  .  .  impeditis :  incapable  of  pursuing.  2. 

duplicatoque  .  . .  itinere  :  and  in  addition  to  the  full  day'^s  march 
already  made  ;  he  did  not  march  twice  as  far,  but  made  a  second  march. 
The  ruse  of  Caesar  so  successful  here,  had  been  tried  on  him  by  Af¬ 
ranius  and  Petreius,  i,  80,  but  without  avail. 

Chap.  LXXVII.  Caesar  goes  so  fast  that  Pompey  at  last  gives  up  the 
pursuit. 

5.  similiter:  cf.  p.  109,  3-4.  7.  expedito  exercitu:  App.  Ill,  16, 

end.  9.  altissimis  .  .  .  itineribus :  abls.  abs. ;  in  spite  of,  etc. ;  see 
on  p.  57, 20.  Caesar’s  veterans  could  outmarch  as  well  as  outfight 
Pompey’s.  10.  mora  illata:  having  suffered  the  first  day' s  delay  to 
intervene  ;  cf.  11.  3-4,  and  p.  109, 13.  11.  se  .  .  .  extenderet  :  =  p  r  o - 

grederetur,  though  he  hept  malcing forced  marches.  Others  render, 
exerted  himself. 

Chap.  LXXVIII.  Reasons  of  both  Caesar  and  Pompey  for  transfer¬ 
ring  the  struggle  eastward. 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


241 


PAQB 

15.  praesidium  .  .  .  relinquendum:  only  one  change  in  this  respect  HO 
is  mentioned  in  1. 30,  viz.  the  garrisoning  of  Apollonia,  which  had  been 
safe  enough  while  Caesar  was  near  it  or  besieging  Pompey  (see  on 
p.  80, 16).  Lissus  and  Oricum  had  garrisons  already  (pp.  92,  25  ;  93, 

19).  17.  tantum:  only  so  much. — properanti  :  lit.  for  Mm  in  a 

hurry,  i.e.  considering  his  haste.  18.  Domitio:  who  was  in  Mace¬ 
donia  (chap.  36-38),  and  while  Caesar  remained  at  Apollonia,  farther 
from  him  than  from  Pompey.  19.  ad  eum  .  .  .  ferebatur:  hurried 
(lit.  was  carried)  towards  him  with  all  speed  and  with  passionate  eager¬ 
ness.  20.  Totius  .  .  .  explicabat :  he  formed  his  plan  for  the  whole 
campaign  on  the  following  considerations,  viz.  that  if,  etc.  21. 
eodem:  to  Macedonia,  where  he  could  join  Scipio,  and  perhaps  cap¬ 
ture  Domitius.  22.  copiis:  stores.  24.  si  .  .  .  transiret:  see  last 
note  on  chap.  73.  27.  obsesso  .  .  .  cogeret:  then  he  (Caesar)  would 

ieset  Scipio  and  force  him  (Pompey)  to  help  his  ally.  29.  praesidio : 
see  on  1.15.  32.  Athamaniam:  a  district  of  southern  Epirus.  33. 

conjectura:  abl.  of  means  used  adverbially.  36.  legiones:  see  on 
p.  87, 36.  These  troops  afterward  marched  round  the  head  of  the 
Adriatic  into  Illyricum,  arriving  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus. 

Celap.  LXXIX.  Caesar’s  lucky  junction  with  Domitius  (Calvinus).  HI 

3.  ne  .  .  .  deesset:  not  to  miss  a  good  chance.  4.  Apollonia:  i.e. 
his  march  to  A.  5.  Candaviam:  see  on  p.  79, 15. — iter  .  .  .  habebat: 
almost  due  east,  over  the  great  Egnatian  road  from  Dyrrhachium  to 
the  Hellespont,  while  Caesar  followed  the  river  Aous  S.  E.  to  its  source, 
then  crossed  the  mountains  to  the  sources  of  the  Thessalian  river 
Peneius,  near  which  was  the  stronghold  of  Aeginium,  where  Domitius 
joins  him  (L  26).  8.  collata  habuisset:  for  the  subjv.  see  on  p.  40, 

12;  for  the  compound  form,  on  p.  30,  7.  9.  Heracllam:  the  chief 

town  of  Macedonia  libera  (p.  90,18),  at  about  the  middle  of  the  via 
Egnatia. — subjecta:  Candavia  was  a  mountainous  region.  13.  latius 
inflatiusque:  cf.  p.  59, 13,  and  see  on  p.  35,  29.  15.  reddiderat:  see 

on  p.  11, 1.  17.  dimissi:  messengers  sent ;  see  on  p.  19, 31.  20. 

demonst. :  chap.  59-61.  21,  consuetudine:  companionship.  22. 

gloria:  boastfulness.  26.  Aeginium:  see  on  1.  5.— objectum:  nea/r 
the  borders  of,  but  still  in  Epirus. 

Chap.  LXXX.  Caesar  storms  and  plunders  Gomphi, 

27.  Gomphos  :  a  strong  town  commanding  two  mountain  passes 
toward  the  south.  It  had  been  of  importance  in  the  Roman  wars  with 


242 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

111  Philip  of  Macedon  (200-197).  28.  veni entibus:  as  you  come.  G. 

343;  Gr.  235,  b;  H.  384,  4,  N.  3.  32.  supra:  1.  14.  33.  quod 

.  .  .  partibus :  and  had  exaggerated  it  (proelium)  hy  a  great  deal. 
The  subj.  is  still  fama,  the  abl.  denotes  meas.  of  diff. ;  cf.  f).  114,  8. 
34.  praetor:  so  the  Romans  called  the  highest  military  officer  of  Thes- 

112  saly,  the  6rpctT7]y6<i.  2.  munitionibus:  what  case?  see  on  p.  17,  1. 

5.  Larisam:  in  the  great  central  plain  of  Thessaly.  7.  musculosque: 
see  on  p.  55,  25.  The’  word  seems  here  =:vineas.  9.  quantum  .  .  . 
haberet :  how  advantageous  it  {was,  i.e.)  would  he  :  the  subjs.  of  habe» 
ret  are  potiri  (10),  inferre  (11)  and  fieri. — omnium  rerum  inopiam  : 
Plutarch  says  that  Caesar’s  soldiers  were  so  worn  out  by  their  hard- 
^ips  and  scant  living,  that  a  pest  had  broken  out  among  them,  but 
that  they  were  all  completely  cured  by  drinking  their  fill  of  the  wine 
they  found  in  Gomphi.  Cf.  what  Caesar  says  p.  98,  6-10.  15.  ad 

diripiendum:  contrast  the  treatment  of  Massilia.  16.  MetropSlim  : 
about  20  miles  S-.  E.  of  Gomphi. 


Chap.  LXXXI.  and  this  course  prevents  the  other  cities  of  Thessaly 
from  deserting  him. 

18.  primum:  used  like  primo,  contrasting  with  postea  (20);  see 
on  p.  17,  34.  23.  Metropolitum:  =  — arum.  G.  27,  R.  1;  Gr.  36, 

d;  H.  49,  3.  24.  magnis  exercitibus  r  must  be  translated  large 

forces,  as  Scipio  had  only  one  army.  Cf.  p.  86,  9.  26.  Ille :  Caesar. 

— in  agris  :  the  plains  of  Pharsalia,  at  least  four  days’  march  from 
Metropolis.  See  Map  I.  28.  eoque .  .  .conferre:  and  to  transfer 
thither  the  whole  conduct  of  the  war.  Cf.  p.  108, 4. 


m.  The  Infatnatioii  of  Pompey^s  Followers.  Chap.  Ixxxii — 

Ixxxiii. 

Chap.  LXXXII.  Pompey  joins  Scipio  in  Thessaly,  his  followers  al¬ 
ready  dividing  up  the  civil  offices  as  if  they  had  done  away  with 
Caesar, 

32.  parta  jam  victoria:  cf.  p.  108, 22.  35.  classicum  apud  eum 

cani:  that  the  usual  signals  he  Mown  before  his  tent.  App.  Ill,  15. — 
113  praetoriimi:  App.  Ill,  19.  2.  adeo  ut .  .  .  videretur:  cf.  p.  71,  22- 

24.  3.  et:  introduces  (ut)  dicerent  (6),  whose  subj.  is  a  pron.  refer¬ 

ring  generally  to  the  nobles  in  the  company  of  Pompey  (the  omnium 
of  1.  1),  and  whose  obj.  is  unius  .  .  .  numero.  4.  si  quando  .  .  . 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


243 


dicerent:  as  often  as  Pompey  did  anything  rather  slowly  and  cau¬ 
tiously,  they  said  it  was  only  a  day^s  worh,  hut  that  he  was  delighted 
with  his  power,  and  treated  ex-consuls  and  ex-praetors  like  slaves; 
faceret  is  attracted  into  the  subjv.  from  fecerat ;  see  on  pp.  52,  4; 
73,  31,  and  cf.  p.  53,  23.  It  was  this  contemptuous  haste  of  the  nobles 
which  ruined  Pompey.  8.  in  annosque:  for  years  in  advance.  10. 
oporteretne:  its  subj.  clause  is  rationem  haberi  (12),  on  which  the  gen. 
Hirri  depends.  Cf.  p.  15,  33,  with  note,  and  translate  freely,  whether 
Hirrus  ought  to  stand  for  the  praetor  ship,  etc.  11.  ad  Parthos:  to 
win  over  their  king  to  Pompey ;  see  on  p.  88,  36.  13.  praestaret: 

sc.  u  t ;  in  appos.  with  fidem ;  hegged  from  Pompey  a  promise  to  grant 
what  he  had  guaranteed  Am  (Hirrus)  on  his  departure.  For  reci¬ 
pere  in  this  sense,  cf.  p.  82,  7,  with  note.  14.  reliqui:  the  other 
party  to  the  controversia  (10),  the  opponents  of  the  necessarii  (12) 
of  Hirrus.  15.  ne  .  .  .antecederet  recusarent:  objected  to  having 
one  favored  above  all;  recusarent  depends  on  cum  (12),  just  like  im¬ 
plorarent. 

Chap.  LXXXIII.  and  fighting  over  the  spoils  of  an  assumed  vic¬ 
tory. 

16.  sacerdotio  Caesaris:  since  63  Caesar  had  been  pontifex 
maximus.  App.  11,  15. — Domitius:  L.  Ahenobarbus,  to  be 
distinguished  carefully  from  Domitius  Calvinus,  Caesar’s  officer,  chap. 
34,  36-38,  etc.  See  biog.  17.  Spintherque:  see  on  p.  18, 13.  19. 

ostentaret,  jactaret :  see  on  adventare,  p.  17,  28;  one  boasted  of  the 
respect  due  his  age,  the  other  bragged  of  his  popularity  in  the  city. 

20.  affinitate:  see  on  p.  12,  36.  21.  postulavit .  .  .  proditionis  ex¬ 

ercitus  :  accused  of  betraying  his  army ;  cf.  p.  44,  26-29,  with  notes. 
For  the  gens.,  G.  377,  361,2;  Gr.  220,  217;  H.  409,  ii,  396,  iii.  22. 
Acutius  Rufus  :  mentioned  only  here. — quod  .  .  .  diceret :  a  thing 
which  he  declared  had  been  done,  etc.  G.  541,  R.  2;  Gr.  341,  d, 
R. ;  H.  516,  ii,  1.  24.  adjudicandum:  to  vote  with.  26.  senten- 

tiasque  .  .  .  ferrent:  the  second  obj.  clause  after  dixit,  instead  of  an 
infin.  corresponding  to  placere.  27.  neque:  see  on  p.  109, 16.  28. 

unam  dixit  fore  tabellam  iis  qui,  etc. :  one  ticTcet  would  be  for  those 
who  voted  that  they  (qui  Romae  remansissent,  etc  )  be  freed  from  all 
penalty,  a  second  for  those,  etc.  29.  capitis :  see  on  proditionis,  1. 

21.  — damnarent  =  damnandos  censerent;  so  multarent  =  m  u  1 - 
tandos  censerent.  The  idiom  is  like  that  noticed  in  diceret,  1. 23. 
30.  pecunia  :  G.  377,  R.  1;  Gr.  220,  b;  H.  410,  iii.— Postremo  :  in 
short. 


244 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

113  n.  The  Battle  at  Palaepharsalus.  Chap.  Ixxxiv — xcix. 

Chap.  LXXXIV.  Caesar  begins  to  tempt  Pompey  to  join  battle. 

35.  temporis:  unnecessary  with  spatium;  see  on  p.  12,  26.  36. 

quo:  =  ut  in  eo. — perspectum  habere:  =  perspexisse  ;  see  on 

114  p.  30,  7;  for  him  to  clearly  understand  the  temper  of  his  soldiers.  3. 

castris:  Map  II,  a. — suis  locis:  see  on  p.  38,  34.  4.  castris  Pompeii: 

Map  II,  b ;  Pompey’s  march  with  Scipio  from  Larisa  to  the  Pharsalian 
plains  is  implied  but  not  distinctly  stated  p.  112,  30  fif.  Caesar  had 
chosen  a  good  position,  supported  by  the  river  Apidanus,  with  the  rich 
Pharsalian  fields  at  his  back  to  forage  in. — continentibus  vero  diebus : 
hut  during  successive  days,  i.e.  gradually,  contrasting  with  primo, 
5.  ut:  in  such  a  way  that ;  with  instruxit. — collibusque  Pomp. :  Pom¬ 
pey,  coming  down  into  the  Pharsalian  plains  from  Larisa,  had  chosen 
a  strong  position  on  the  slope  stretching  from  Palaepharsalus  down  to 
the  Apidanus,  about  four  miles  from  Caesar.  6.  in  dies:  see  on  p. 
35,20.  7.  superius.  .  .institutum:  his  former  practice  ;  ef.  p.l09, 

20.  8.  ut .  .  .  juberet  (11) :  see  on  p.  14,  25. — multis  partibus :  see  on 

p.  Ill,  33.  10.  electis  .  ,  .  armis:  abi.  abs. ;  to  choose  arms  adapted 

to  speed  (i.e.  light  armor)  and  fight,  etc.  13.  mille:  here  used  as  a 
subst.  like  the  plur.  Gr.  308;  Gr.  94,  e,  N. ;  H.  178,  and  X.  14. 
cum  adesset  usus:  whenever  there  was  need.  G.  585;  Gr.  322;  H. 
521,  ii,  1.  The  subjv.  is  due  to  attraction.  16.  unum:  either  Egus 
or  Raucillus  (pp.  101,  21-22;  111,  19). 


Chap.  LXXXV.  At  last  Pompey  accepts  the  challenge  (Aug.  9th,  48). 

19.  in  colie:  see  on  1.  5.  20.  instruebat:  hept  forming,  during 

the  time  mentioned  in  11.  2-7. — exspectans  si:  watching  to  see  whether; 
cf.  p,  68,  23,  with  note.  23.  uti  .  .  .  moveret .  .  .  esset:  viz.  to  move 
.  .  .  and  always  he,  etc.,  clauses  in  appos.  with  hanc;  so  below  haec  is 
explained  by  the  appos.  clauses  ut .  .  .  defatigaret ;  with  these  designs, 
viz.  to,  etc.  Cf.  pp.  94, 31;  109,13.  27.  insolitum  ad:  elsewhere 

followed  by  the  gen.;  see  on  p.  45,  29.  29.  detensis:  struck;  for 

the  opposite,  see  p.  112,  36.  31.  non  iniquo:  =  aequo,  by  Litotes 

(see  on  p.  11,  6,  end).  36.  expeditas  .  .  .  educit:  App.  Ill,  3,  c,  end. 

Chap.  LXXXVI.  Pompey’s  boastful  promise  to  his  officers. 

115  2.  hortatu:  see  on  p.  113,  4.  6.  rationem:  outline.  8.  persuasi: 

as  if  their  consent  was  all  that  was  necessary.  10.  ab  latere  aperto : 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


245 


PAGK 

Caesar’s  left  and  Pompey’s  right  were  covered  by  an  impassable  brook;  115 
cf.  p.  116, 15,  and  Map  II.  11,  perturbatum  ,  .  ,  pellerent:  to  rout 
and  'put  to  flight.  14.  tantum:  Caesar  had  800,  Pompey  7000  when 
the  campaign  began.  .  16.  usu  manuque:  in  actual  conflict,  opposed 
to  cogitavissent.  17.  reliquorum:  the  soldiers  not  present  at  the 
officers’  council  (1.  3),  who  had  not  seen  these  gay  young  nobles  fight. 

Chap.  LXXXVII.  Labienus’s  disparagement  of  Caesar’s  army. 

18.  excepit:  took  up,  i.Q.  followed  in  speaking;  see  on  p.  40, 19. — 
cum  .  .  .  despiceret:  while  he  expressed  contempt  for,  etc.  19,  lau¬ 
dibus  eflferret:  extolled;  cf.  p.  41,  35,  with  note. — Noli .  .  .  existimare: 
see  on  p.  104, 15.  20.  Pompei:  vocative.  G.  29,  R.  2;  Gr.  40,  c; 

H.  51,5.  24.  pestilentia:  malarial  fever ;  cf.  p.  75,  4-5.  25.  An 

non:  see  on  p.  66,  21.  26.  per  causam:  actually  sick  ?  see  on  p.  85, 

23.  28.  horum:  these  last  two. — citeriore  Gallia:  see  on  p.  19,  27. 

29.  Ac  tamen:  see  on  p.  91,  27;  so  here,  though  Caesar  must  have 
brought  some  veterans  to  Greece  with  him,  still,  etc.  35.  animp  .  .  . 
praecipiebant:  pictured  to  themselves.  36.  nihil  frustra  confirmari: 
no  assurances  could  he  given  in  vain. 

Chap.  LXXXVIII.  Pompey’s  order  of  battle. 

3.  legiones  duae:  see  on  p.  11,  23.  7.  Ciliciensis  legio:  cf.  p.  75,  116 

19,  8.  quas  .  .  .  docuimus  :  perhaps  in  the  portion  lost  between 

chap.  50  and  51.  Of  course  this  was  a  gross  violation  of  a  soldier’s 
parole,  9.  Has  .  .  .  habere:  that  these  were  the  most  reliable  cohorts 
he  had.  11.  cohortes  cx:  i.e.  11  legions.  Caesar’s  estimate  is  thus 
consistent  with  chap.  4,  where  Pompey  musters  11  legions,  including 
Scipio’s.  These  were  quite  full,  since  he  had  put  in  a  large  number  of 
substitutes  (p. 7 5,  23-25),  so  that  the  cohorts  had  on  the  average  over 
400  men  (1.  12).  Since  Caesar’s  previous  estimate  Pompey  had  added 
to  his  forces  2000  evocati  (1.  12),  and  an  indefinite  number  of  cohorts 
which  Afranius  had  brought  him  (1.  8),  and  which  might  well  equal  in 
number  the  seven  cohorts  detailed  to  guard  the  camp  (1. 14),  and  those 
left  under  Cato  at  Dyrrhachium  (sec  biog.  of  Cato).  Of  the  Asiatic 
auxiliaries  so  rhetorically  enumerated  in  chap.  4,  Caesar  makes  only  a 
brief  mention  in  1. 17.  12.  evocatorum,  beneficiariis:  cf,  App.  Ill, 

12,  and  see  on  p.  44,  31.  15.  castellis:  Pompey  had  connected  his 

camp  with  the  hill  and  with  water-sources  by  lines  of  forts.— rivus 
quidam :  Map  II,  d.  The  topography  of  the  battle-field  is  not  fully 


246 


CAESAB^S  CIVIL  WAE. 


PAGE 

116  certain.  Caesar  nowhere  mentions  the  city  of  Phars^ns  from  which 
the  battle  took  its  name,  nor  the  Enipens,  which  has  been  by  some 
supposed  to  be  the  rivus  quidam.  But  Hirtius,  Caesars  legate  and 
intimate  friend,  the  probable  writer  of  the  8th  book  of  the  Bellum 
Gradicum,  and  of  the  Bellum  Alexandrinum,  speaks  of  Palaepharsalus 
(i.e.  Old  Pharsalus,  in  distinction  from  a  Xew  Pharsalus  Dear  by)  as 
the  place  where  the  great  battle  was  fought.  See  the  remarks  at  the 
close  of  the  notes. 


Chap.  LXXXIX.  Caesars  order  of  battle. 

18.  superius  institutum:  ef.  p.  114,  7,  with  note;  here  the  former 
practice  was  that  of  giving  his  pet  10th  legion  the  post  of  honor.  20. 
attenuata:  ef.  p.  105,  22—23.  22.  Cohortes  .  .  .  Ixxx:  see  on  p.  109, 

7;  four  cohorts  had  since  then  been  left  at  Apollonia  (p,  110,  30),  and  a 
junction  made  with  Domitius  Cal^-inus  and  his  two  legions  (p.  Ill,  26). 
This  would  give  110  cohorts  ( —  10,  —  5,  —  3,  —  1,  —  4,  =)  —  23  =  87 
cohorts  which  Caesar  ought  to  have  had  now ;  so  that  either  duas  (11) 
in  1.  24  is  a  mistake  of  the  MSS.  for  septem  0^)»  must  suppose 
that  Caesar  had  detached  five  cohorts  for  some  special  service  which  he 
does  not  mention.  23.  milium  xxii:  this  gives  an  average  of  only 
275  for  each  cohort,  much  less  than  that  of  Pompey  ;  see  on  1.  11. 
26.  praeposuerat:  used  absolutely,  had  made  commander  on  the  left, 
on  the  right,  in  the  centre. — contra  Pompeium:  Le.  on  his  own  right, 
opposite  Pompews  left  wing.  29.  ex  tertia  acie:  Caesar’s  line  of 
battle  was  then  trip  lex  ;  see  App.  Ill,  2,  d, — singulas  cohortes:  six 
in  all;  ef.  p.  118, 15.  30.  quartam  .  .  .  opposuit:  Map  II,  c.  32. 

constare:  depended  on.  33.  injussu  suo:  icithout  orders  from  him; 
the  noun  is  used  only  in  the  abb  G.  40? ;  Gr.  245 ;  H.  416.  34. 

vexillo:  hg  waving  a  flag ;  cf.  App.  Ill,  17,  c. 

Chap.  XC.  Caesar’s  harangue  to  his  men  before  the  battle-signal. 

34.  cum:  while;  conjunc.,  not  prep.  G.  401;  Gr.  248,  R.;  H.  419, 
iii.  35.  suaque  .  .  .  oflBcia:  his  constant  services  to  it;  cf.  p.  14.  21, 
note  on  omnium  temporum.  36.  testibus  .  .  .  posse:  he  coidd  call 
the  soldiers  to  witness,  lit,  use  as  witnesses.  G.  324;  Gr.  185;  H.  363. 

117  1.  per  V atinium :  chap.  19.  2.  per  Aulum  Clodium:  chap.  57. 

3.  cum  Libone:  chap.  16-17.  5.  exercitu:  G.  389;  Gr.  243,  a;  H. 

414,  i.  7.  tuba:  this  was  the  signal  for  the  general  advance  against 
the  enemy  ;  when  the  distance  between  the  two  armies  was  small 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


247 


PAGE 

enough  for  a  charge  at  double-quick  (1.  19),  then  the  special  signal  for  117 
this  was  given  with  the  vexillum  (p.  116,  34). 


Chap.  XCI.  A  veteran  centurion  leads  the  charge  for  Caesar. 

9.  primum  pilum  .  .  .  duxerat:  had  teen  primipilus  of  the  tenth- 
legion;  cf.  App.  Ill,  11,  b.  10.  manipulares  .  .  .  fuistis  :  my  old 
comrades.  The  centurio  prior  commanded  the  whole  maniple,  and 
not  merely  his  own  century.  11.  quam  .  .  .  date;  give  proof  of  your 
resolves.  14.  Faciam  .  .  ,  ut .  .  .  agas :  =  an  emphatic  future  of  ago  ; 
you  will  surely  thank,  etc.  G.  557 ;  Gr.  332,  e;  H.  498,  ii,  X.  2.  17. 

qjusdem  centuriae :  if  the  preceding  numeral  is  right,  this  gen.  must  be 
rendered  attached  to,  stationed  with  the  same  century,  viz.  the  century 
on  the  extreme  right  and  front ;  cf.  App.  Ill,  12,  end. 


Chap.  XCII.  Pompey  has  his  men,  instead  of  charging  too,  await  in 
their  places  the  onset  of  Caesar’s  soldiers ; 

19.  ad  concursum:  the  word  used  for  the  charge  upon  each,  other  of 
two  opposing  lines ;  if  one  only  charged,  and  the  other  awaited  the 
attack,  such  an  attack  was  called  incursus;  impetus  was  the 
shock  of  meeting,  or  the  attack  in  general.  The  troops  of  Caesar  had 
now  advanced  until  only  about  250  paces  separated  them  from  Pom- 
pey’s  front  ranks;  see  on  1.  7.  21.  distrahi:  to  become  disordered, 

or  uneven  in  the  charge.  23.  militum;  sc.  Caesaris.  24.  dis¬ 
positi:  i.e.  Pompey’s  men. — dispersos:  Caesar’s  men.  25.  casura: 
sc.  esse;  would  fall  more  lightly,  i.e.  he  less  deadly. — pila:  i.e.  of 
Caesar’s  men;  cf.  App.  Ill,  3,  b.  26.  immissis  telis  occucurrissent: 
should  run  into  the  flying  missiles. — simul  fore  ut,  etc.:  sc.  spera¬ 
bat.  28.  Quod  nobis,  etc. :  Caesar  now  gives  his  critical  estimate 
of  this  policy  of  Pompey. — nulla  ratione :  injudiciously.  32.  signa: 
nom. ;  cf.  App.  Ill,  15,  end. 


Chap.  XCIII.  but  these  halt,  get  breath,  and  charge  afresh,  while 
Caesar’s  special  cohorts  rout  Pompey’s  cavalry  and  attack  his 
legionaries  in  the  rear. 

35.  dato  signo:  i.e.  for  the  charge  (concursus);  cf.  p.  116,33-34, 
and  see  on  1.  7. — infestis  pilis:  with  poised  javelins.  6.  rei  defue-  118 
runt:  see  on  p.  72,  9.  9.  ut  erat  imperatum:  cf.  p.  115,  8-12.  10. 

omnisque  multitudo:  cf.  p.  75,  27-29.  13.  turmatim:  hy  squadrons ; 


248 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

118  App.  Ill,  5. — a  latere  aperto:  see  on  p.  115,  10.  15.  quartae  aciei 

.  .  .dedit  signum:  cl.  p.  116,  29-34,  with  notes.  16.  infestisque 
signis :  with  flying  colors,  of  a  body  of  men  charging  in  good  order ; 
cf.  infestis  pilis,  p.  117,  35. — tanta  vi:  Caesar  ordered  these  cohorts  to 
use  their  javelins  like  spears,  and  aim  at  the  faces  of  the  horsemen,  and 
Plutarch  speaks  as  though  this  was  meant  to  frighten  the  gay  young 
Roman  nobles  serving  in  the  cavalry,  who  could  not  bear  to  have  their 
pretty  faces  disfigured,  and  so  rode  off  the  field  of  battle  holding  their 
hands  before  their  eyes.  But  the  order  was  necessary  in  the  unusual 
case  of  infantry  acting  on  the  offensive  against  cavalry.  19.  incitati 
fuga :  at  the  top  of  their  speed.  Labienus  led  the  cavalry ;  his  speech 
and  oath  (chap.  87)  must  now  have  been  a  pleasant  memory. — Quibus 
summotis:  when  these  (the  horsemen)  were  out  of  the  way ;  cf.  p.  46, 

13.  20.  destituti:  left  in  the  lurch,  and  so  sine  praesidio. — iner^ 
mes:  i.e.  with  no  arms  suitable  for  a  hand  to  hand  fight. 

Chap.  XCIV.  Caesar  now  orders  up  his  reserves,  which  carry  all 
before  them. 

25.  loco:  i.e.  where  it  stood  when  the  signal  was  given  for  the  con¬ 
cursus,  p.  117,  35.  26.  alii:  cf.  11.  21-23.  27.  sustinere:  see 

on  p.  40,  3.  31.  pronuntiaverat:  p.  116,  30-31.  34.  initium 

fugae  factum:  the  beginning  of  the  enemy’s  rout  {was)  made;  elsewhere 

119  the  phrase  is  used  of  those  who  run  first,  as  p.  120, 3.  2.  in  statione: 

on  guard,  as  p.  31,28. — praetoriam  portam:  App.  Ill,  19.  4.  si 

quid  durius  acciderit:  an  euphemism  for  if  we  lose  the  day.  6. 
praetorium:  App.  Ill,  19. — summae  rei  :  probably  dat.  of  summa 
rei  (not  summa  res),  the  issue. 

Chap.  XCV.  Caesar  storms  Pompey’s  camp. 

8.  dare:  the  pass,  infin.  is  more  usual  with  oportere.  10.  etsi: 
really  superfluous  ;  see  on  p.  41,  17.  13.  relictae  :  cf.  p.  116, 14. 

14.  barbarisque  auxiliis:  and  barbarian  allies ;  these  were  not 
mentioned  in  chap.  4,  and  their  number  is  uncertain.  21.  in  altis- 
simos  montes:  after  the  cavalry,  p.  118, 19. 

Chap.  XCVI.  The  appearance  of  Pompey’s  camp,  and  Pompey’s 
flight. 

23.  trichilas  :  summer-houses. — argenti :  silver-ware.  25.  non¬ 
nullorum  :  sc.  aliorum . — protecta  edera :  against  the  heat  of  the 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


249 


PAGE 

sun.  28.  non  necessarias:  Litotes;  see  on  p.  11,6,  end.  29.  At  119 
hi  .  .  .  objiciebant:  and  yet  these  very  men  were  in  the  habit  of  re¬ 
proaching  Caesaris  wretched  and  long-suffering  army  with  wanton 
excesses.  At  the  proper  time  Caesar  often  allowed  his  army  to  have 
a  carousal;  exercitu  is  dat.  G.  67;  Gr.  68,  N. ;  H.  116.  32.  equum 

nactus:  cf.  1.1. — ^insignibus  imperatoris:  the  purple  cloak  and  toga 
trimmed  with  purple.  App.  Ill,  3,  a,  end.  33.  equo  citato  :  at 
full  gallop.  35.  sues:  see  on  p.  19, 36. — ex  fuga:  cf.  ex  itinere, 
p.  22, 24.  1.  opinionem:  his  estimate  of  his  cavalry  had  so/arl20 

deceived  him  that,  etc.  3.  initio  .  .  .  facto:  see  on  p.  118,  34. 

Pompey’s  flight  was  cowardly.  He  had  not  even  tried  to  defend  his 
impregnable  camp.  He  had  lost  the  battle  it  is  true,  “but  the  army 
was  still  substantially  intact,  and  his  situation  was  far  less  perilous 
than  that  of  Caesar  aftei  the  defeat  of  Dyrrhachium.  While  in  Cae¬ 
sar’s  great  nature  despair  only  developed  still  mightier  energies,  the 
feebler  soul  of  Pompey  under  similar  pressure  sank  into  the  infinite 
abyss  of  despondency.” 

Chap.  XCVH.  Caesar  pursues  and  hems  in  the  remnants  of  Pompey’s 
army, 

4.  contendit:  begged.  8.  jugis  ejus:  along  its  ridges;  see  on 
p.  42, 25.  14.  flumen :  probably  the  Onchestus. 

Chap.  XCVIH.  and  after  their  surrender  proceeds  to  Larisa. 

23.  passisque  palmis:  with  outstretched  hands,  as  a  token  of  suppli¬ 
cation.  Cf.  p.  56, 25.  26.  omnes:  i.e.  soldiers  and  lower  officers. 

“  The  common  soldiers  were  incorporated  in  the  army,  fines  or  confis¬ 
cations  of  property  were  inflicted  on  the  men  of  better  rank ;  the  sena¬ 
tors  and  equites  of  note  who  were  taken,  with  few  exceptions,  suffered 
death.  The  time  for  clemency  was  past ;  the  longer  the  civil  war  lasted, 
the  more  remorseless  and  implacable  it  became.”  According  to  one 
historian,  however,  it  was  only  those  senators  and  knights  who  had 
been  pardoned  once  before,  who  were  now  put  to  death.  The  corre¬ 
spondence  of  Pompey,  which  fell  into  his  hands,  Caesar  burned  without 
reading.  27.  ne  qui:  the  indef.  pron. ;  lest  any  one,  etc. — quid  sui: 
any  of  their  property. 

Chap.  XCIX.  The  losses  in  the  battle. 

33.  supra:  chap.  91.  34.  in  os  adversum:  directly  into  his  face. 


250 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

121  3.  in  deditionem:  cl  chap.  98.  4.  in  castellis:  see  on  p.  116, 15. — 

Sullae:  clp.  116,  25.  6.  signaque  .  .  .aquilae:  App.  Ill,  17. — They 

would  have  it  so,  Caesar  is  said  to  have  cried  when  he  looked  over  the 
bloody  field,  hoc  voluerunt;  tantis  rebus  gestis  condem¬ 
natus  essem,  nisi  ab  exercitu  auxilium  petiissem. 

0.  Further  Operations  of  Pompey’s  Fleets.  Chap,  c — ci. 

Chap.  C.  Brundisium  is  blockaded  a  second  time. 

11.  antea:  chap.  23-24.  12.  Similiter:  as  Antony  had  done,  chap. 

24.  13.  Vatinius:  he  had  been  sent  after  Caesar’s  remaining  troops. 

20.  factum:  =  quod  factum  est. — cognitum:  see  on  p.  109,  5. 

Chap.  CI.  Caesar’s  Sicilian  fleet  is  more  than  half  destroyed. 

25.  praeesset:  the  force  of  the  et  cum  continues. — P.  Sulpicius: 
cf.  p.  44,  21. — Vibone :  at  Yibo  near  the  strait.  Vibo  was  an  old  Greek 
city  on  the  west  coast  of  Bruttium,  made  a  Eoman  colony  in  192,  at 
present  a  haven  of  considerable  importance.  26.  Pomponius:  men¬ 
tioned  only  here. — Messanam:  see  on  p.  52,  8.  29.  magno  vento: 

see  on  p,  57,20.  30.  ad  incendia:  combustible.  33.  cum:  al¬ 

though.  35.  per  dispositos  equites :  by  relays  of  couriers.  36.  futu¬ 
rum  fuisse  uti  amitteretur:  that  it  (the  town)  would  have  been  lost. 

122  G.  240,  E.  2;  Gr.  308,  d;  H.  527,  iii,  N.  1.  4.  eundem  timorem: 

the  same  panic-fear  which  the  garrison  of  Messana  had  shown,  led 
Sulpicius  to  beach  his  ships  near  Vibo. — pari  .  .  .  ratione:  in  the  same 
manner,  or  by  the  same  method  as  before,  viz.  p.  121,29-32;  for  the 
use  of  atque,  see  on  p.  58,9.  15.  ut .  .  .  fieret:  so  that  the  Pom¬ 

peians  themselves  believed  it;  see  on  p.  70,  9. 

p.  The  Wanderings  and  Death  of  Pompey.  Chap,  cii— civ. 

Chap.  CII.  Pompey  vainly  seeks  refuge  in  Syria, 

24.  Amphipoli :  a  city  famous  in  Greek  history  as  one  of  the  most 
valued  possessions  of  Athens,  on  the  river  Strymon,  commanding  an 
entrance  from  the  sea  into  the  plains  of  Macedonia. — propositum :  yjwJ- 
lished.  25.  juniores:  App.  II,  3. — jurandi:  the  military  oath  of  en¬ 
listment,  as  1.  28  shows.  29.  existimari:  be  determined.  32.  My¬ 
tilenas:  the  capital  of  Lesbos,  famous  in  history  and  poetry.  Pompey 
had  left  here  his  wife  Cornelia  (see  on  p.  12, 36)  and  his  youngest  son 


NOTES.— BOOK  IIL 


?.51 


PAGE 

Sextus.  Plutarch  describes  at  length  their  sad  meeting,  in  his  life  122 
of  Pompey.  34.  Cyprum  :  this  island,  the  latest  acquisition  of 
England,  had  been  wrenched  by  Pome  from  its  young  Egyptian  prince 
in  5S,  and  was  now  governed  in  connection  with  Cilicia.  It  became  a 
full  imperial  province  with  separate  governor  in  22  b.c.,  after  Caesar, 
and  then  Marc  Antony,  had  given  it  back  for  a  time  to  its  rightful 
owners.  The  best  collection  of  Cypriote  antiquities  in  the  world  is  in 
New  York,  the  Cesnola  collection.  35.  Antiochensium':  the  splendid 
capital  of  the  Greek  kings  of  Syria,  built  about  300  B-C.  on  the  river 
Orontes.  Pompey  himself  had  given  the  city  its  independence  when 
Syria  was  made  a  Poman  province  in  64.  2,  dicerentur:  see  on  123 

p.  65,  33.  5.  Rhodi:  the  capital  city  of  the  rich  and  powerful  island 

of  the  same  name,  famous  for  its  Colossus,  a  memorable  siege,  and  as  a 
seat  of  learning.  It  had  large  territories  on  the  main-land,  and  had 
been  devoted  to  Caesar  from  the  first.  Cf.  Int.  3. 

Chap.  CIII,  then  comes  to  Egypt  and  begs  protection  from  its  usurp¬ 
ing  boy-king. 

11.  societatis:  see  on  p.  75, 16.  14.  familiis:  see  on  p.  18,  4.  16,. 

Pelusium :  a  city  on  the  east  mouth  of  the  Nile,  the  key  to  Egypt  on 
the  N.  E.  In  all  the  East  Pompey  the  Great  had  been  as  good  as 
Poman  Emperor  ;  now  all  forsook  him  for  the  coming  conqueror. 
Pompey  himself,  we  are  told,  wished  to  take  refuge  in  Parthia  (see  on 
p.  113, 11),  but  followed  the  advice  of  his  favorite,  Theophanes  (see 
biog.,  and  on  p.  82, 28),  to  go  to  Egypt,  as  likely  to  be  most  mindful  of 
favors  from  him  in  the  past,  17.  Ptolemaeus  :  In  51  Ptolemy 
Auletes  died,  a  corrupt  and  vicious  king  who  had  been  expelled  from 
his  kingdom  by  his  own  subjects,  and  re-instated,  in  consequence  of 
immense  bribes,  by  Pompey’s  tool  Gabinius  (see  his  biog.)  in  55.  At 
his  death  he  left  his  kingdom  jointly  to  his  ten-year-old  son  Ptolemy, 
and  his  sixteen-year-old  daughter  Cleopatra.  The  brother,  under  the 
influence  of  his  guardian  Pothinus,  had  driven  the  sister  out  of  the 
kingdom,  and  she  was  at  this  time  in  Syria,  threatening  to  win  her 
way  back  by  force  of  arms.  She  it  was  who  afterwards  charmed  even 
Caesar  for  a  while,  and  then  Marc  Antony  (see  biog,  of  the  latter). 

27.  Gabinius  .  .  .  traduxerat:  see  on  p.  75,  33. 

Chab.  CIY.  He  is  received  with  kind  promises  but  basely  murdered 
(Sept.  28,  48). 

30.  amici  regis:  the  above  mentioned  Pothinus,  the  young  king’s 


252 


CAESAR’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

123  tutor  Theodotus  of  Chios,  and  Achillas,  the  prefect  mentioned  just 

below,  who  all  perished  miserably  after  Caesar  got  the  upper  hand  in 
Egypt.  31.  sollicitato:  cf.  11.23-26.  32.  Alexandriam:  see  on 

124  p.  124,32.  4.  bello  praedonum:  see  on  p.  62,  35. — ordinem  dux¬ 

erat:  App.  Ill,  2,  a. — naviculam  parvulam:  the  scornful  diminutives 
apparently  contrast  with  the  former  greatness  of  Pompey.  6.  inter¬ 
ficitur:  on  the  day  before  his  fifty-ninth  birth-day.  “As  he  was 
stepping  ashore  the  military  tribune  Lucius  Septimius  stabbed  him 
from  behind,  under  the  eyes  of  his  wife  and  son,  who  were  compelled 
to  be  spectators  of  the  murder  from  the  deck  of  their  vessel,  without 
being  able  to  rescue  or  revenge.  On  the  same  day  on  which  thirteen 
years  before  he  had  entered  the  capital  in  triumph  over  Mithridates, 
the  man  who  for  a  generation  had  been  called  the  Great,  and  for  years 
had  ruled  Rome,  died  on  the  desert  sands  of  the  inhospitable  Casian 
shore  by  the  hand  of  one  of  his  soldiers.” 

Q,  Caesar’s  Proceedings  in  Asia  and  Egypt.  Chap,  cv — cxii. 

Chap.  CV.  Prodigies  which  heralded  Caesar’s  victory. 

8.  in  Asiam:  by  way  of  Thrace  and  the  Hellespont;  see  on  p.  75, 11, 
end,  and  cf .  biog,  of  Cassius.  9.  Epheso  ex  fano  Dianae :  see  on 
p.  89,  32.  10.  his  testibus.  .  .uteretur:  they  were  to  witness  to 

the  amount  borrowed,  and  so  afterwards  to  its  repayment;  cf.  p.  116, 
36,  with  note.  13.  Item:  twice  had  the  sacred  temple-treasure  at 
Ephesus  been  wonderfully  saved  through  Caesar ;  likewise  other  won¬ 
derful  things  happened,  showing  how  the  gods  were  on  the  side  of 
Caesar. — Elide:  chief  city  of  the  district  of  the  same  name  in  the 
western  Peloponnesus.  14.  repetitis  .  .  .  diebus  :  reckoning  and 
counting  hack  the  days  from  the  time  when  the  news  of  the  victory 
came.  18.  Antiochiae:  see  on  p.  122,  35.  20.  civitas:  collectively 

used  for  cives. — Ptolemaide:  a  city  of  Phoenicia  south  of  Tyre.  Its 
real  name  was  Ace  (Arabic  Akka),  known  from  the  period  of  the  cru¬ 
sades  as  St.  Jean  d’Acre,  or  simply  Acre.  21.  Pergami:  see  on 
p.  89,  7. — occultis  ac  reconditis:  sc.  partibus;  rare  in  Caesar. 
G.  371,  R.  7;  Gr.  266,  b  ;  H.  397,  3,  K  4.  22.  «dura:  =  loca  non 

adeunda,  well  paraphrased  therefore  by  the  preceding  quo  .  .  .fas 
non  est.  23.  Trallibus:  a  wealthy  city  of  Caria,  in  the  valley  of 
the  Maeander. 

Chap.  CVI.  Caesar  comes  to  Alexandria  with  a  few  troops  (about 
Oct.  1st). 


NOTES.— BOOK  III. 


253 


PAGB 

27.  Oypri:  see  on  p.  122,  34.— Aegyptum:  G.  342,  R.  1;  Gr.  258,  124 
b;  H.  380,  ii,  3.  28.  necessitudines  regni:  his  claims  upon  that 

kingdom;  cf.  p.  123, 21,  and  17,  with  note.  30.  Fufio:  sc.  Caleno; 
cf.  p.  100, 13.  32.  Alexandriam:  the  famous  capital  of  Egypt, 

having  a  large,  mixed  and  turbulent  population,  and  consisting  of  two 
parts,  the  royal  citadel,  called  Brucheion,  and  the  city  proper,  Rhaco- 
tis.  The  harbor  was  divided  into  two  parts  by  a  breakwater  built  from 
the  island  Pharus,  on  which  stood  a  famous  lighthouse,  to  Rhacotis. 

1.  cognoscit:  Theodotus  (see  on  p.  123,  30)  brought  to  Caesar  the  head  125 
and  ring  of  Pompey,  but  gained  only  Caesar’s  hatred  for  it.  4. 
quod  fasces  anteferrentur  :  because  (as  consul)  he  was  having  the 
fasces  carried  before  him ;  Caesar  entered  the  Egyptian  capital  with  * 
all  the  insignia  of  power.  This  aroused  the  resistance  of  the  popula¬ 
tion,  especially  as  they  knew  that  it  was  Caesar  who,  in  65,  had  pro¬ 
posed  that  Egypt  be  made  a  Roman  province. — In  hoc:  i.e.  Caesar’s 
entering  with  so  much  pomp. 

Chap.  CVII.  Caesar  proposes  to  settle  the  royal  quarrel  himself. 

9.  ex  Pompeianis  militibus:  see  on  p.  120,  26.  10.  etesiis:  N. 

W.  winds  blowing  through  the  dog-days  and  even  later.  14.  officio 
suo  convenire :  /eZ?  within  his  jurisdiction.  15.  societas  erat  facta: 
it  was  to  gratify  Pompey,  while  the  two  men  were  as  yet  friends,  that 
Caesar  got  a  decree  from  the  people  recognizing  Ptolemy  Auletes  as 
socius  at  que  amicus  ;  cf.  Int.  6,  and  see  on  p.  14,  4. 


Chap.  CVIII.  Plots  to  entrap  Caesar  in  Alexandria. 

21.  ad  causam  dicendam:  in  self-defense.  23.  Pelusio:  see  on 
p.  123, 16.  24.  meminimus:  made  mention,  a  rare  meaning;  cf. 

p.  123,  36.  27.  In  testamento.  .  .antecedebat:  see  on  p.  123, 17. 

29.  Haec  uti  fierent:  to  enforce  these  provisions.  31.  Tabulae  .  .  . 
unae:  one  copy.  35.  alterae  eodem  exemplo:  a  second  copy,  a  fac¬ 
simile. 

Chap.  CIX.  Achillas  advances  against  Caesar  with  a  large  force,  and, 
orders  the  envoys  sent  to  him  to  be  killed. 

1.  pro:  in  the  capacity  of,  as.  15.  occupatus  .  .  .  sublatus:  was  126 
hurriedly  seized  by  his  friends  and  carried  off  for  dead.  18.  suos: 
i.e.  the  Egyptians. 


254 


CAESARIS  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

126  Chap.  CX.  The  forces  of  Achillas. 

21.  ut:  =  tales  ut.  23.  Gabinianis  militibus:  see  on  p.  75,  33, 
and  cf.  p.  123,  26-29.  25.  dedidicerant:  had  unlearned,  forgotten ; 

dedisco. — uxores:  i.e.  Aegyptias.  29.  fugitivis:  sc.  servis. 
31.  ut .  .  .  numero :  viz.  to  hand  in  their  names  and  become  soldiers. 
33.  (vim)  suorum:  offered  to  their  comrades.  36.  vetere  .  .  .  insti- 

127  tuto:  in  accordance  with  a  certain  time-honored  practice,  etc.  4. 
Bibuli  filios  duos:  while  proconsul  of  Syria  in  50  (see  biog.),  he  had 
sent  his  two  sons  on  an  embassy  to  Egypt,  where  the  soldiers  of  Gabi¬ 
nius  killed  them,  probably  on  account  of  their  father’s  hostility  to  the 
plan  for  restoring  Ptolemy  Auletes. 

Chap.  CXI.  The  struggle  in  the  streets  and  harbor  of  Alexandria. 

7.  earn  .  .  .  partem:  the  citadel;  see  on  p.  124,  32.  24.  incendit: 

a  large  part  of  the  city  next  the  ship-yards,  and  the  famous  library 
with  400,000  volumes,  were  also  burnt. 

Chap.  CXII.  Caesar  occupies  Pharus  and  fortifies  himself  in  the 
citadel. 

26.  Pharus:  see  on  p.  124,  32.  29.  a  superioribus  regionibus: 

i.e.  from  Rhacotis.  32.  oppidi  magnitudine:  G.  402,  last  Ex. ;  Gr. 
251;  H.  419,  ii,  last  Ex.  So  more  praedonum  below. — quaeque  .  .  . 

128  cumque:  tmesis  for  quae  cumque.  G.  720;  Gr.  p.  298;  H.  636,  v,  3. 

15.  filia  minor:  Arsinoe,  who  thought  it  a  good  time,  now  that  her 
older  brother  was  Caesar’s  prisoner,  and  her  sister  an  exile,  to  seize  the 
throne.  Cf.  p.  125,  28-29.  17.  inter  eos  :  Achillas  and  Arsinoe. 

19.  jacturis:  expense,  viz.  in  giving  the  soldiers  the  necessary  largi¬ 
tiones.  21.  in  parte  Caesaris:  i.e.  in  that  part  of  the  city  where 
Caesar  had  fortified  himself,  or,  pretending  to  be  on  Caesar's  side. 
24.  Haec  initia  belli  Alexandrini  fuerunt  :  So  far  Caesar  himself 
wrote  before  his  death  in  44.  The  Bellum  Alexandrinum,  which 
carries  on  the  story  from  this  point,  is  thought  by  some  to  have  been 
written  by  Aulus  Hirtius  (see  on  p.  116, 15,  end).  The  Bellum  Af¬ 
ricanum,  and  Bellum  Hispaniense,  of  uncertain  and  inferior 
authorship,  have  also  come  down  to  us  in  connection  with  Caesar’s 
commentaries. 

Won  by  the  charms  of  the  beautiful  Cleopatra,  Caesar  resolved  to 
restore  her  to  her  rightful  share  in  the  throne,  and  so  became  involved 
in  a  war  which  detained  him  in  Egypt  until  March,  47,  and  in  which 


NOTES,— BOOK  III. 


255 


he  narrowly  escaped  defeat  and  even  death  by  drowning.  But  he  suc¬ 
ceeded  at  last  in  his  attempt,  and,  since  her  older  brother  and  rival 
had  fallen  in  the  struggle,  Cleopatra  became  queen  of  Egypt  with  a 
younger  brother. 

Then  Caesar  passed  rapidly  into  Pontus  and  annihilated  Pharnaces, 
the  son  of  the  great  Mithridates,  who  had  defeated  Domitius  Calvinus, 
Caesar’s  legate.  From  thence  he  passed  through  the  several  provinces 
back  to  Romo  in  September,  47.  But  Cato  and  Scipio  had  collected  a 
large  army  in  Africa,  in  connection  with  the  King  J uba  who  had  de¬ 
stroyed  Curio.  So  even  before  the  end  of  the  year  Caesar  hastens 
thither,  and  though  here  he  narrowly  escaped  Curio’s  fate,  at  last 
brought  the  campaign  to  an  end  by  his  victory  at  Thapsus,  April  6th, 
46.  (See  biographies  of  Scipio,  Cato,  Juba,  Petreius.) 

One  more  desperate  struggle  remained  before  Caesar  was  undisputed 
master  of  the  world.  After  celebrating  his  triumphs,  and  while  pro¬ 
moting  the  most  helpful  reforms  of  various  kinds,  news  came  of  an 
insurrection  in  Spain,  headed  by  Pompey’s  two  sons,  Gnaeus  and  Sex¬ 
tus,  who  had  gathered  there  all  the  remnants  of  Pompey’s  soldiers  and 
friends.  In  the  bloody  battle  of  Munda,  March  17th,  45,  Caesar 
wrested  victory  from  defeat  and  crushed  the  Pompeian  party  again. 
(See  biographies  of  Gnaeus  Pompey  and  Labienus.) 

Then  Caesar  came  back  to  Rome,  but  not  to  rest.  The  Senate  made 
him  Dictator,  Censor  and  Imperator  for  life,  and,  practically,  perpet¬ 
ual  Consul  and  Tribune,  besides  heaping  upon  him  every  right,  honor 
and  decoration  which  submissiveness  and  flattery  could  suggest.  This 
absolute  power  Caesar  now  labored  to  establish  on  such  a  firm  basis, 
that  it  could  be  handed  down  to  his  successor  as  the  legitimate  order 
of  things,  a  Monarchy,  instead  of  the  old  Republic  which  had  come  to 
an  end  with  the  battle  of  Pharsfdus. 

He  reduced  the  Senate  to  the  level  of  a  mere  advisory  council,  and 
the  sanction  of  the  popular  assemblies  to  a  mere  matter  of  form  ;  he 
busied  himself  with  countless  reforms — reforms  in  the  army,  in  finance, 
in  the  government  of  the  provinces,  in  the  judiciary,  and  even  in  the 
religious  system  and  the  calendar;  he  projected  many  vast  plans — 
plans  to  fix  the  imperial  frontier,  to  take  final  vengeance  on  the  Parthi- 
ans,  to  remodel  and  adorn  Rome  in  a  style  worthy  of  the  world’s  capi¬ 
tal,  to  elevate  the  farmer  class  again,  and  to  restrain  undue  luxury  and 
vice  in  the  cities.  If  he  had  been  ambitious  to  conquer  the  v/orld,  he 
was  still  more  ambitious  to  govern  it  well. 

But  his  ambition  displeased  men  who  perhaps  mistook  jealousy  for 
patriotism,  and  who,  at  any  rate,  allowed  themselves  to  be  used  as  the 
tools  of  Caesar’s  deadly  enemies.  They  knew  that  he  could  crush  all  fair 


256 


CAI^^SAIi’S  CIVIL  WAR. 


PAGE 

128  and  open  attacks  upon  him,  and  that  he  scorned  to  guard  himself 
against  secret  plots  ;  so  a  band  of  conspirators,  most  of  whom  had 
received  nothing  but  kindness  at  his  hands,  murdered  Caesar  in  the 
name  of  Liberty  (March  15,  44). 

“Thus  he  worked  and  created  as  never  any  mortal  did  before  or 
after  him  ;  and  as  a  worker  and  creator  he  still,  after  well-nigh  two 
thousand  years,  lives  in  the  memory  of  the  nations — the  first,  and  the 
unique.  Imperator  Caesar/’ 


APPENDIX  I. 

BIOGRAPHICAL. 


Here  follow  brief  biographies  of  all  the  personages  of  any  importance 
mentioned  in  the  Bellum  Civile,  arranged  alphabetically  according  to  the 
name  most  prominently  used  by  Caesar,  or  by  the  ^e?is-name  if  he  makes 
no  distinction. 

“A  Roman  citizen  usually  had  three  names.  The  first,  or  praenomen, 
designated  the  individual  [our  ‘  Christian  name ’] ;  the  second,  ov  nomen, 
the  gens  or  trihe  ;  and  the  third,  or  cognomen,  the  family.  Thus  Publius 
Cornelius  Scipio  was  Publius  of  the  Scipio  family  of  the  Cornelian  gens, 
and  Gains  Julius  Caesar  was  Gains  of  the  Caesar  family  of  the  Julia/n 
gens.  The  praenomen  was  often  abbreviated  : 


A. 

=  Aulus. 

M. 

=  Marcus. 

S. 

=  Sextus. 

Ap. 

=  Appius. 

M.’ 

=  Manius. 

Ser. 

=  Servius. 

C. 

=  Gaius. 

Mam. 

=  Mamercus. 

Sp. 

=  Spurius. 

Cn. 

=  Gnaeus. 

N. 

=  Numerius. 

T. 

=  Titus. 

D. 

=  Decimus. 

P. 

=  Publius. 

Ti. 

=  Tiberius. 

L. 

=  Lucius. 

Q. 

=  Quintus. 

Sometimes  an  agnomen  or  surname  was  added.  Thus  Scipio  received 
the  surname  Africanus  from  his  victories  in  Africa  :  Publius  Cornelius 
Scipio  Africanus.  An  adopted  son  took  (1)  the  full  name  of  his  adoptive 
father,  and  (2)  an  agnomen  in  -anus  formed  from  the  name  of  his  own 
gens.  Thus  Octavius  when  adopted  by  Caesar  became  Gains  Julius  Caesar 
Octavianus.  Afterward  the  title  of  Augustus  was  conferred  upon  him, 
making  his  full  name  Gains  Julius  Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus. 

Women  were  generally  known  by  the  name  of  their  gens.  Thus  the 
daughter  of  Julius  Caesar  was  simply  Julia;  of  Tullius  Cicero,  Tullia;  of 
Cornelius  Scipio,  Cornelia.  Three  daughters  in  any  family  of  the  Cornelian 
gens  would  be  known  as  Cornelia,  Cornelia  Secunda  or  Minor,  and  Cor¬ 
nelia  Tertia.^' 

For  Caesar  (C.  Julius),  Crassus,  Marius,  Pompey  (Magnus),  Sulla  (tha 
Dictator),  see  the  Introduction,  and  Plutarch’s  Lives. 


258 


APPENDIX  1. 


Acilius  ;  Manius  .  .  .  Glabrio.  A  son  of  the  Aemilia  whom  Sulla  the 
Dictator  forced  Pompey  to  marry  while  pregnant  by  her  husband  Glabrio. 
After  the  services  rendered  Caesar  in  the  Civil  War,  iii,  15,  16,  39,  40,*  he 
served  him  also  as  governor  of  Sicily  and  Achaia. 

Afranius  :  Lucius.  Had  already  served  in  Spain  as  legate  under  Pom¬ 
pey  in  the  Sertorian  war  (77  f ),.  and  had  been  made  consul  in  GO  through 
Pompey’s  influence  and  money.  When  Pompey  in  his  second  consulship 
(55)  obtained  the  Spanish  provinces  (see  Int.  7),  he  sent  Afranius  and  Pe- 
treius  thither  to  govern  for  him.  At  the  close  of  the  campaign  narrated  in 
the  Civil  War,  i,  38-87,  Afranius  broke  his  parole  and  joined  Pompey  in 
Greece,  iii,  83,  88.  After  Pharsalus  he  fled  to  Africa,  and  after  Thapsus 
he  tried  to  flee  to  Mauritania,  but  was  captured  and  killed  by  Caesar’s  sol¬ 
diers  (see  historical  conclusion  to  the  Notes). 

Ampius  :  T.  .  .  .  Balbus.  An  ardent  friend  of  Pompey,  and  bitter  foe 
of  Caesar.  Had  been  tribunus  plebis  in  63,  praetor  in  59,  and  governor  of 
Cilicia.  He  was  banished  by  Caesar  after  the  war,  iii,  105,  but  finally  par¬ 
doned  at  Cicero’s  request. 

Antonius  :  Marcus.  One  of  the  ablest  but  most  dissipated  men  Rome 
ever  produced.  His  father  died  while  Marc  was  young,  and  his  step-father, 
Cornelius  Lentulus,  was  put  to  death  in  63  by  Cicero,  as  one  of  Catiline’s 
fellow-conspirators.  After  a  corrupt  boyhood  and  youth,  he  began,  when 
about  25  years  old,  to  win  credit  as  a  military  officer  in  Syria  (58).  Four 
years  after  this  he  won  Caesar’s  favor  in  Gaul,  and  through  him  became 
quaestor,  augur,  and  finally  tribunus  plebis  (50) ;  i,  2.  Caesar  mentions 
him  quite  often  as  an  enterprising  and  competent  officer;  i,  11,  18;  iii,  24, 
26,  29,  30,  34,  40,  46,  65,  89.  Afterward  Antony’s  terrible  dissipation  and 
greed  for  money  nearly  separated  the  two  men,  but  the  trouble  was  healed, 
and  Antony  remained  devoted  to  Caesar  till  the  latter’s  death,  and  could 
not  be  won  over  by  the  conspirators.  Indeed  he  seemed  to  be  the  proper 
successor  of  Caesar,  and  was  acting  as  such,  when  Octavianus,  Caesar’s 
nephew  and  adopted  son,  set  up  claims  against  him.  A  war  between  them 
ended  in  Antony’s  defeat  at  Mutina  (43).  But  Octavianus  now  deserted 
the  senate,  and  formed  a  league  with  Antony  and  his  supporter  Lepidus, 
known  as  the  “second  triumvirate.”  The  Roman  world  was  divided  be¬ 
tween  these  three  men,  and  the  senatorial  army  defeated  at  Philippi  (42). 
Antony  took  the  East,  but  here  fell  under  the  witchery  of  Cleopatra,  lost  his 
fame  as  a  soldier,  became  very  luxurious  and  un-Roman  in  his  ways,  quar- 


*  References  in  the  biographies  are  to  book  and  chapter, 
t  Unless  otherwise  given  all  dates  are  b.c. 


APPENDIX  I. 


259 


reled  with  Octavianus,  and  was  finally  crushed  by  him  at  the  battle  of 
Actium  (31).  In  the  following  year  he  took  his  own  life  in  Egypt,  on  a 
false  report  of  Cleopatra’s  death. 

Attius  :  C.  .  .  .  Pelignus.  The  most  that  is  known  of  him  is  stated  i, 
18. 

Attius  :  P.  .  .  .  Varus.  One  of  Pompey’s  most  efficient  helpers.  He 
had  been  propraetor  in  Africa,  and  after  the  events  described  in  i,  12-13, 
went  there  again  and  raised  troops  for  Pompey,  i,  £1.  Kis  campaign  there 
with  Curio  is  described  in  ii,  23-44.  After  the  battle  at  Thapsus,  which 
left  Africa  in  Caesar’s  power  (see  historical  conclusion  to  the  Notes),  he 
joined  the  Pompeians  in  Spain,  where  he  perished  at  the  battle  of  Munda. 

Bibulus  :  31.  Calpurnius.  Obtained  the  three  great  civil  offices  in  the 
same  years  as  Caesar,  viz.  the  aedileship  in  65,  the  practorship  in  62,  and 
the  consulship  in  59.  He  succeeded  Crassus  (Int,  7)  as  proconsul  of  Syria, 
where  the  Parthians  worried  him  badly,  iii,  Cl.  His  career  as  naval  com¬ 
mander  under  Pompey  is  quite  fully  described,  iii,  5,  7,  8, 14, 15, 1 6, 18.  Cf. 
also  iii,  110.  He  is  mainly  famous  for  that  pig-headed  opposition  to  all 
measures  of  Caesar,  which  began  in  his  aedileship  and  culminated  in  his 
consulship. 

Brutus  :  D.  Junius  (not  to  be  confounded  with  the  more  celebrated  con¬ 
spirator  3Iarcus  Junius  Brutus).  He  had  served  under  Caesar  in  Gaul, 
and  once  very  successfully  as  naval  commander  against  the  YenUi.  After 
the  events  in  his  life  told  in  this  history,  i,  36,  56-58 ;  ii,  3,  5,  6,  22,  ho  was 
richly  rewarded  by  Caesar  with  the  highest  political  favors,  but  never! heless 
joined  Caesar’s  murderers,  who  used  him  to  lure  their  victim  to  the  senate- 
house  on  the  fatal  day.  After  Caesar’s  death  he  retired  to  his  province, 
Gallia  Cisalpina,  where  he  became  involved  in  a  war  Avith  Antony,  then 
with  Octavianus  also.  He  was  at  last  deserted  by  his  own  soldiers  and 
killed  by  order  of  Antony  (43). 

Caecilius  :  L.  .  .  .  Rufus.  Mentioned  only  i,  23.  An  obscure  member 
of  the  aristocratic  party,  perhaps  the  one  who  was  tribunus  plebis  in  C3  and 
praetor  in  57. 

Caesar  ;  L.  Julius.  Distinguished  by  adolescens  or  filius  from  his 
father  of  the  same  name.  Their  relation  to  Oaius  Julius  Caesar  is  un¬ 
certain.  The  father  was  an  uncle  of  Marc  Antony,  and  had  been  consul  in 
64.  He  did  not  get  the  usual  consular  province,  and  in  52  was  one  of  Gains 
Caesar’s  legates  in  Gaul.  Though  naturally  belonging  to  the  aristocratic 
party,  he  broke  with  it  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  W ar,  and  favored 


260 


APPENDIX  I. 


Gaius  Caesar,  though  remaining  in  Rome.  His  after  career  was  quite  un¬ 
important. 

The  son  joined  Pompey  and  appears  as  his  legate,  i,  8,  9,  10;  as  one  of 
his  naval  commanders,  ii,  23.  He  was  pardoned  by  Gaius  Caesar  at  the 
close  of  the  war,  but  soon  after  murdered.  Cicero  had  a  mean  opinion  of 
him,  and  called  him  scopae  solutae,  i.e.  “  an  old  broom.” 

Caesar  :  L.  Julius;  ii,  20.  An  amicus  et  necessarius^’  of  Gaius  Caesar. 
His  grandfather  of  the  same  name,  an  uncle  of  the  dictator,  was  consul  in 
91.  In  47  he  received  Syria  as  a  province,  but  was  killed  there  in  the  fol¬ 
lowing  year  by  his  mutinous  soldiers. 

Calenus  :  see  Fufius. 

Calidius  :  M.;  i,  2.  A  famous  orator,  much  praised  by  Cicero.  He  had 
been  praetor,  but  lost  his  canvass  for  the  consulship  (51).  After  the  debate 
in  the  senate  above  referred  to,  he  joined  Caesar’s  party,  and  was  made 
governor  of  Gallia  Cispadana,  where  he  died  (48). 

Calvinus  :  see  Domitius. 

Calvisius  :  C.  .  .  .  Sabinus ;  iii,  34,  35,  56.  After  what  is  here  told  of 
him,  he  received  from  Caesar  the  province  of  Africa  (45),  was  praetor  in 
44,  and  consul  in  39.  He  served  Octavianus  as  naval  commander  in  the 
struggle  with  Sextus  Pompey. 

Caninius  :  C.  .  .  .  Rebilus.  Had  been  a  prominent  legate  of  Caesar’s  in 
Gaul  (52-51).  After  what  is  told  in  i,  26,  he  went  to  Africa  with  Curio, 
whom  he  survived  ;  ii,  24,  34.  In  46  he  fought  again  in  Africa  under 
Caesar  himself.  On  the  last  day  of  the  year  45,  after  the  sudden  death  of 
the  consul  Fabius,  Caesar  made  Rebilus  consul  for  the  rest  of  the  year. 

Cassius  :  C.  .  .  .  Longinus.  Had  distinguished  himself  in  the  fatal  cam¬ 
paign  of  Crassus  against  the  Parthians  (Int.  7),  and  governed  Syria  most 
rapaciously  till  Bibulus  came  as  successor  to  Crassus,  although  he  did 
bravely  repel  an  invasion  of  the  Parthians  which  Bibulus  was  too  feeble  to 
cope  with.  He  was  tribunus  plebis  in  49,  and  did  Pompey  good  service  in 
the  Civil  War  as  naval  commander;  iii,  5, 101.  It  is  said  that  while  Caesar 
was  crossing  the  Hellespont  with  a  few  small  boats,  on  his  way  into  Asia 
after  the  battle  of  Pharsalus,  Cassius  bore  down  upon  him  with  ten  ships 
of  war,  but  was  so  overpowered  by  the  boldness  with  which  Caesar  faced 
him  demanding  his  surrender,  that  he  gave  himself  up  at  once.  Caesar 
pardoned  him,  and  raised  him  to  office  and  power,  in  return  for  which  he 
devised  the  conspiracy  against  Caesar’s  life,  and  helped  murder  him  with 


APPENDIX  1. 


261 


his  own  hand,  out  of  mere  jealousy  and  hatred — “yon  Cassius  has  a  lean 
and  hungry  look.”  He  took  his  own  life  after  being  defeated  at  Philippi 
(42).  He  was  able,  but  greedy  and  mean. 

Cassius  :  L.  ,  .  .  Longinus.  A  younger  brother  of  the  above.  After 
serving  Caesar  as  told  iii,  34-36,  56,  he  became  tribunus  plebis  in  44,  and 
later  supported  Octavianus  against  Antony. 

Cassius  :  Q.  .  .  .  Longinus.  A  man  of  avarice  and  cruelty.  He  had 
been  Pompey’s  quaestor  in  Spain  (54),  and  in  49  was  tribunus  plebis  with 
Antony,  and  a  foe  of  the  aristocracy,  i,  2.  Caesar  took  him  into  Spain,  and, 
after  the  defeat  of  Pompey’s  forces,  left  him  there  as  governor  of  the  fur¬ 
ther  province,  ii,  19,  21.  Here  he  was  so  greedy  and  harsh  that  his  life  was 
always  in  danger  from  insurrection.  When  he  had  been  removed  from  his 
place  in  47,  and  tried  to  leave  the  province  with  his  ill-gotten  wealth,  the 
ship  on  which  he  had  embarked  sank,  and  he  was  drowned  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Iberus. 

Cato  :  M.  Porcius  .  .  .  Uticensis ;  i,  4,  30,  32.  Great-grandson  of  Cato  the 
Censor,  surnamed  Uticensis  from  the  place  where  he  took  his  own  life  after 
Caesar’s  final  victory  over  him.  He  was  born  in  95,  but  early  became  an 
orphan.  In  youth  he  showed  many  of  the  qualities  which  marked  his  politi¬ 
cal  career.  He  was  slow,  stubborn  and  unmanageable.  Though  far  inferior 
to  his  famous  ancestor,  he  took  him  for  his  model  in  all  things,  and  became 
a  type  of  ancient  frugality  and  severity.  He  served  creditably  in  the  army, 
but  showed  no  military  taste  or  genius.  The  one  tender  feature  of  his  life 
was  his  love  for  his  half-brother  Caepio,  whose  early  death  he  passionately 
mourned.  This  grief  and  his  unhappy  experiences  with  women,  did  much 
to  sour  his  nature.  He  served  now  as  quaestor,  and  reformed  many  abuses 
of  the  ofiice,  so  that  he  won  general  admiration.  In  63  he  was  elected  tri¬ 
bunus  plebis,  in  open  hostility  to  Pompey.  His  whole  political  career  was 
now  a  long  but  vain  opposition  to  the  influence  of  any  one  particular  man  as 
opposed  to  that  of  the  senate.  Thus  he  violently  opposed  Pompey,  Crassus 
and  Caesar,  only  to  be  used  by  all  in  spite  of  himself.  He  had  no  system 
or  definite  aim  in  his  opposition,  and  so  wasted  his  strength.  In  attempts 
to  do  away  with  political  bribery,  he  more  than  once  suffered  personal  vio¬ 
lence  at  the  hands  of  a  mob.  In  54  he  obtained  the  ofiice  of  praetor,  but  in 
51  lost  an  election  to  the  consulship,  through  the  influence  of  Caesar  and 
Pompey,  though  he  had  favored  Pompey’s  being  made  sole  consul  in  52. 
During  the  Civil  War,  though  siding  with  Pompey,  he  gained  no  credit, 
being  no  soldier,  and  thinking  more  of  the  horrors  of  the  war,  than  of  the 
best  way  to  stop  it.  After  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  he  went  to  Africa  from 
Dyrrhachium,  where  he  had  been  left  in  command,  and  in  47  joined  the 


262 


APPENDIX  1. 


other  friends  of  Pompey.  After  the  defeat  at  Thapsus  (46)  he  retired  to 
Utica  and  took  his  own  life,  rather  than  fall  into  the  hands  of  Caesar.  The 
manner  of  his  death,  of  which  Plutarch  gives  a  full  account,  led  to  his 
being  unduly  glorified  by  his  friends.  He  was  a  stern  martyr  to  his  con¬ 
victions,  although  a  great  modern  historian  calls  him  “the  Don  Quixote  of 
the  senatorial  party,”  and  a  “fool.” 

Clodius  :  Aulus;  iii,  57,  90.  Possibly  the  son  of  the  famous  demagogue 
(see  on  p.  84,  19),  but  little  is  known  of  him. 

Coelius  :  M.  .  .  .  Rufus.  One  of  the  most  dissipated  and  worthless  of 
Caesar’s  supporters.  He  had  been  intimate  with  the  conspirator  Catiline, 
though  Cicero  says  he  had  no  part  in  the  conspiracy.  In  52  he  was  tribunus 
plebis,  and  one  of  the  supporters  of  Milo  (see  on  p.  84, 19).  He  wavered 
between  Caesar  and  Pompey  until  he  saw  that  Caesar  was  the  stronger, 
then  joined  him.  The  part  he  took  in  the  discussion  described  in  i,  2,  marks 
his  break  with  the  senatorial  party.  He  served  Caesar  in  minor  capacities 
and  received  a  praetorship  in  48,  but  being  overwhelmed  by  jealousy  of  a 
more  favored  rival  (C.  Trebonius),  and  by  disappointment  because  Caesar’s 
financial  measures  did  not  allow  him  to  get  rid  of  paying  his  heavy  debts, 
he  tried  to  raise  a  sedition  against  Caesar  during  the  latter’s  campaign 
against  Pompey  in  Greece.  What  happened  to  him  then,  Caesar  himself 
relates,  iii,  20-22. 

Considius  :  (7.  .  .  .  Longus;  ii,  23.  Had  been  propraetor  in  Africa,  and 
had  just  returned  from  Home,  where  he  had  tried  to  get  elected  consul. 
He  remained  in  Africa  during  the  war  without  accomplishing  much  for 
Pompey,  and  was  killed  in  trying  to  flee  to  Mauritania  after  the  battle  of 
Thapsus  (46). 

Coponius  :  C.  ;  iii,  5,  26.  One  of  the  praetors  when  the  war  broke  out, 
but  known  chiefly  from  what  is  said  of  him  in  this  history. 

Cornelius  \  L.  .  .  .Balbus  {Minor)',  iii,  19.  The  Minor  distinguishes 
him  from  his  more  famous  uncle  of  the  same  name,  who,  for  his  fidelity  to 
Rome  in  the  Sertorian  war  in  Spain,  received  from  Pompey  the  citizenship  for 
himself,  his  brotner,  and  his  brother’s  sons,  and  who  rose  to  great  influence 
at  Rome  through  Pompey’s  favor.  The  family  was  from  Gades,  in  Spain, 
v/here  Balbus  Minor  was  quaestor  in  44r-43,  after  serving  Caesar  throughout 
the  civil  wars.  Twenty  years  afterward  he  is  mentioned  as  proconsul  of 
Africa,  and  he  celebrated  a  triumph  in  19  for  a  victory  there.  He  became 
so  rich  that  he  could  build  a  costly  theatre  at  Rome  at  his  own  expense. 


APPENDIX  L 


2b3 


Cotta  :  L.  Aurelius  ;  i,  6.  Had  been  consul  in  65,  was  a  great  friend  of 
Cicero,  and  yet  on  Caesar’s  side  in  the  Civil  War,  though  he  took  no  active 
part.  He  was  a  relation  of  Caesar’s  mother. 

Curio  :  C.  Scribonius.  Like  Marc  Antony,  a  very  gifted,  but  a  very 
dissolute  man.  Though  an  aristocrat  by  birth  and  disposition,  Caesar  suc¬ 
ceeded  in  bribing  him  over  to  his  side  by  paying  his  enormous  debts  for 
him.  As  tribunus  plebis  in  50,  he  very  cunningly  served  Caesar  while 
seeming  neutral  (Int.  8).  His  subsequent  career  is  told  by  Caesar ;  i,  12, 
18,  30,  31 ;  ii,  3,  23-44.  Cf.  iii,  10. 

Decidius  :  L.  .  .  .  Saxa ;  i,  66.  A  native  of  Celtiberia  who  was  made 
not  only  Koman  citizen  through  Caesar’s  favor,  but  even  tribunus  plebis  in 
44.  After  his  patron’s  death  he  joined  Antony,  who  made  him  governor  of 
Syria,  where  he  died. 

Domitius  :  L.  .  .  .  Ahenobarbus.  Brother-in-law  of  Cato,  to  whom  he 
was  closely  allied  in  politics  also.  Like  him  he  opposed  both  Caesar  and 
Pompey  until  the  friendship  between  them  was  broken,  and  then  took  sides 
with  Pompey.  He  had  been  consul  in  54.  On  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
War  he  was  the  only  member  of  the  aristocratic  party  who  showed  anything 
like  energy,  but  he  was  left  in  the  lurch  by  Pompey.  Caesar  describes  the 
rest  of  his  career;  i,  6,  15-23, 34,  36,  56;  ii,  3,  18,  22,  28,  32;  iii,  83,  99. 

Domitius  :  L.  .  .  .  Calvinus.  Had  been  opposed  to  Caesar  as  tribunus 
plebis  in  59,  was  guilty  of  shameful  bribery  when  running  for  consul  in  54, 
and  would  have  suffered  for  it  but  for  Pompey.  In  the  Civil  War  however 
he  fought  on  Caesar’s  side ;  iii,  34,  36-38,  78,  79,  89.  After  the  war  he  re¬ 
ceived  the  province  of  Asia,  where  he  was  badly  defeated  by  Pharnaces  (see 
historical  remarks  at  close  of  Notes).  He  was  to  have  been  magister  equi¬ 
tum  (App.  II,  14,  end)  in  44,  but  the  death  of  Caesar  prevented.  He  served 
Octavianus  feebly,  was  consul  a  second  time  in  40,  governed  Spain  poorly 
as  proconsul,  and  celebrated  a  triumph  in  36. 

Favonius  :  M.;  iii,  36,  57.  Called  the  ‘‘Ape  of  Cato.”  Like  him  he  op¬ 
posed  both  Caesar  and  Pompey  and  all  their  designs,  though  belonging 
really  to  the  aristocratic  party.  At  last  we  find  him  serving  Pompey  in  the 
war,  in  spite  of  his  hatred  of  him,  and,  to  his  credit  be  it  said,  after  the 
disaster  at  Pharsalus  he  showed  him  every  kindness.  He  was  pardoned  by 
Caesar,  but  after  the  latter’s  murder  joined  the  conspirators,  whom  he 
bothered  as  much  as  he  had  Caesar  and  Pompey,  After  Philippi  (42)  Oc¬ 
tavianum  had  him  killed. 


264 


APPENDIX  I. 


Fufius  :  Q.  .  .  .  Calenus.  Mentioned  once  in  the  Bellum  Gallicum  as 
Caesar’s  legate.  As  tribunus  plebis  also  in  61,  and  as  praetor  in  59,  he  had 
been  a  mere  tool  in  Caesar’s  hands.  After  what  is  told  of  him  in  this  his¬ 
tory,  i,  87 ;  iii,  8,  14,  26,  56,  he  was  made  consul  by  Caesar  in  47,  and  after 
Caesar’s  death  served  Antony  as  legate.  He  died  in  41. 

Gabinius  :  A.;  iii,  4,  103.  As  tribunus  plebis  in  66  he  had  proposed  and 
helped  carry  the  famous  law  giving  Pompey  sole  command  of  the  war 
against  the  pirates  (see  on  p.  62,  35).  He  was  consul  in  58,  and  then  pro- 
consul  in  Syria.  During  his  administration  of  this  province,  supported  by 
Pompey,  he  illegally  assisted  the  worthless  Ptolemy  Auletes  (see  on  p.  123, 
17)  to  regain  his  throne  in  Egypt.  For  this  he  was  tried  on  his  return  to 
Home,  and  at  last  banished.  In  49  he  returned  and  joined  Caesar’s  party. 
After  Pharsalus  Caesar  sent  him  to  assist  his  legate  Cornificius  in  Illyricum, 
but  he  was  here  defeated,  and  forced  to  shut  himself  up  in  Salona  (see  on 
p.  77,  25),  where  he  died. 

Juba  :  first  king  of  Humidia  of  that  name.  He  was  strongly  attached 
to  Pompey  out  of  gratitude  for  favors  received,  and  out  of  hatred  for 
Caesar’s  pet  officer  Curio,  who,  when  tribunus  plebis,  had  proposed  to  make 
Numidia  a  Homan  province.  Juba’s  triumph  over  Curio  is  told  in  ii,  23-44. 
Cf.  i,  6.  After  Pharsalus  he  supported  the  Pompeians  in  Africa,  and  after 
Thapsus  had  Petreius  kill  him,  because  refused  entrance  into  his  own 
stronghold  of  Zama  (see  historical  remarks  at  close  of  Notes). 

Labienus  :  T.  Atius;  i,  15;  iii,  13, 19,  71,  87.  Had  been  tribunus  plebis 
in  63,  and  Caesar’s  most  trusted  and  able  legate  all  through  the  Gallic  cam¬ 
paigns  (58-50),  but  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  deserted  his  old  leader 
and  entered  the  service  of  Pompey,  where  he  displayed  a  most  cruel  and 
venomous  hatred  toward  Caesar  and  his  old  comrades-in-arms.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  battles  of  Pharsalus,  Thapsus  and  Munda,  in  each  of 
which  he  was  thoroughly  beaten  by  Caesar,  and  in  the  last  of  which  he  was 
killed,  having  himself,  by  a  singular  fatality,  produced  the  disorder  in  the 
Pompeian  ranks  which  turned  the  desperate  struggle  in  Caesar’s  favor. 

Laelius  :  D.;  iii,  5,  7,  40,  100.  The  most  known  of  him  is  told  in  this 
history. 

Lentulus  :  L.  Cornelius  .  .  .  {Crus).  Consul  in  49  with  Gains  Marcellus 
the  younger,  defeating  Caesar’s  friend  Sergius  Galba.  His  career  after  the 
outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  Caesar  describes  ;  i,  1,  2,  4,  6,  10,  14;  iii,  4,  96, 
102,  104. 


APPENDIX  I. 


265 


Lentous  :  P.  Cornelius  .  .  .  {Spinther).  A  very  wealthy  patrician,  prae¬ 
tor  in  60,  propraetor  in  Spain  through  Caesar’s  favor  in  59-58,  consul  in 
57.  Here  he  abandoned  Caesar  and  took  sides  with  the  aristocracy.  His 
consular  province  was  Cilicia,  where  he  remained  during  56-53.  In  the 
Civil  War  he  took  Pompey’s  part.  What  more  is  known  of  him  Caesar 
himself  relates;  i,  15,  16,  21,  22,  23;  iii,  83,  102. 

Lepidus  :  M.  Aemilius;  ii,  21.  See  on  p.  61,  34.  In  return  for  this  ser¬ 
vice  Caesar  made  him  proconsul  of  Hispania  Citerior  in  48,  and  magister 
equitum  (App.  II,  14,  end)  in  46.  After  Caesar’s  death  Lepidus  joined  An¬ 
tony,  and  became  one  of  the  ‘  ‘  second  triumvirate  ”  (see  biog.  of  Antony), 
but  was  always  an  inferior  member. 

Libo  :  L.  Scribonius ;  i,  26;  iii,  5,  15,  16,  18,  23,  24,  90, 100,  Father-in- 
law  of  Sextus  Pompey.  His  career  during  the  Civil  War  is  quite  fully  de¬ 
scribed  by  Caesar  himself.  At  Caesar’s  death  he  was  still  in  Spain  with  his 
son-in-law,  between  whom  and  the  ‘  ‘  second  triumvirate  ”  (see  biog.  of  An¬ 
tony)  he  effected  a  peace  in  39.  In  35,  however,  he  abandoned  his  hopeless 
cause,  and  in  34  was  consul  with  Antony. 

Lucceius  :  L.;  iii,  18.  A  historian,  candidate  for  the  consulship  with 
Caesar  in  60,  but  defeated  by  Bibulus.  He  then  devoted  himself  to  writing 
a  history  of  Rome.  After  the  war  he  was  pardoned  and  returned  to  Rome 
by  Caesar. 

Lucilius  :  C.  .  .  .  Hirrus;  i,  15;  iii,  82.  Apparently  one  of  Rome’s  un¬ 
lucky  politicians.  He  had  been  tribunus  plebis  in  53,  but  had  failed  to  get 
elected  aedile,  and  so  was  shut  out  of  the  usual  line  of  political  promotion. 
His  embassy  to  the  Parthians  resulted  simply  in  his  being  imprisoned  by 
them,  and  nothing  more  is  known  of  him. 

Lucretius  :  Q.;  i,  18.  This  is  the  most  that  is  known  of  him. 

Lucretius  :  Q.  .  .  .  Vespillo;  iii,  7.  We  know  further  of  his  being  pro¬ 
scribed  by  the  ‘‘second  triumvirate  ”  (see  biog.  of  Antony)  in  43,  but  after¬ 
ward  pardoned,  and  of  his  being  consul  in  19. 

Manlius  :  L.  .  .  .  Torquatus ;  i,  24 ;  iii,  11.  A  very  cultured  aristocrat, 
and  friend  of  Cicero.  After  the  events  told  in  this  history  he  joined  the 
Pompeians  in  Africa,  where  he  was  slain  in  trying  to  escape  to  Spain. 

Marcellus  :  M.  Claudius.  Consul  in  51  through  the  favor  of  Pompey, 
whom  he  sought  to  repay  by  urging  the  senate  to  take  strong  measures 
against  Caesar.  He  outran  his  master  even  in  his  zeal,  but  gradually  be- 


266 


APPENDIX  L 


came  more  temperate  as  his  violent  proposals  failed  of  support,  so  that  in 
49  we  find  him  trying  to  act  as  a  check  on  his  own  party,  i,  2.  But  he  was 
now  carried  away  by  the  eagerness  of  Caesar’s  enemies,  which  he  had  done 
all  he  could  to  fan.  He  fled  to  Greece  with  Pompey,  but  seems  to  have 
foreseen  Caesar’s  triumph,  and  to  have  acted  with  no  enthusiasm.  After 
Pharsalus  he  withdrew  to  MytilGne  (sec  on  p.  122,  82)  and  gave  himself  up 
to  literary  pursuits.  He  was  himself  too  proud  to  ask  Caesar  for  pardon, 
but  his  friends  did  it  for  him,  and  Caesar  restored  him  to  all  his  posses¬ 
sions.  On  his  way  home,  however,  he  was  murdered  by  a  servant.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  second  only  to  Cicero  in  oratory. 

Marcellus  :  C.  C  laudius  (1) ;  i,  6,  14 ;  iii,  5.  A  younger  brother  of  the 
preceding.  His  hatred  of  Caesar  seems  to  have  been  his  only  political 
capital,  in  consequence  of  which  he  was  elected  consul  with  Lentulus  Crus 
for  49.  He  probably  perished  in  the  war,  as  nothing  further  is  heard  of 
him. 

Marcellus  :  (7.  Claudius  (2).  First  cousin  of  the  two  preceding,  consul 
in  50,  the  year  after  Marcus  Marcellus.  Like  him  he  was  a  great  friend  of 
Cicero,  and  warmly  attached  to  Pompey,  although  he  married  Caesar’s 
niece  Octavia.  His  activity  as  consul  was  very  like  that  of  his  cousin  Mar¬ 
cus,  i.e.  he  went  beyond  the  support  of  his  own  friends  in  hostility  to 
Caesar.  He  continued  the  attempt  begun  by  Marcus  to  deprive  Caesar  of 
his  command,  but  succeeded  so  far  only  as  to  get  a  decree  of  the  senate 
withdrawing  two  legions  from  him  (Int.  8).  After  failing  to  get  the  senate 
to  array  Pompey  and  his  soldiers  formally  against  Caesar,  he  did  so  on  his 
own  personal  authority,  seconded  only  by  the  two  consuls  elected  for  the 
next  year  (49),  viz.  his  cousin  Gains  and  Lentulus  Crus  (Int.  9).  After  the 
war  broke  out  he  played  the  coward  more  than  even  Cicero.  He  remained 
in  Italy,  and  succeeded,  perhaps  on  account  of  his  relationship,  in  getting 
Caesar  to  pardon  him.  He  died  probably  in  41. 

Murcus  :  see  Statius. 

Nasidius  :  L.;  ii,  3-5.  Besides  wbat  Caesar  says  of  him  little  is  known. 
He  subsequently  followed  the  fortunes  of  Sextus  Pompey,  and  then  those 
of  Antony. 

Octavius  :  M.;  iii,  5,  9.  After  Pharsalus  he  tried  to  secure  Illyricum 
for  the  Pompeian  party,  besieging  Gabinius  (see  his  biog.)  in  Salona,  but, 
failing  in  the  attempt,  fled  to  Africa,  He  afterward  commanded  part  of 
Antony’s  fleet  at  the  battle  of  Actium  (31). 


APPENDIX  L 


261 


Pedius  ;  Q.  A  nephew  of  Caesar,  and  one  of  his  legates  in  Gaul.  Caesa? 
raised  him  to  the  praetorship  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War,  and  left 
him  in  Italy  during  the  campaign  in  Greece.  Here  he  suppressed  Milo’s 
insurrection;  iii,  22.  He  was  afterward  given  a  triumph  in  45  for  good 
service  in  Spain,  was  one  of  Caesar’s  principal  heirs,  and  was  consul  with 
Octavianus  in  42,  during  which  year  he  died,  just  after  the  formation  of 
the  “second  triumvirate”  (see  biog.  of  Antony). 

Petreius :  31.  A  man  of  great  military  experience  and  capacity.  He 
conquered  Catiline  in  62.  His  career  after  surrendering  to  Caesar  in  Spain 
(i,  38-87 ;  cf.  ii,  17-18)  is  like  that  of  Afranius.  He  too  broke  his  parole 
and  joined  Pompey  in  Greece,  fled  to  Africa  after  Pharsalus,  and  after 
Thapsus  fled  with  King  Juba  (see  his  biog.)  to  Zama.  On  being  refused 
admittance  to  the  town,  they  took  each  other’s  lives. 

Philippus  :  L.  llarcius;  i,  6.  Had  been  consul  in  56.  He  was  the  sec¬ 
ond  husband  of  Caesar’s  niece,  and  step-father  of  Octavianus  (Augustus). 
Although  thus  closely  connected  with  Caesar,  he  seems  to  have  remained 
neutral  during  the  Civil  War,  without,  however,  forfeiting  Caesar’s  good¬ 
will.  He  lived  to  see  his  step-son  master  of  the  world. 

Piso  :  L,  Calpurjiius ;  i,  3.  Father  of  Caesar’s  fourth  wife,  Calpurnia, 
a  corrupt  and  wanton  man.  He  had  been  consul  in  58  through  Caesar’s 
influence,  as  his  colleague  Gabinius  (see  his  biog.)  was  through  that  of 
Pompey.  He  helped  banish  Cicero.  Although  the  official  plundering  of 
the  provinces  had  come  to  be  almost  the  privilege  of  a  consular,  his  extor¬ 
tions  in  Macedonia  were  so  shameless  as  to  bring  about  his  recall  by  the 
senate,  after  he  had  been  in  office  only  two  years  of  the  customary  five  (57- 
56).  In  50  he  was  censor  at  Caesar’s  request.  When  the  Civil  War  broke 
out  he  remained  neutral.  After  Caesar’s  murder  he  became  a  friend  of 
Antony. 

Pompeius  ;  Gnaeus  .  .  .  {Filius) ;  iii,  4,  5,  40.  The  eldest  son  of  Pompey 
the  Great,  named  after  his  father.  After  Pharsalus  he  went  to  Africa,  then 
to  Spain,  where  Caesar  defeated  him  and  his  more  famous  younger  brother 
Sextus  in  the  bloody  battle  of  Munda  (see  historical  remarks  at  close  of 
Notes).  Gnaeus  was  captured  and  killed. 

Quintilius  :  8.  ..  .  Varus;  i,  23;  ii,  28.  After  these  events  he  was  par¬ 
doned  by  Caesar,  but  fought  on  the  side  of  Brutus  and  Cassius  at  Philippi, 
after  which  battje  he  had  his  freedman  kill  him, 


Rebilus  :  see  Caninius. 


268 


APPENDIX  L 


Roscius  ;  L.  Formerly  a  legate  of  Caesar  in  Gaul,  praetor  urhanus 
when  this  history  opens,  mentioned  i,  3,  8,  9, 10. 

Rufus  :  see  Coelius. 

Rutilius  :  P.  .  .  .  Lupus ;  i,  24;  iii,  56.  Had  been  tribunus  plebis  in  56, 
and  was  one  of  Caesar’s  bitterest  enemies. 

Scipio  :  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius.  A  man  of  the  highest  aristocratic 
connections,  belonging  to  the  great  family  of  the  Scipios  by  birth,  and  to 
that  of  the  Metelli  by  birth  and  adoption.  He  was  perhaps  the  most  bitter, 
unjust  and  dishonest  of  all  the  senators  opposed  to  Caesar.  He  was  tribunus 
plebis  in  59,  and  in  53  candidate  for  the  consulship,  in  that  campaign  so 
corrupt  and  violent  that  Pompey  had  to  be  appointed  sole  consul.  After 
order  had  been  restored,  Pompey  made  Scipio  his  colleague,  and  from  this 
time  on  used  him  as  a  pliant  tool  against  Caesar,  having  also  married  his 
daughter  Cornelia  (Scipio’s  name  before  his  adoption  was  P.  Cornelius 
Scipio  Nasica)  after  the  death  of  Julia.  Scipio  headed  the  movement  in 
the  senate  against  Caesar,  which  resulted  in  the  scene  described  i,  1-2. 
Caesar  makes  frequent  mention  of  him  in  this  history,  and  often  with  ill- 
concealed  scorn ;  i,  4,  6 ;  iii,  4,  31-33,  36-38,  57,  78-83,  88,  90.  After  Phar¬ 
salus  Scipio  fled  to  Africa  and  took  command  of  the  Pompeians  there  with 
King  Juba.  After  Thapsus  he  tried  to  escape  by  sea,  but  was  driven 
back  by  adverse  winds,  and  when  overpowered  by  Caesar’s  fleet  killed, 
himself. 

Sertorius  :  Q.;  i,  61 ;  cf.  iii,  19, 1.  8.  One  of  the  most  important  partisans 
of  Marius  in  the  first  Civil  War.  After  his  praetorship  in  83  he  received 
Spain  as  his  province,  whither  he  withdrew  as  he  saw  the  coming  fall  of 
his  party.  In  81  Sulla  expelled  him  from  this  province,  but  he  came  back 
in  the  same  year  on  invitation  of  the  Lusitani,  and  at  their  head  waged 
successful  war  against  Rome’s  best  generals  till  72,  when  he  was  treach¬ 
erously  murdered.  After  his  death  Pompey  speedily  put  an  end  to  the 
war.  See  Plutarch’s  Life. 

Servilius  :  P.  .  .  .  Vatia  {Isauricus) ;  iii,  1,  21.  Son  of  the  famous  con¬ 
queror  of  the  Cilician  pirates  (78-74).  He  was  a  political  turncoat.  Before 
the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he  had  been  on  the  side  of  the  aristocrats, 
afterward,  while  Caesar  lived,  he  served  him  faithfully,  and  was  proconsul 
of  Asia  in  46.  After  Caesar’s  death,  however,  he  joined  the  aristocratic 
party  again.  Later  he  deserted  them  and  served  Octavianus,  through 
whom  he  was  made  consul  again  in  41. 


APPENDIX  L 


269 


Statius  :  L.  .  .  .  Murcus;  iii,  15-16.  Praetor  in  45,  and  received  Syria  as 
his  province,  where  he  went  over  to  the  Pompeian  party,  and  did  them  good 
service,  but,  on  joining  Sextus  Pompey  with  his  fleet  in  42,  he  was  ungrate¬ 
fully  murdered. 

Sulla  :  Paustus  Cornelius  ;  i,  6.  A  feeble  son  of  the  great  dictator.  He 
belonged  to  the  party  of  Pompey  not  only  as  an  aristocrat,  but  because  he 
had  married  his  daughter  Pompeia.  The  highest  otflce  which  he  reached 
was  that  of  quaestor  (54).  His  political  career  was  cut  short  by  the  outbreak 
of  the  war.  He  was  with  Pompey  at  Pharsalus,  then  escaped  to  Africa. 
After  the  battle  of  Thapsus  he  was  seized  and  brought  to  Caesar’s  camp, 
where  he  was  killed  in  a  tumult  of  the  soldiers. 

Sulla  :  P.  Cornelius;  iii,  51,  89,  99.  A  nephew  of  the  great  dictator  who 
had  so  persecuted  Caesar  (Int.  1).  He  had  been  elected  consul  in  66,  but 
convicted  of  bribery,  so  that  he  never  held  the  otflce.  He  had  also  barely 
escaped  conviction  as  one  of  Catiline’s  fellow-conspirators.  He  was  given 
posts  of  great  honor  in  Caesar’s  campaign  in  Greece,  but  died  in  great 
odium  shortly  after  the  close  of  the  war, 

Sulpicius  :  P.  .  .  .  Rufus;  iii,  101.  Had  been  a  legate  of  Caesar  in  Gaul, 
with  important  trusts. 

Theophanes  :  a  Greek  of  Mytilene,  a  writer  of  history,  whose  acquaint¬ 
ance  Pompey  had  made  in  Asia.  He  was  honored  by  him  with  the  Roman 
citizenship,  and  assumed  the  surname  of  Gnaeus  Pompeius.  He  had  the 
greatest  influence  over  his  patron,  and  was  much  courted  in  Rome  on  that 
account.  He  wrote  a  very  partial  history  of  Pompey’s  campaigns  (Cic.  pro 
Archia,  x,  24).  He  too  was  pardoned  by  Caesar  after  the  war. 

Thermus  :  Q.  Minucius;  i,  12.  Propraetor  in  Asia  in  51-50.  After 
Caesar’s  death  he  joined  the  party  of  Sextus  Pompey,  the  famous  son  of 
the  great  Pompey. 

Trebonius  :  C.  Had  been  tribunus  plebis  in  55,  and  a  ready  tool  of  the 
triumvirate.  He  was  rewarded  by  Caesar  with  the  office  of  legate  in  Gaul, 
where  he  stayed  till  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  Y/ar.  After  what  is  said  of 
him  in  this  history,  i,  36;  ii,  1,  4,  13, 15,  17,  18;  iii,  20,  21,  Caesar  had  him 
made  praetor  at  Rome,  then  governor  of  Further  Spain,  then  consul  in  45, 
with  Asia  as  his  province.  In  return  for  this  kindness  he  joined  the  con¬ 
spirators  against  Caesar’s  life.  It  was  he  who  was  detailed  to  keep  Antony 
engaged  while  the  murder  of  Caesar  was  going  on.  He  v/ent  to  his  pro¬ 
vince  after  Caesar’s  death,  but  was  killed  there  by  Antony’s  orders  in  43. 


270 


APPENDIX  1. 


Triarius  :  see  Valerius. 

Tubero  :  L.  Aelius.  A  literary  friend  and  relative  of  Cicero.  After 
what  is  told  of  him  in  i,  39-31,  he  joined  Pompey  in  Greece,  but  was 
afterward  pardoned  by  Caesar,  and  returned  to  Kome  to  pursue  his 
studies. 

Valerius  :  (7.  .  .  .  Triarius.  Praised  as  an  orator  by  Cicero,  but  known 
mostly  from  this  history,  iii,  5,  92.  He  probably  perished  in  Africa. 

Valerius  :  L.  .  .  .  Flaccus ;  iii,  53.  The  father  had  been  praetor  in  03, 
and  assisted  Cicero  in  crushing  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline.  In  59  Cicero 
had  defended  him  successfully,  in  an  oration  which  has  been  preserved, 
from  the  charge  of  extortion  in  his  province  of  Asia,  of  which  he  was 
doubtless  guilty.  At  this  trial  his  son,  though  a  mere  boy,  was  introduced 
into  court  by  Cicero,  to  excite  pity  for  his  father. 

Varus  :  see  Attius. 

Valerius  :  Q.;  i,  30-31.  Had  been  praetor  in  56,  and  proconsul  in  Asia 
in  55. 

Varro  :  M.  Terentius.  The  most  learned  Roman  scholar,  the  most  volu¬ 
minous  Roman  author,  and  yet  no  literary  recluse.  He  had  held  a  naval 
command  under  Pompey  in  the  war  against  the  pirates  (67),  and  had  also 
served  him  in  the  Mithridatic  War,  as  had  Afranius.  He,  too,  after  this 
campaign  (i,  38;  ii,  17-21),  joined  Pompey  in  Greece,  but  after  Pharsalus 
threw  himself  on  Caesar’s  mercy,  was  pardoned  by  him  and  restored  to 
literary  activity.  He  was  at  this  time  nearly  seventy  years  old. 

Vatinius  :  P.;  iii,  19,  90,  100.  One  of  the  many  hirelings  of  Caesar.  It 
was  he  who,  as  tribunus  plebis,  brought  forward  the  bill  by  which  Caesar 
obtained  his  northern  provinces  (Int.  6).  He  was  made  Caesar’s  legate  for 
this  service,  and  praetor  in  55  through  the  influence  and  money  of  the 
triumvirate.  After  what  is  said  of  him  in  this  history,  he  was  made  tem¬ 
porary  consul  by  Caesar  in  47,  and  waged  war  successfully  for  his  master 
in  Illyricum  against  the  Pompeians,  while  Caesar  was  in  Africa.  After 
Caesar’s  death  he  remained  faithful  to  his  party  and  the  “second  trium¬ 
virate.” 

Vibullius  '.  L.  .  .  .  Rufus.  A  senator  and  strong  friend  of  Pompey,  his 
praefectus  fabrum  (App.  Ill,  14)  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War. 


APPENDIX  L 


271 


Most  that  we  know  of  him  is  told  by  Caesar  in  this  history;  i,  15,  34,  38; 
iii,  10,  11,  15,  18,  22. 

Volusenus  :  C.  .  .  .  Quadratus ;  iii,  60.  Had  been  tribunus  militum 
(App.  Ill,  0)  for  Caesar  in  Gaul,  and  is  called  vir  et  consilii  magni  et  vir¬ 
tutis.  He  became  tribunus  plebis  in  43,  and  supported  Antony. 


272 


APPENDIX  II. 

THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  LATER  ROMAN  REPUBLIC. 

t 

1.  Gives  Romani.  Before  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  between  Caesal 
and  Pompey,  Rome  had  extended  her  power  quite  around  the  Mediterranean. 
To  save  herself  trouble  she  still  left  some  portions  of  this  ‘  ‘  circle  of  lands  ” 
under  the  sway  of  native  princes,  like  the  kings  of  Egypt,  Numidia,  and 
Mauritania;  these  play-kings  were  independent  just  so  far  as  Rome  gra¬ 
ciously  permitted  them  to  be.  The  rest  of  the  empire,  except  Italy,  was 
organized  into  about  a  dozen  provinces,  each  under  the  military  rule  of  a 
proconsul  or  propraetor,  sent  out  by  the  Roman  Senate.  The  inhabitants 
of  Italy  itself — of  course  excluding  women,  children,  and  slaves — were  cives 
Romani,  the  rulers  of  the  Roman  world.  But  wherever  a  Roman  citizen 
lived,  he  must  go  to  the  city,  if  he  wished  to  vote,  or  be  voted  for.  No  one 
had  yet  thought  of  our  simple  device  of  casting  the  votes  at  any  number  of 
convenient  places,  and  merely  sending  the  result  to  the  capital.  In  theory 
the  entire  Populus  Romanus  met  in  the  Campus  Martius  to  elect  their 
consuls ;  although  in  fact  only  a  small  fraction  of  them  could  possibly  be 
present.  It  was  really,  in  ordinary  cases,  a  city  mob,  to  whom  the  sale  of 
their  votes  was  a  chief  source  of  income,  that  chose  magistrates  and  made 
the  laws.  Finally,  the  nobility,  consisting  of  a  few  wealthy  families,  who 
had  degenerated  no  less  than  the  common  people,  were  able  to  keep  the 
offices  pretty  much  in  their  own  hands.  The  result  of  the  Civil  War  was  to 
overturn  this  corrupt  and  selfish  aristocracy,  supported  by  a  degraded  city 
rabble,  and  put  in  its  place  Caesar,  supported  by  an  army  drawn  from  the 
still  uncorrupted  portions  of  the  empire. 

2.  Of  the  three  popular  assemblies  the  Comitia  Tributa,  or  assembly  by 
tribes,  was  at  this  time  by  far  the  most  important.  In  it  the  people  acted 
upon  all  projects  of  law  proposed  by  the  magistrates,  and  elected  the  tri¬ 
bunes,  aediles,  quaestors,  and  certain  inferior  officers.  The  city  itself  was 
divided  into  four  wards,  or  tribus,  and  a  certain  part  of  the  adjoining  ter¬ 
ritory  into  31  more  ;  in  these  85  tribes  all  citizens  were  enrolled.  Each 
division  had  a  single  vote,  determined,  of  course,  by  a  majority  of  the  tribe 


^APPENDIX  II. 


273 


members.  The  tribunes,  consuls,  and  praetors  could  summon  and  preside 
over  this  assembly,  and  only  the  presiding  magistrate  could  bring  business 
before  it.  All  public  discussions  took  place  in  meetings  {contiones),  previ¬ 
ous  to  the  comitia  proper.  At  the  time  for  voting,  the  people  arranged 
themselves  by  tribes  in  certain  pens,  marked  otf  by  cords  or  other  barriers 
{saepta).  One  tribe,  selected  by  lot,  voted  first,  each  man  handing  his 
ballot  to  a  rogator,  as  ho  went  through  a  narrow  passage  called  pons  into  a 
larger  enclosure  called  ovilc,  or  ‘‘shcepfold.”  These  ballots  were  counted  at 
once  and  the  result  announced;  then  the  other  tribes  voted  in  the  same 
manner  and  probably  all  at  the  same  time,  each  passing  through  a  separate 
pons.  The  vote  of  the  first  tribe  often  had  more  influence  over  the  succeed¬ 
ing  voters  than  any  number  of  arguments.  A  majority  of  tribal  votes 
decided  the  matter. 

3.  In  the  Comitia  Centuriata,  or  assembly  by  classes  and  centuries,  the 
people  elected  the  consuls,  praetors,  and  censors.  In  each  of  the  35  tribes, 
the  citizens  who  had  property  worth  11,000  asses  (about  $220)  or  more, 
were  divided  into  five  classes,  according  to  wealth,  the  richest  in  the  first 
class,  and  the  poorest  in  the  fifth.  Each  class  in  every  tribe  was  further 
divided  into  two  companies  {centuriae),  one  of  seniores,  or  men  above 
forty-five  years  of  age,  the  other  of  juniores,  or  men  between  seventeen  and 
forty-five.  Thus  every  tribe  contained  10  centuriae,  each  having  one  vote. 
Above  these  350  companies  were  18  centuries  of  equites — that  is  those  pos¬ 
sessed  of  400,000  sestertii  (about  $16,000),  or  more.  There  were,  besides, 
four  centuries  of  workmen  and  musicians,  and  below  all  one  century  of 
proletarii,  or  citizens  having  less  than  11,000  asses.  The  number  of  cen¬ 
turiae,  then,  was  properly  373 ;  by  the  arrangement  described  above,  it  is 
plain  that  wealth  and  mature  age  had  more  weight  in  the  comitia  centuri¬ 
ata  than  in  the  comitia  tributa.  In  voting,  which  was  done  in  the  same 
way  as  in  the  comitia  tributa,  one  of  the  70  centuries  of  the  first  class  was 
selected  by  lot  to  vote  first ;  after  the  announcement  of  this  result,  the  other 
centuries  of  the  first  class  voted,  together  with  the  equites ;  then  came  the 
other  classes  in  order.  Further,  with  each  of  the  four  latter  classes,  there 
voted  a  century  made  up  of  those  who  had  arrived  too  late  to  vote  in  their 
proper  classes.  Thus  there  were  in  all  377  votes,  a  majority  of  which 
decided.  During  this  period  it  was  almost  always  a  consul  who  sum¬ 
moned  and  presided  over  meetings  of  the  comitia  centuriata. 

Both  these  assemblies  were  often  as  thinly  attended  as  the  town-meeting 
in  a  Hew  England  city,  sometimes  not  more  than  five  voters  appearing 
for  each  tribe. 

4.  The  Comitia  Curiata  was  the  ancient  assembly  of  patricians  only; 
it  still  survived  as  a  mere  form,  but  possessed  no  political  power 
whatever. 

18 


274 


APPENDIX  II. 


5.  The  Senatus  superintended  the  entire  administration,  while  the  mag« 
istrates  were  practically  its  ministers. 

a.  Indirectly  the  senate  was  filled  by  popular  election.  For,  under 
the  Sullan  constitution  (b.c.  81-70)  the  20  quaestors  became  senators  at 
the  close  of  their  year  of  office  ;  and  when  the  censors  were  restored  in 
B.c.  70,  and  their  ancient  right  of  revising  the  list  of  senators  revived, 
the  censors  were  obliged  to  choose  all  who  had  held  the  quaestorship  or 
any  higher  office.  Thus  the  senate  contained  all  the  statesmanship 
and  all  the  military  ability  that  was  known  to  exist  in  the  state.  A 
senator  held  his  position  for  life,  unless  removed  by  the  censors,  and  that 
rarely  happened.  The  quaestors  and  higher  magistrates  attended  the 
meetings  of  the  senate  as  members  of  the  government,  and  gave  their 
opinion  when  asked,  but  could  not  vote.  That  is,  they  were  not  full 
senators,  even  though  they  had  been  before,  and  again  became  full  senators 
after  their  year  of  office;  but  they  had  the/ws  serdentiae  dicendae. 

b.  The  right  of  calling  the  senate  together,  of  presiding  over  its  ses¬ 
sions,  and  of  bringing  business  before  the  meeting,  belonged  to  consuls 
and  tribunes,  and  to  praetors  with  the  consent  of  the  consuls.  Usually 
nothing  was  said  about  a  quorum;  but  at  this  time  sessions  were  often 
thinly  attended,  so  that  Cato  Uticensis  was  conspicuous  for  being  always 
present.  At  a  full  meeting  over  400  appeared.  The  magistrate  who  had 
called  the  meeting  presided,  and  had  complete  control  of  the  business  of 
the  session..  He  brought  before  the  senate  {referre  ad  senatum)^  in  what¬ 
ever  order  he  chose,  the  subjects  on  which  he  desired  advice  ;  no  one 
could  make  a  motion  Avithout  his  permission,  and  no  one  could  give  an 
opinion  until  called  upon  by  him.  In  introducing  business,  the  chairman 
might  ask  advice  on  particular  subjects  {referre  finite  de  singulis  rebus), 
or,  in  general  terms,  ask  the  senate  to  consider  the  condition  of  the  state 
{infinite  de  repuUica  referre).  If  he  chose  to  allow  debate,  he  called  on 
the  senators  for  opinions  in  a  fixed  order,  naming  first  those  highest  in 
rank.  But  as  this  order  depended  merely  on  custom,  it  was  often  vio¬ 
lated;  e.g.  Caesar,  during  his  first  consulship,  always  called  on  one  of  the 
triumvirs  first.  A  senator  could  respond  by  making  a  speech,  longer  or 
shorter  {sententiam  dicere),  or  by  stating  his  agreement  with  a  previous 
speaker  (e.g.  Cn.  Pompeio  adsentior),  or  by  simply  taking  his  place  near 
a  previous  speaker,  in  token  of  agreement  with  him  {pedibus  in  senten¬ 
tiam  alienam  ire).  A  senator  might  stave  oil  a  vote  by  talking  against  time 
until  sunset  {diem  dicendi  mora  extrahere)',  for  after  sunset  a  vote  could 
not  be  taken.  Such  “filibustering”  Aras  sometimes  preA^ented  by  the 
senators  voting  ut  sententiae  breviter  dicerentur — as  Congress  sometimes 
enforces  a  “five  minutes  rule.”  Before  calling  for  a  final  division,  the 
chairman  recapitulated  the  various  opinions  {pronuntiare  sententias),  fix- 


APPENDIX  IT. 


275 


ing  the  order  in  which  he  would  put  them  to  vote  ;  of  course,  it  was  easy 
to  pass  over  any  proposal  displeasing  to  him,  and  thus  prevent  its  accept¬ 
ance.  The  senate  voted  by  dividing  into  two  groups,  one  for  and  one 
against  the  proposal ;  and  each  sententia  was  taken  up  in  the  fixed  order, 
until  one  received  a  majority,  and  thus  became  a  senatus  consultum.  After 
the  senate  was  dismissed,  and  not  till  then,  the  decree  was  written  down 
{perscribere)  by  the  clerks  of  the  presiding  magistrate,  while  a  number  of 
senators  stood  by  to  prevent  falsification. 

c.  Any  administrative  business  might  come  before  the  senate  ;  but  its 
especial  sphere  included  religion,  foreign  affairs,  and  the  state  finances. 
Its  direction  of  foreign  affairs  included  the  assignment  of  provinces,  con¬ 
duct  of  war,  all  diplomatic  machinery — ambassadors  were  always  senators 
— and  the  conferring  of  titles  on  foreign  princes.  Practically  it  was  the 
senate  that  declared  war  and  made  peace,  unless  some  provincial  governor 
got  ahead  of  them,  and  then  induced  the  senate  to  ratify  his  unauthorized 
proceedings.  In  financial  matters,  the  senate,  like  our  Congress,  regulated 
taxation,  and  had  to  make  appropriations  before  the  magistrates  could  use 
the  public  funds.  The  senate  influenced  legislation  in  various  ways. 
According  to  old  custom,  magistrates  were  expected  to  obtain  its  approval 
before  proposing  a  law  in  the  comitia  tributa  (2);  but  popular  leaders 
often  disregarded  completely  the  authority  of  the  senate,  and  brought  all 
sorts  of  business  directly  before  the  people  for  their  decision.  Finally,  the 
senate  could  declare  martial  law  in  times  of  especial  danger  by  passing  the 
senatus  consultum  ultimum,  which  conferred  dictatorial  power  on  the 
consuls. 

6.  The  ordinary  Magistratus,  except  the  censors,  were  elected  for  one 
year;  and  all  but  the  tribunes  and  quaestors  entered  on  their  duties  Jan.  1. 
The  official  year  of  the  quaestors  began  Dec.  5 ;  that  of  the  tribunes  Dec. 
10.  The  consuls,  censors,  praetors,  and  curule  aediles,  together  with  the 
dictator,  were  called  magistratus  curules,  because  they  had  the  right  of 
using  on  public  occasions  a  peculiar  ivory  stool  called  sella  curulis.  This 
chair  of  state  had  formerly  been  a  symbol  of  royalty,  like  a  modern  throne, 
and  continued  to  be  used  by  those  magistrates  who  inherited  any  part  of 
the  old  kingly  power.  The  tribunate  stood  by  itself;  the  other  magistra¬ 
cies  formed  a  regular  gradation  of  honors  through  which  one  must  pass 
if  he  desired  the  consulship,  and  the  earliest  age  for  holding  each  one  was 
fixed  by  the  lex  annalis.  This  age  was  twenty-seven  for  the  quaestorship, 
the  thirty-seventh  year  for  the  aedileship,  the  fortieth  for  ihe  praetorship, 
and  the  forty-third  for  the  consulship.  As  no  one  received  any  pay  for 
serving  as  magistrate,  only  the  wealthy  could  aspire  to  political  honors. 

7.  The  Tribuni  Plebis  were  at  this  time  the  most  powerful  personages 
in  Rome.  They  were  10  in  number,  elected  in  the  democratic  comitia 


276 


APPENDIX  II. 


tributa  (2),  and  always  from  the  plebeian  order,  which  now  vastly  out¬ 
numbered  the  patricians.  The  root  of  their  power  lay  in  the  intercessio. 
This  had  originally  been  simply  the  right  and  duty  of  protecting  any  ple¬ 
beian  against  the  unjust  decision  of  a  patrician  magistrate,  and  Sulla  in  his 
dictatorship  (c.c.  82-80),  had  reduced  the  tribunate  to  these  ancient  limits. 
But  when  Pompey  restored  the  office  in  b.c.  70,  he  restored  all  the  other 
powers  which  had  gradually  grown  out  of  that  early  germ.  From  protect¬ 
ing  individuals  they  had  assumed  the  duty  of  protecting  the  state  as  a 
whole  against  the  action  of  any  part  of  the  government ;  and  so  the  jus 
intercessionis  had  come  to  include  the  right  of  vetoing  any  decree  of  the 
senate,  any  law  of  the  comitia,  and  in  general  any  public  act  of  a  magis¬ 
trate,  if,  in  the  Judgment  of  a  tribune,  it  would  be  injurious  to  the  people. 
Their  persons  were  sacred ;  that  is,  no  one  could  hinder  them  in  the  fulfill¬ 
ment  of  their  duty  under  pain  of  death.  The  tribunes  themselves,  on  the 
other  hand,  had  various  means  of  carrying  into  effect  their  tremendous 
veto-power,  sometimes  even  sending  a  consul  to  prison.  Besides,  any  tri¬ 
bune  could  call  meetings  of  the  senate,  and  bring  business  before  that  body 
as  presiding  officer ;  and  in  the  right  of  assembling  the  comitia  tributa,  for 
elections,  or  for  legislation,  a  tribune  took  precedence  of  all  others. 
Through  this  assembly,  which  was  their  especial  instrument,  the  tribunes 
were  able  to  interfere  in  the  most  important  affairs  of  the  state.  For 
the  people  were  the  final  source  of  all  authority  ;  and  by  inserting  a 
clause  requiring  every  senator  to  take  oath  within  a  given  period  to 
support  the  law,  all  effective  opposition  could  be  stiffed.  Thus  the  tri¬ 
bunes  were  at  times  the  real  rulers  of  Rome ;  and  the  only  means  of  quell¬ 
ing  the  anarchy  which  such  a  tribune  as  Clodius  Pulcher  could  raise, 
was  a  military  ruler  backed  by  an  army.  The  only  constitutional  check 
upon  the  power  of  a  tribune  was  the  shortness  of  his  term  and  the  veto 
of  his  colleagues. 

8.  The  QuaestSres,  20  in  number,  were  elected  in  the  comitia  tributa  (2), 
and  had  a  variety  of  duties,  all  connected  more  or  less  closely  with  the 
care  of  the  public  treasury.  On  the  first  day  of  office  they  divided  their 
duties  by  lot.  Those  who  remained  at  Rome  were  called  quaestSres 
urbani.  They  had  charge  of  the  treasury,  which  was  in  the  temple  of 
Saturn,  and  of  the  laws,  decrees  of  the  senate,  and  other  archives,  deposited 
there  for  safe  keeping.  A  permanent  bureau  of  clerks,  under  their  author¬ 
ity,  kept  the  accounts,  received  the  taxes,  and  in  accordance  with  decrees 
of  the  senate  paid  out  money;  the  consuls,  when  present  in  Rome,  could 
receive  funds  from  them  even  without  a  decree  of  the  senate.  Every 
general  in  the  field  was  accompanied  by  a  military  quaestor,  who  acted  as 
paymaster  of  the  troops.  A  quaestor  was  also  connected  with  every  pro¬ 
vincial  governor  ;  his  duties  in  the  province  were  similar  to  those  of  the 


APPENDIX  II. 


277 


quaestores  urbani,  to  whom,  at  the  close  of  his  year  of  office,  he  handed 
in  his  accounts. 

9.  The  Aediles,  elected  in  the  comitia  tributa  (2),  were  four  in  number, 
two  plebeian  and  two  curule.  ISTot withstanding  this  distinction  in  name, 
however,  they  were  essentially  equal  in  rank,  and  the  difference  in  their 
duties  was  but  slight.  (1)  They  were  the  regular  inspectors  of  the  markets, 
and  tribunals  were  erected  in  the  forum,  from  which  they  decided  petty 
cases  arising  in  the  market.  (2)  Their  superintendence  of  grain  {cura  an¬ 
nonae)  included  especially  the  charge  of  distributing  among  the  people,  at 
a  low  price,  the  grain  sent  to  the  capital  by  provinces  and  foreign  states. 
(3)  They  were  a  board  of  police-,  water-,  street-,  and  fire-commissioners, 
rolled  into  one — in  Latin,  curatores  urbis.  That  is,  they  had  an  oversight 
of  public  order,  the  aqueducts,  the  streets  and  squares,  and  of  night-watch¬ 
men  to  guard  against  fires.  (4)  They  had  the  management  of  the  public 
games,  especially  the  ludi  magni.  This  portion  of  their  duties  involved 
important  consequences  ;  for  the  rabble  delighted  in  the  circus  and  gladia¬ 
torial  contests,  and  each  aedile  vied  with  his  fellows  and  predecessors  in  the 
magnificence  of  his  shows,  in  order  to  win  popularity  and  votes.  Hence 
the  small  grant  of  public  money  for  defraying  the  expense,  even  when  one 
was  made,  was  vastly  exceeded,  so  that  no  one  could  be  an  aedile  without 
great  wealth,  or  the  ability  to  get  deeply  in  debt.  This,  of  course,  kept 
all  but  the  wealthy  out  of  the  higher  offices. 

10.  The  Praetores  corresponded  to  our  higher  judges.  They  were  eight 
in  number,  elected  in  the  comitia  centuriata  (3),  and  after  election  their 
spheres  of  duty  were  assigned  by  lot.  The  praetor  urbanus  had  jurisdic¬ 
tion  in  civil  cases  between  Roman  citizens ;  the  praetor  peregrinus  in  civil 
c4ses  between  citizens  and  aliens  {peregrini),  and  between  aliens  alone ;  the 
other  six  praetors  presided  in  the  regular  criminal  courts,  as  our  judges 
preside  at  jury  trials.  The  praetor  urbanus  stood  at  the  head  of  the 
Roman  judicial  system ;  and  while  possessing  little  more  of  actual  power, 
he  was  invested  with  higher  dignity  than  the  others.  In  the  absence  of 
both  consuls  from  the  city,  it  was  he  who  acted  in  their  place.  Each  prae¬ 
tor  was  attended  by  two  lictors  in  the  city,  and  by  six  outside  the  city. 

11.  The  two  Consules,  elected  in  the  comitia  centuriata  (3),  wnre  the 
highest  ordinary  magistrates,  and  the  chiefs  of  the  administration.  Their 
power  was  equal,  and  each  had  a  veto,  which  was  seldom  exercised,  over 
the  official  acts  of  the  other.  The  consuls  took  precedence  of  all  others  in 
their  rights  of  summoning  the  senate  and  the  comitia  ccnturioJ.a;  they 
could  also  legislate  through  the  comitia  tributa  (2).  When  both  consuls 
were  present  in  Rome,  they  usually  took  turns  in  acting  as  head  of  the 
administration,  each  holding  the  power  for  a  month,  beginning  with  the 
elder ;  and  during  his  one  month  the  consul  was  always  accompanied  in 


278 


APPENDIX  II. 


public  by  twelve  lictors,  who  strode  before  him  in  single  tile,  eacli  carrying 
on  his  shoulder  a  bundle  of  rods  {fasces),  to  signify  the  power  of  the  mag¬ 
istrate  to  scourge  criminals.  Outside  the  city,  these  fasces  showed  an  axe 
projecting  from  each  bundle,  signifying  the  power  of  the  magistrate  to 
behead  criminals.  The  actual  power  of  the  consuls  was  much  restricted 
by  their  dependence  on  the  senate,  whose  decrees  it  was  their  business  to 
execute.  But  when  clothed  with  dictatorial  power  by  the  senatus  consultum 
ultimum  (5,  c,  end),  their  authority,  both  civil  and  military,  was  nearly 
absolute. 

12.  After  serving  in  the  city  for  a  year  in  their  civil  capacities,  the  im¬ 
perium  of  consuls  and  praetors  was  prolonged,  and  they  were  sent  out  by 
the  senate,  under  the  title  of  proconsuls  and  propraetors,  to  rule  in  the 
various  provinces.  Thus  the  duration  of  their  term  became  two  years  or 
more.  A  propraetor  wielded  the  same  power  as  a  proconsul,  except  that 
the  senate  usually  gave  the  more*  lucrative  provinces  to  the  consuls.  The 
provincial  governor  was  supreme  within  his  territory,  at  once  commander 
of  the  army,  chief  executive,  and  the  judge  in  both  civil  and  criminal 
cases.  In  such  a  position  there  were  abundant  means  of  gaining  immense 
wealth.  If  a  war  was  on  hand,  there  were  cities  to  be  plundered,  and 
captives  to  be  sold  as  slaves  ;  and  always  there  were  a  thousand  methods 
of  extortion,  none  of  which  was  left  untried.  A  provincial  governorship 
was  looked  upon  by  the  aristocracy  as  the  mine  from  which  debts  were  to 
be  paid,  and  further  pleasures  and  honors  to  be  gained.  By  a  law  of  Pom- 
pey’s,  passed  in  b.c.  52,  and  aimed  especially  at  Caesar,  an  interval  of  five 
years  was  required  before  a  consul  or  praetor  could  receive  a  province, 
and  the  imperium  had  to  be  renewed  by  popular  vote  ;  but  the  Pompeian 
leaders  themselves,  in  b.c.  49,  violated  these  requirements. 

13.  The  Censores,  previous  to  Sulla’s  dictatorship,  had  enjoyed  exten¬ 
sive  powers,  and  their  office  was  deemed  the  highest  in  dignity,  although 
legally  not  superior  to  the  consulship.  Two  censors  were  elected  every  five 
years,  and  for  generations  none  were  chosen  but  consulares.  They  held  the 
office  for  eighteen  months,  and  their  duties  may  be  classified  under  three 
heads.  (1)  They  took  the  census,  which  was  a  register  of  the  citizens  with 
their  families  and  the  amount  of  their  property,  revised  the  lists  of  the 
tribes,  centuries  and  classes,  according  to  this  census,  and  filled  the  vacancies 
in  the  senate.  (2)  They  exercised  a  general  control  of  the  finances,  subject 
to  the  authority  of  the  senate — something  as  our  Secretary  of  the  Treasury 
does.  They  let  out  the  collection  of  the  taxes  for  five  years  to  the  highest 
bidder,  and  made  contracts  for  the  construction  of  public  works,  as  roads, 
aqueducts,  and  temples.  (3)  They  had  a  certain  oversight  of  the  morals 
of  the  citizens.  That  is,  according  to  their  own  judgment  of  public  expe¬ 
diency,  without  any  special  enactment,  they  could  punish  any  public  or 


1. 


APPENDIX  II. 


279 


private  immorality,  or  any  practice  which  they  deemed  inconsistent  with 
the  dignity  of  a  Roman.  Their  mode  of  punishment  was  by  degrading  the 
delinquent  from  his  rank  in  the  state,  removing  senators  and  equites  from 
their  orders,  and  sometimes  depriving  a  citizen  of  his  vote.  Sulla  prac¬ 
tically  abolished  the  censorship;  and  after  it  was  restored  in  b.c.  70,  under 
the  lead  of  Rompey,  its  dignity  and  power  were  not  what  they  had  formerly 
been. 

14.  The  Dictator,  during  the  early  republic,  was  nominated  to  the  people 
by  one  of  the  consuls,  at  the  command  of  the  senate,  in  times  of  special 
danger.  The  office  could  be  held  no  longer  than  six  months,  and  generally 
was  laid  down  much  earlier.  While  in  office  the  dictator  possessed  the 
sole,  unrestricted  power  of  the  early  kings.  Sulla’s  and  Caesar’s  dictator¬ 
ships  differed  from  each  other,  and  both  differed  from  the  primitive  one. 
The  ancient  title  was  used  to  give  a  familiar  appearance  to  a  power  that  v/as 
really  a  kind  of  military  despotism,  the  beginning  of  the  empire;  even  the 
old  forms  were  not  altogether  observed.  Thus  Sulla  compelled  the  senate 
to  declare  an  interregnum,  and  elect  an  interrex,  which  officer  then,  at  his 
direction,  nominated  him  to  the  people  as  dictator,  but  for  an  unlimited 
time  and  with  practically  unlimited  powers.  So  Caesar  was  nominated  to 
his  first  dictatorship  in  49  b.c.,  not  by  a  consul,  but  by  a  praetor  expressly 
authorized  to  do  so  by  a  special  law.  The  magister  equitum  was  an  officer 
— practically  a  vice-dictator — always  appointed  with  the  dictator,  in  much 
the  same  manner  as  the  dictator  himself,  and  generally  at  his  nomination. 

15.  The  Collegium  Pontificum  stood  at  the  head  of  the  complicated 
religious  machinery  of  the  state.  The  president  of  the  college,  which  con¬ 
sisted  of  15  members,  was  the  pontifex  maximus ;  Caesar  held  that  joosition 
from  B.c.  63  till  his  assassination.  During  this  period  the  pontiffs  were 
practically  elected  by  the  tribes,  though  in  a  little  different  way  from  the 
magistrates ;  they  held  office  for  life,  and  within  their  sphere  were  respon¬ 
sible  to  no  one,  not  even  the  senate.  Their  extensive  powers  in  religious 
matters,  especially  in  regard  to  the  calendar,  gave  them  great  influence 
politically. 


APPENDIX  III. 


THE  ORGANIZATION  OP  CAESAR’S  ARMY. 

1,  Delectus  :  drafts,  levies.  Lists  were  made  of  all  Roman  citizens  in 
Italy  and  the  provinces  who  were  liable  to  military  duty,  and  recruiting 
officers  conducted  the  requisite  drafts  in  the  several  municipia,  by  au¬ 
thority  of  consuls  or  (in  the  provinces)  proconsuls.  In  the  civil  wars  such 
drafts  were  made  without  the  usual  authority,  but  according  to  the  usual 
form.  Thus  delectus  are  made  for  both  Caesar  and  Pompey  in  Picenum, 
i,  12,8,*;  16,29. 

Down  to  the  final  defeat  of  Hannibal  (b.c.  202),  the  Roman  armies  were 
composed  of  citizens,  who  returned  to  the  ways  of  peace  as  soon  as  the 
particular  campaign  for  which  they  had  been  drafted  was  over.  There 
was  no  soldier  class.  But  the  rich  rewards  which  the  soldiers  won  by  the 
conquest  of  the  East  (b.c.  200-133),  the  great  increase  in  the  number  of 
Roman  citizens  after  the  Social  War  (b.c.  90  88),  and  the  admission  to  the 
legions  of  the  very  poorest  citizens,  to  whom  military  service  was  really 
promotion,  produced  a  large  class  who  were  only  too  glad  to  make  war 
their  profession.  Thus  the  armies  of  Caesar  and  Pompey  were  composed 
to  a  large  extent  of  hirelings  rather  than  patriots. 

2.  Legio  :  regiment  (in  formation),  brigade  (in  point  of  size).  It  was 
divided  into  10  cohorts  (cohortes  =  battalions),  each  cohort  into  3  maniples 
(manipuli  =  companies),  and  each  maniple  into  2  centuries  (centuriae,  or¬ 
dines  = platoons).  Theoretically  a  legion  numbered  6000  :  2  centuries 
(centum)  x  3  maniples  x  10  cohorts  ;  but  practically  it  had  seldom  more 
than  4000,  and  in  Caesar’s  army  probably  about  3600  on  the  average. 

Note. — At  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  Pompey’s  cohorts  average  over  400,  and  Caesar’s 
only  275  (iii,  88, 11-12  ;  89, 23-24),  but  Pompey’s  were  unusually  full,  owing  to  a 
plentiful  supply  of  “substitutes”  (iii,  4, 23-25),  while  Caesar’s  were  unusually 
depleted  even  at  the  beginning  of  the  campaign  in  Greece  (iii,  2,  33  :  6, 28). 

a.  centuria,  ordo  :  platoon,  century,  ==  50-60  men.  The  first  word  Cae- 


*  References  in  this  Appendix  are  to  book,  chapter,  and  line  of  page  in  the  text  of  thi 
edition. 


APPENDIX  III. 


281 


sar  uses  only  three  times:  i,  64, 2;  76,  11  (adverbially);  iii,  91, 17.  Instead 
he  generally  has  the  second  :  i,  13, 16,  ex  primo  ordine,  sc.  primi  man¬ 
ipuli  primae  cohortis;  74,  12,  primorum  ordinum  centuriones  ; 
ii,  28,  3,  ordines  manipulique.  Hence  ordinem  ducere  =  ^d5ea  cen¬ 
turion;  hunc  ordinem  duxerat,  i,  13,20-21. 

b.  manipulus :  company,  =  100-120  men.  In  earlier  times  the  three 
maniples  of  a  cohort  had  different  armor,  and  were  called  pilani,  prin¬ 
cipes,  hastati;  but  in  Caesar’s  army  all  the  legionary  soldiers  were 
armed  alike,  and  these  words  denoted  the  centurions  and  (probably)  the 
soldiers  of  the  first,  second,  and  third  maniples  respectively.  Instead  of 
pilani  the  word  triarii  came  into  use. 

c.  cohors  :  hattalion,  cohort,  =  300-360  men.  When  drawn  up  in  order 
of  battle  the  three  maniples  of  a  cohort  stood  side  by  side,  giving  a  total 
front  of  120  feet,  and  a  depth  of  40  feet. 


H.  Pr.  Tr.  Pi. 


5 

CO 

1 

6 

4 

2 

d.  acies  :  line  of  hattle.  In  the  more  usual  order  of  battle  each  legion 
was  formed  in  three  lines,  the  first  of  four  cohorts,  the  second  and  third  of 
three  each.  This  Caesar  calls  acies  triplex,  and  describes  it  quite  fully  in 
i,  83,  where  five  legions  are  placed  side  by  side  in  this  order : 

_  _  __  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  __  _ 

7  6  5 

_  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _  _ 

Caesar  uses  an  acies  duplex  iii,  67,  24.  Here  of  course  each  legion  had 
5  cohorts  in  each  of  its  two  lines.  Cf.  i,  83,  2-4,  where  auxiliary  troops 
really  form  a  tertia  acies.  Caesar  wins  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  by  skilfully 
using  a  quarta  acies  (iii,  89,  93).  Cohorts  ranked  according  to  their  posi¬ 
tion  in  the  order  of  battle,  the  first  standing  at  the  front  and  right  (see 
above  fig.),  and  containing  the  flower  of  the  legion. 

3.  Equipment. 

a.  Defensive.  All  three  maniples  had  full  armor:  a  helmet,  either  of 
metal  (cassis)  or  leather  (galea),  a  shield  (scutum)  2i  ft.  broad  and  not  less 


282 


APPENDIX  III. 


than  4  ft.  long,  and  often  greaves  and  corselets  of  various  material.  The 
corselets  (lorica)  were  of  leather  strengthened  with  metal,  and  were  worn 
over  the  ordinary  under-garment  (tunica),  which  reached  down  to  the 
knees,  and  was  fastened  round  the  waist  by  a  girdle  (cingulum),  to  which 
the  sword  (gladius)  was  hung.  The  outer  garment  of  the  ordinary  soldier 
and  lower  officer  was  the  sagum,  i,  75,  25,  a  sort  of  woolen  blanket  arranged 
so  as  also  to  be  fastened  about  the  shoulders  with  a  clasp.  The  higher 
officers  wore  a  longer  cloak  of  purple,  ornamented  according  to  rank  (i,  6, 
13,  paludatique,  and  cf.  7).  The  feet  were  protected  by  half-boots  (caligae). 

b.  Offensive.  (1)  A  short,  straight,  two-edged  sword  (gladius),  used 
more  like  a  dagger  at  close  quarters.  It  was  about  2  ft.  long,  and  worn  by 
the  common  soldier  on  the  right  side,  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  shield 
on  the  left  arm,  but  by  officers  on  the  left  side.  (2)  The  javelin  (pilum), 
a  heavy  wooden  shaft  into  which  an  iron  head  was  fitted,  the  whole  nearly 
7  ft.  long  and  weighing  about  10  pounds.  After  hurling  this  the  soldier 
drew  his  sword  and  rushed  to  close  quarters  with  the  enemy. 

c.  Sarcinae.  Besides  this  heavy  armor  each  soldier  carried  (1)  rations  of 
unground  grain  for  from  1  to  17  and  even  22  (i,  78,  26)  days,  allowing  nearly 
2  pounds  to  the  day  ;  (2)  baskets,  cooking  utensils,  foraging  and  entrench¬ 
ing  tools  of  various  kinds,  making,  exclusive  of  the  armor,  a  weight  of  from 
30  to  45  pounds.  Each  soldier  ground  and  cooked  his  own  grain,  and  it 
was  considered  a  hardship  if  meat  had  to  be  substituted  for  this  food.  Cf. 
i,  48,  10;  iii,  47, 17.  The  men  did  not  thrive  on  a  meat  diet,  i,  52,  19. 
Marius  introduced  the  long  forked  pole  (furca),  to  the  prongs  of  which 
these  various  articles  of  the  soldier  were  fastened  in  a  bundle  (sarciiia). 
The  whole  was  carried  over  the  right  shoulder,  the  pilum  in  the  left  hand, 
the  shield  on  the  left  arm,  while  the  helmet  hung  suspended  from  the  neck 
before  or  behind.  Thus  loaded  the  soldier  was  naturally  impeditus  ;  carry¬ 
ing  his  weapons  only,  expeditus,  ready  for  hattle.  When  forced  to  fight 
on  the  march,  the  sarcinae  were  laid  in  a  pile  together  and  put  under  a 
guard.  They  were  left  in  the  camp  (castra)  when  the  soldiers  marched 
out  to  an  immediate  battle. 

d.  Pay.  Caesar  paid  his  legionaries  225  denarii  (a  silver  coin  of  about 
the  value  of  our  twenty-cent  piece)  a  year,  in  three  installments  (stipendia) 
of  75  denarii.  Regularly,  from  30  to  35  denarii  per  annum  were  deducted 
from  this  amount,  if  the  state  supplied  the  soldier  with  frumentum.  But 
this  was  often  given  the  soldier  in  the  provinces,  or,  at  least,  sold  him  at 
reduced  rates.  The  monthly  allowance  of  grain  for  each  man  was  4  modii, 
i.e.  about  a  bushel.  In  cheap  times  a  modius  of  corn  cost  the  state,  in 
Sicily,  a  denarius  or  less.  A  famine  price  is  50  denarii,  i,  52. 

Ca«sar  assigns  double  pay  to  a  gallant  cohort,  iii,  53,  i.e.  doubles  their 
next  installment ;  and  very  often  the  soldiers  increased  their  profits  by  the 


APPENDIX  HI. 


283 


booty  which  they  took,  or  by  presents  received  from  their  commander, 
especially  if  they  lived  to  celebrate  a  triumph  with  him, 

4.  Auxilia.  All  regular  legionary  soldiers  must  be  Homan  citizens  and 
heavy  armed  (milites  gravis  armaturae).  But  auxilia  were  hired  or  drafted 
from  the  natives  of  provinces  subject  to  Home,  and  of  the  country  where 
war  was  being  waged.  Sometimes  they  were  furnished  by  allied  princes 
and  peoples  gratuitously.  They  were  light  armed  (milites  lovis  arma- 
turae),  left  to  their  native  methods  of  warfare  if  serving  for  a  short  time 
only,  but,  when  accompanying  a  particular  general  for  a  longer  time,  par¬ 
tially  drilled  into  Homan  tactics.  They  were  thus  divided  into  cohorts, 
distinguished  from  those  of  the  regular  legions  (legionariae  cohortes)  as 
cohortes  auxiliariae,  or  cohortes  alariae  (i,  73,  31;  83,  4),  from  the  posi¬ 
tion  formerly  occupied  by  such  troops  on  the  wings  (alae).  Cf.  cohortes 
cetratae  and  scutatae,  i,  39,  10,  cohortes  colonicae,  ii,  19,  20.  Of  the 
auxilia  the  hired  slingers  (funditores)  and  archers  (sagittarii)  were  most 
important;  i,  83,  7;  hi,  4,  27-28. 

Legions  composed  not  of  Homan  citizens,  but  of  provincials,  were  called 
vernaculae;  ii,  20,  1. 

5.  Equitatus.  The  cavalry  of  Caesar  consisted  entirely  of  auxiliary 
troops,  Gauls,  Spaniards  and  Germans,  either  drafted  in  spring  for  a  single 
campaign,  or  hired  for  constant  service.  The  former  were  divided  by 
tribes,  the  latter  into  regular  military  divisions  :  alae,  “regiments”  about 
303  strong,  turmae,  “squadrons”  of  uncertain  number,  and  decuriae, 
“  decades.”  The  cavalry  as  a  body  was  commanded  by  a  Homan,  generally 
a  legatus  (3) ;  the  lower  divisions  by  praefecti  equitum  (10),  either  Homans 
or  natives  of  the  country  where  the  cavalry  was  raised  ;  iii,  59,  60.  Caesar 
imitated  the  Germans  in  distributing  foot-soldiers  among  his  cavalry ;  iii, 
75,20;  84,7-11.  The  weapons  of  the  regular  cavalry  were  metal  corse¬ 
lets,  leathern  greaves,  helmet,  shield,  lance,  and  long  sword.  Compare  the 
modern  German  Uhlan. 

6.  Dux  belli.  In  Caesar’s  time  the  consul  never  left  the  city  during  his 
year  of  actual  office,  but  as  proconsul  he  received  by  vote  of  the  people  an 
imperium  militare,  after  which  he  assumed  the  general’s  paludamentum, 
a  cloak  of  scarlet  cloth  embroidered  with  gold,  performed  reKgious  vows  on 
the  capitol,  received  a  body-guard  of  12  lictors,  and  left  the  city,  in  which 
he  could  not  remain,  and  which  he  could  not  enter  again  without  resigning 
his  imperium,  unless  by  special  permission.  After  a  victory  he  was  hailed 
imperator  by  his  soldiers,  ii,  26,  10;  iii,  31,31;  71,  14.  The  senate  de¬ 
cided  how  many  legions  a  general  might  have,  as  well  as  upon  treaties  of 
peace  or  declarations  of  war  (see  App.  II,  5,  c).  Of  course  in  the  Civil  War, 
as  well  as  in  Gaul  to  some  extent,  Caesar  acted  independently. 

7.  Legati.  These  were  the  higher  ‘  ‘  stall-officers  ”  of  the  general,  nom- 


284 


APPENDIX  III. 


inaliy  appointed  by  the  senate.  The  usual  number  was  3,  but  Caesar  had 
10  in  Giaul,  and  assigned  a  legion  to  each.  They  were  of  senatorial  rank, 
and  completely  subject  to  the  general’s  orders,  so  that  they  would  not  un¬ 
dertake  anything  on  their  own  responsibility;  ii,  17,  4-5;  iii,  51,  25-33. 
If  they  succeeded  or  failed,  their  general  alone  received  the  credit  or  blame. 
They  commanded  divisions  of  the  army  in  battle,  and  often  received  for 
longer  or  shorter  periods  independent  commands  ;  iii,  34. 

8.  Quaestor  (cf.  App.  II, 8).  This  ofiicer,  coiTesponding to  our  “quarter¬ 
master,  ”  accompanied  a  proconsul  or  propraetor  into  his  province  to  man¬ 
age  his  finances,  and,  in  war,  took  charge  of  the  military  supplies,  payment 
of  the  soldiers,  sale  of  booty  and  prisoners,  etc.  He  could  be  used  also  in 
the  quality  of  legatus. 

9.  Tribuni  militum.  There  were  six  in  each  legion,  mostly  young  men 
of  the  equestrian  order,  chosen  by  Caesar  from  the  cohors  praetoria  (13) 
after  one  or  two  years’  service,  more  on  account  of  family  connections  and 
personal  friendship  than  military  capacity.  They  are  seldom  mentioned, 
and  only  as  leaders  of  small  detachments,  or  as  assisting  in  general  military 
duties.  Cf.  ii,  20,  30. 

10.  Praefecti.  These,  like  the  tribuni  militum,  were  of  the  equestrian 
order,  appointed  by  Caesar,  and  having  various  subordinate  commands  over 
the  auxilia  (4)  and  the  cavalry  (5) ;  i,  21,4;  ii,  42,2;  iii,  37,4;  60,  13. 
Sometimes  the  title  of  praefectus  was  given  to  Romans  in  the  civil  service 
of  a  province,  to  increase  their  authority  ;  iii,  32,  20. 

11.  Centuriones.  Order  of  rank  and  promotion.  The  officers  described 
in  8-11,  were  all  of  senatorial  or  equestrian  rank,  and  had  never  served  as 
private  soldiers.  They  correspond  to  our  “  commissioned  officers.”  The 
centurions,  on  the  other  hand,  who  were  of  far  more  authority  and  impor¬ 
tance  than  the  lowest  of  our  “non-commissioned  officers,”  were  promoted 
from  the  ranks  to  their  positions,  for  efiective  service.  They  almost  never 
rose  any  higher.  The  sixty  centurions  of  a  legion  (2)  then,  were  appointed 
and  advanced  by  Caesar  through  all  the  successive  grades,  for  their  rank 
varied  according  as  they  commanded  maniples  of  hastati,  principes  or 
triarii  (2,  b)  in  each  of  the  10  cohorts,  and  the  first  or  second  century  of 
the  maniple — princeps  prior,  posterior ;  hastatus  prior,  posterior.  These 
titles  and  rankings  remained  after  the  names  hastati,  principes  and  triarii 
had  lost  their  original  meaning  (2,  b)  and  virtually  gone  out  of  use. 

a.  There  were  thus  6  centurionships  in  the  10th  or  lowest  cohort,  through 
which  a  centurion  must  regularly  pass  before  being  promoted  to  the  lowest 
centurionship  of  the  9th  or  next  highest  cohort.  The  centurions  of  the 
lOth  cohort  were  called,  in  order  of  rank,  decimus  hastatus  posterior, 
dec.  hast,  prior;  decimus  princeps  posterior,  dec.  princ.  prior;  decimus 
pilus  (see  b)  posterior,  and  dec.  pilus  prior.  In  the  9th  cohort  the  names 


APPENDIX  III. 


385 


would  be  the  same  after  substituting  nonus  for  decimus,  in  the  8th  oc¬ 
tavus,  and  so  on  up  to  the  first  cohort  (primus  hastatus  posterior,  etc., 
etc.). 

The  centurionships  in  the  lowest  cohort  (perhaps  those  in  the  three  rear 
cohorts  in  the  order  of  battle,  see  2,  d),  Caesar  calls  infimi  ordines,  using 
the  word  ordo  not  only  for  the  century  (2,  a)  but  also  for  the  office  of  cen¬ 
turion,  and  even  for  the  centurion  himself  ;  i,  3,  17;  ii,  35, 10.  So  the  six 
centurionships  of  the  first  cohort  (possibly  those  of  the  four  front  cohorts  in 
the  order  of  battle)  are  primi  ordines,  priores  ordines,  and  those  between 
these  and  the  infimi  ordines  are  inferiores  ordines ;  i,  46,  12. 

b.  The  triarii  (2,  b)  used  to  be  called  pilani,  from  the  weapon  (pilum) 
which  they  alone  wielded,  and  a  century  or  ordo  of  them  was  and  continued 
to  be  called  pilus,  a  name  which,  like  ordo  (see  a,  above)  was  given  to  the 
centurion  himself.  Hence  decimus  pilus  prior  =  centurio  prioris  ordinis 
primi  manipuli  (triariorum)  decimae  cohortis.  So  primus  pilus  prior 
(abbreviated  to  primus  pilus  and  primipilus)  =  centurio  prioris  ordinis 
primi  manipuli  (triariorum)  primae  cohortis.  This  was  the  highest  cen- 
turionship  in  the  legion,  a  post  of  great  responsibility,  honor,  and  rewards. 

c.  Caesar  loses  a  centurion  (i,  46, 11)  ex  primo  hastato,  i. e.  ex  manipulo 
hastatorum  cohortis  primae,  the  fifth  or  sixth  (according  as  he  was  has-  ' 
tatus  prior  or  posterior)  centurionship  in  the  legion,  to  which  he  had  been 
promoted  for  “rare  valor.”  Caesar  promotes  a  centurion  (iii,  53,  27)  for 
the  greatest  bravery  ab  octavis  ordinibus  (i. e.  from  an  ordo  in  the  8th 
cohort)  ad  primipilum  (i.e.  to  the  very  first  ordo  of  the  whole  legion).  A 
first  cohort  loses  (iii,  64,  18)  all  its  centurions  except  the  princeps  prior, 

i  e.  the  centurion  of  the  first  ordo  of  the  principes,  the  third  in  rank  in  the 
whole  legion. 

12.  Evocati.  These  were  soldiers  who  had  served  out  their  time,  and  so 
were  legally  exempt  from  further  military  duty,  but  who  had  been  specially 
invited  (nominatim  evocati)  by  a  general  to  re-enter  his  service,  and  en¬ 
couraged  to  do  so  by  rewards,  exemption  from  the  more  menial  duties  of 
the  common  soldier,  increased  wages,  and  the  prospect  of  centurionships ; 
i,  3, 16-17.  They  ranked  with  the  lower  centurions,  probably  received  as 
much  pay,  and  are  often  mentioned  with  them  as  of  special  importance  ; 
i,  3,  20;  17, 11 ;  iii,  53,  16.  At  the  battle  of  Pharsalus,  whatever  may  have 
been  his  practice  before  this,  Caesar’s  evocati  formed  a  body  of  picked 
troops,  detached  for  special  service,  and  stationed  at  the  right  of  the  first 
cohort  of  the  10th  legion,  at  the  post  of  honor;  iii,  91. 

a.  Large  bodies  of  troops  remaining  in  the  service  after  their  term  had 
expired  were  called  veterani,  not  evocati,  as  were  ako  experienced  sol¬ 
diers  even  if  their  time  of  service  had  not  expired,  in  distinction  from 
tirones,  raw  recruits;  iii,  28. 


286 


APPENDIX  III. 


13.  Cohors  praetoria.  This  was  the  general’s  body-guard,  composed  of 
picked  troops,  both  cavalry  and  evocati.  The  term  is  sometimes  made  to 
include  those  Eoman  youth  of  noble  birth  who  accompanied  a  general  to 
learn  the  art  of  war  under  his  command,  and  who  were  his  intimate  asso¬ 
ciates  (contubernales,  20).  They  correspond  to  our  lower  '‘staff-officers  ” 
or  “adjutants.”  From  their  number  came  usually  tribuni  militum,  and 
praefecti  equitum. 

14.  Fabri.  A  corps  of  engineers,  smiths,  carpenters,  “sappers  and 
miners,”  under  a  praefectus  fabrum  (i,  24,  25),  chief  of  engineers.  They 
built  bridges,  winter  barracks,  siege-engines  and  works,  and  repaired  and 
manufactured  weapons  and  armor.  They  were  not  incorporated  into  the 
legions. 

15.  Musical  Instruments  and  Signals. 

Signals  for  falling  into  line,  attacking  or  retreating,  were  blown  by  the 
tubicines  on  the  trumpet  (tuba).  Signals  for  the  four  military  watches  of 
the  night  (vigiliae)  were  blown  by  bucinatores  on  the  buema,  a  curved 
trumpet  or  “bugle;”  ii,  35,  31.  Signals  for  the  cavalry  were  given  by  the 
liticines  upon  the  shrill-sounding  lituus,  a  tuba  curved  at  the  larger  end. 
The  chief  signals  were  blown  in  front  of  the  general’s  tent  (classicum 
'  canere).  Poinpey  divides  the  honor  with  his  father-in-law,  iii,  82,  34-36. 
To  terrify  the  enemy  or  incite  the  soldiers  all  the  instruments  sounded 
together,  iii,  92,  32-34,  i.e.  signals  sounded  all  along  the  lines. 

16.  Impedimenta.  The  heavy  army  baggage,  tents,  the  heavier  camp 
implements,  siege-machines,  artillery,  etc. ,  etc. ,  were  transported  by  pack- 
animals,  about  50  to  the  cohort,  each  tended  by  a  “driver”  (calo),  who  also 
did  the  more  menial  duties  of  the  camp.  When  the  army  set  out,  the  first 
si^al  was  for  striking  the  tents  and  packing  into  bundles  (sarcinae,  3,  c) 
the  personal  baggage  ( vasa  conclamare,  =  conclamare  ut  vasa  colli¬ 
gantur,  i,  66,  30 ;  iii,  37,  34-35).  At  the  second  signal  the  heavy  baggage 
was  put  upon  the  pack-animals,  and  at  the  third  the  soldiers  fell  into  line 
and  began  the  march.  It  was  a  disgrace  to  a  general  to  leave  his  camp 
without  these  regular  signals  ;  iii,  75,  9-10;  37,  34-35.  A  body  of  soldiers 
taken  collectively  was  said  to  be  expeditus  when  unaccompanied  and  un¬ 
hampered  by  a  baggage-train  (cf.  3,  c,  end).  An  iter  expeditum  is  a  march 
over  good  roads,  without  obstacles,  unhindered  by  the  enemy. 

17.  Signa  :  standards,  colors. 

a.  Signum  legionis.  This  was  an  eagle  perched  with  outstretched  wings 
upon  a  pole,  and  often  holding  in  the  claws  gold  or  silver  thunderbolts 
(arrows).  The  bearer,  aquilifer,  was  selected  from  all  the  soldiers  of  the 
legion  for  size,  strength  and  courage  ;  iii,  64, 11-19;  99,7.  The  primipilus 
(12,  b)  had  special  charge  of  the  eagle.  Legions  were  often  counted  by, 
and  named  from  their  aquilae. 


APPENDIX  III. 


287 


b.  It  is  certain  that  each  cohort  had  its  signum,  and  probable  that  each 
maniple  did  also.  The  signum  of  each  first  maniple  would  then  serve 
for  the  whole  cohort,  and  that  of  each  first  cohort  for  the  whole  legion. 
These  signa  were  of  different  devices,  often  representations  of  animals, 
often  streamers  or  banners,  carried  aloft  on  poles  like  the  aquilae.  The 
bearer  of  one  was  called  signifer;  iii,  74,  27.  The  signa  were  sacred,  and 
their  loss  a  great  disgrace,  punishable  with  death  if  the  result  of  cow¬ 
ardice  or  neglect. 

Cohorts  are  called  signa,  as  legions  aquilae  ;  ii,  39, 12.  A  special  place 
in  camp  was  set  apart  for  the  eagles  of  the  legions,  and  held  sacred.  In 
peace  they  were  kept  by  the  quaestors  in  the  aerarium.  So  the  colors  of 
regiments  in  our  Civil  War  are  religiously  preserved, 

c.  Vexillum.  A  small  banner  or  streamer,  of  different  color  according 
to  the  division  of  the  army,  carried  aloft  as  a  standard  by  cavalry,  and,  pro¬ 
bably,  by  the  auxilia  (4  and  5). 

A  red  vexillum  was  waved  at  the  battle  of  Pharsalus  as  a  signal  for  the 
general  attack,  and  also  for  the  charge  of  a  reserve  body  of  troops  ;  iii,  89, 
34;  93,  35  and  15, 

18.  Antesignani  :  sTcirmishers.  With  Caesar,  a  special  corps  of  picked 
soldiers  in  each  legion,  who  left  the  ranks  for  special  and  important  ser¬ 
vices,  such  as  seizing  suddenly  an  important  point,  i,  43,  26-27,  supporting 
the  cavalry,  iii,  75,  20;  84,  7-14,  manning  ships,  i,  57,  36.  This  corps  was 
probably  devised  by  Caesar. 

19.  Castra.  A  Roman  army  never  spent  the  night  outside  of  a  camp 
more  or  less  completely  fortified.  Even  after  exhausting  marches  the  sol¬ 
diers  intrenched  themselves.  Ordinarily  a  detachment  was  sent  forward 
to  select  a  favorable  spot  on  some  slope  within  easy  reach  of  wood,  water 
and  fodder.  The  form  of  the  camp  was  oblong,  the  length  to  the  width  as 
3  to  2.  Two  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right  angles  were  laid  out.  The 
longest,  the  via  praetoria,  ended  on  the  side  toward  the  enemy  in  the  porta 
praetoria,  on  the  other  side  in  the  porta  decumana.  The  shortest  street, 
the  via  principalis,  ended  in  the  porta  principalis  dextra  and  sinistra. 
The  camp  varied  of  course  in  size  with  that  of  the  army.  It  was  surrounded 
by  a  moat  (fossa)  and  rampart  (agger,  vallum),  the  latter  two-thirds  as 
high  as  the  former  was  wide  (iii,  63, 14-15).  The  rampart  was  often  topped 
with  palis*ades  (valli).  Inside  the  wall  a  broad  space  was  left  all  around, 
then  the  tents  (tentoria,  pelles)  were  set  in  such  a  manner  that  the  legionary 
cohorts  encircled  the  cavalrjq  the  general  and  his  staff,  and  the  auxilia. 
Ten  men  (contubernales)  occupied  one  tent  together,  forming  a  contu¬ 
bernium.  This  tent  is  itself  called  contubernium;  iii,  76,  35.  The  gen¬ 
eral’s  tent,  and  sometimes  the  open  space  about  it,  was  called  praetorium ; 
i,  76,  7  and  13.  Pompey  has  a  second  praetorium  stretched  for  his  father- 


288 


APPENDIX  111. 


in-law,  Scipio,  iii,  82,  86.  A  camp  which  was  occupied  longer  than  one 
night  was  called  castra  stativa,  iii,  30, 15,  and  received  extra  fortifications, 
either  of  walls  or  redoubts  (castella).  In  the  castra  hiberna,  huts  (hiber¬ 
nacula  )  were  built. 


Flaxi 

OF 

CAESAR’S  CAMP. 

porta  praetoria 


a  a  legionary  ?oldiers. 
b  b  part  of  the  cavalry  and  the  archers, 
c  c  Legati  and  Tribuni  militum, 
d  praetorium,  commander’s  tent  and  large  open  place, 
e  e  part  of  the  cavalry,  and  picked  troops, 
f  f  lower  staff-officers, 
g  quaestorium . 
b  h  auxilia- 


389 


APPENDIX  IV. 


IMPORTANT  VARIATIONS  FROM  THE  TEXT  OP  NIPPERDEY. 

Note. — No  notice  is  here  taken  (1)  of  Nipperdey’s  own  emendations  in  his  notes  of  words 
or  passages  marked  in  his  text  as  corrupt ;  (2)  of  words  or  passages  marked  as  corrupt, 
or  bracketed  as  glosses  in  Nipperdey’s  text,  but  regarded  as  correct  and  retained  by 
the  great  majority  of  more  recent  editors  ;  (3)  of  words  or  passages  printed  in  italics 
in  Nipperdey’s  text  as  supplied  without  MSS.  authority,  when  the  great  majority  of 
editors  agree  to  such  insertious  ;  (4)  of  the  omission  of  such  italicized  words  or  pas¬ 
sages  in  Nipperdey’s  text  when  the  great  majority  of  editors  agree  in  such  an  omis¬ 
sion  ;  (5)  of  orthographical  variations,  or  variations  in  punctuation  not  materially 
affecting  the  sense.  In  referring  to  the  editors  consulted  for  this  edition,  the  follow¬ 
ing  abbreviations  are  used  :  Do.  =  Doberenz,  Dr.  =  Dinter,  Dii.  —  Diibner,  H.  =  Hof¬ 
mann,  K.  =  Kraner,  N.  =  Nipperdey.  The  citations  are  by  book,  chapter,  and  line 
of  the  page  in  this  edition. 


Book  i,  1,  1,  a  Gaio  Caesare,  with  Dr.  and  H.  for  \a  Fabio  C.'\  Caesaris. 

“  “  1,  5,  infinite,  for  [in  civitate'],  an  early  correction,  adopted 

by  H. 

“  “  6, 16,  duodecimo,  for  VIII,  with  Dii.,  thus  agreeing  in  sense  with 

Mommsen’s  conjecture  toto  denique  emenso  spatio,  which 
is  adopted  by  Do.  and  H. 

“  “  5,  20,  salutis  .  .  .  numquam,  omitting  as  a  gloss  with  Dr.  ^(latorum 

audacia. 

“  “  6,34,  legiones  .  .  .  x,  with  MSS.  and  Dr.  Dh.  H.,  for  .  .  .  IX. 

“  6, 11,  quod  .  .  .  acciderat,  retained  with  Dr.  Dii. ;  N.  in  brackets. 

“  “  6, 14,  quod  .  .  .  numquam,  retained  with  Do.  Dr.  Dii.,  though  Dr. 

and  Dii.  have  clam  ex  urbe  proficiscitur,  and  Do.  joins 
with  the  preceding  sentence,  where  he  omits  quod .  .  . 
acciderat ;  H.  and  N.  in  brackets. 

“  “  7.26,  quae  .  .  .  restituta,  for  the  [quae  superioribus  annis  armis 

esset  restituta]  of  Do.  Du.  H.  N.  This  text  follows  Dr., 
who  regards  the  armis  as  a  dittograph. 

“  7, 29,  bona  .  .  .  habuerint,  with  Do.  Dr.  Dii.  H.  for  [dona  .  .  . 

habuerint]. 


19 


290 


APPENDIX  lY. 


Book  i,  14,  1,  productos,  for  deductos,  with  Do,  Dr,  Dli.  H,  and  good  MSS, 

“  “  23,34,  Caecilius,  with  MSS,  and  editors,  for  YihuUius,  who  'S'ms 

not  a  senator. 

‘‘  “  30, 20,  legionibus  ii,  for  .  .  .  IIII,  with  all  the  editors. 

“  “  34, 18,  in  Hispaniam,  supplied  from  38, 1,  with  Do,  Dr.  H. 

“35,  5,  discernere,  for  decernere,  with  MSS.  and  editors. 

“  “39,  this  chapter  has  been  restored  after  Hofmann’s  text  and 

suggestions. 

“  “  44,  1,  barbaro,  inserted  with  K. 

“  “  44,  '’B,  censuerant,  with  MSS.  and  editors,  for  consuerant. 

“  “  46,  7,  summa  in  jugum  virtute,  for  in  summum  jugum  virtute, 

with  Porchhammer  followed  by  Do.  H.  K. 

“  “  53,30,  rumor  affingebat,  for  rumore  affingebatur,  with  MSS.  Do. 
Dr.  Dii.  H. 

“  “  57,10,  Domitii,  for  indomiti,  with  Da.  followed  by  H.  and  Mo- 
berley. 

“  “  58, 13,  non  excipiebant,  for  decipiebant,  with  Do.  Dii.  H.  K. 

“  “  61,  1,  aberat  xxx,  for  .  .  .  XX,  with  Goler  followed  by  Dr.  H. 

“  “  64,  27,  interrumpi,  for  irrumpi,  with  MSS.  Do.  Dr,  Dii.  H. 

“  76, 13,  producat,  for  producatur,  with  MSS.  and  Dii. 

“  “  80,  30,  relictis  impedimentis,  for  relictis  legionibus  .  .  .  praesidio 

impedimentis,  with  H.,  Dii.  approving. 

“  “  81, 15,  suppliciis  male  haberi,  for  supplicis  malis  habere,  with 

Vielhaber  followed  by  Do.  Dr.  H.,  supported  by  one 
good  MS. 

“  “  82,23,  reliquae  munitionis,  for  rei,  with  Porchhammer  and  K., 

followed  by  Do.  Dr.  Du.  H. 

Book  ii,  3, 10,  navem,  supplied  with  K.,  followed  by  Do.  Dr.  (notes,  not 

text)  H. 

“  “  5,  5,  uxoribus  .  .  .  aut  in,  for  a  corrupt  passage  uxoribus  fea; 

publicis  custodiis  quae  muro,  with  Dii. 

“  “  10,36,  fastigate,  lor  fastigato,  with  K.  followed  by  all  the  editors, 

“  “  10,  1,  tecto,  supplied  with  K.  followed  by  Do.  Dr.  Dii. ;  H.  sug¬ 

gested  musculo. 

“  “  16, 24,  telis,  for  vi  (MSS.  efs),  with  Porchhammer  followed  by  Dii. 

H.  K. 

“  “  25,  4,  traduxisset,  lor  vela  direxisset,  with  Dr.  Dii.  and  good  MSS. 

“  29,19-29,  this  corrupt  passage  is  given  after  Dii.,  without,  how¬ 
ever,  supplying  his  conjectures  for  the  lacunae. 

“  “  31,  20,  dissimulari,  for  dissimulare,  with  Do.  Dr.  H.  K. 

“  “  35,  28,  mille,  supplied  with  Do.  Dr,  Dii.  H. 

“  39,  22,  equitesque,  for  equique,  with  MSS.  Do.  H. 


ii 


APPENDIX  IV. 


291 


Book  iii,  6, 28,  legiones  vii,  for  .  .  .  VI,  with  MSS.  and  editors,  exc.  Do. 

“  “  6,32,  Palaeste,  for  \ Pharsalia,  with  all  the  editors. 

“  8,17,  Sasonis  ad  Ourici,  for  Salonis  ad  Oricum,  with  Momm¬ 

sen,  followed  by  Do.  Dr.  H.  K. 

“  “  10,  32,  Curictam,  for  Corcyram,  with  Mommsen,  followed  by  all 

the  editors. 

“  “  10,  8,  contentum,  dropping  as  a  gloss  a  following  sentence,  Haee 

quo  facilius  Pompeio  probari  possent,  omnes  suas  ter¬ 
restres  \urbiumque  copias  dimissurum,  which  is  brack¬ 
eted  by  Dr.  Dii.  H. 

“  “  12,  30,  arcem,  for  arce,  with  good  MSS.  and  all  the  editors. 

“  “  13,  3,  gestae,  for  gesta,  with  good  MSS.  and  all  the  editors. 

“  “  15,15,  sibi,  for  eis,  with  good  MSS.  and  all  the  editors. 

“  “  16,  31,  Summam,  for  Pompeii,  with  all  the  editors. 

“  “  20,  5,  Ooelius  et,  for  Coelius.  Sed,  with  good  MSS.  Do.  H.  K. 

“  “  21,  25,  missa  .  .  .  appararet,  with  II.,  followed  by  Dii. 

“  “  25, 10,  exspectabant,  for  non  spectabat,  with  good  MSS.  Do. 

Dii.  H. 

“  “  25, 13,  si,  for  si  vel,  where  the  MSS.  have  sive,  and  H.  supplies 

the  alternative  sive  ad  Labeatium,  followed  by  Dr.  Dii. 

“  “  36,  32,  antecedit,  for  excedit,  with  good  MSS.  and  all  the  editors. 

Dr.,  however,  reading  rei. 

“  36, 36,  adesse,  for  abisse,  with  good  MSS.  and  all  the  editors. 

“  38, 20,  quarum  .  .  .  receperunt,  supplied  by  Freudenberg,  fol¬ 

lowed  by  Do.  Dr.  (essentially)  Dii.  II. 

“  “  40, 10,  scutulis,  for  suculis,  with  MSS.  and  editors. 

“  “  40,10,  portum,  for  partem,  with  Forchhammer,  followed  by  Do. 

Dii.  n. 

“  40, 15,  prohibebat,  for  prohibeat,  with  MSS.  and  editors. 

“  “  41,  25,  tertio  die  ad  Pompeium,  omitting  in  Macedoniam, all 

the  editors. 

“  “  44,15,  addebant,  for  \videbant,  with  Weber,  followed  by  Do.  II. 

“  “  45,10,  legiones  and  plur.  verbs,  for  legio  and  sing,  verbs,  with 

MSS.  and  all  the  editors  (Do.  in  notes). 

“  46,17,  confectis,  for  with  Markland,  followed  by  Do.  H. 

“  “  46,  28,  disjectae,  for  directae,  with  H.  followed  by  all  the  editors. 

“  “  49,  9,  cujus  .  .  .  succedere,  for  quibas  .  .  .  \cubtercre,  with  II. 

followed  by  Do.  Dii.  (retaining,  however,  quibus). 

“  “  51,  4,  tormentumve,  for  tormento,  vnth  good  MSS.  and  all  editors 

exc.  Dr. 

‘‘  53,3),  veste,  congiariis,  for  \vespeciariis  {\h.c  unintelligible  read¬ 
ing  of  the  MSS.),  with  H.  followed  by  Dii. 


292 


APPENDIX  IV. 


Book  iii,  55,  this  chapter  comes  after  56  in  the  MSS.,  but  has  been 

transposed,  with  Dr.,  all  the  other  editors  noticing  the 
apparent  displacement  in  the  MSS. 

“  63,  27,  duae,  for  nostrae,  with  Do.  Dr.  Dii. 

“  ‘‘  65,29,  secundum  mare,  here  instead  of  after  castra,  1.  32,  with 

Dr.  Dii.  H. 

“  “  67, 14,  signa  .  .  .  illata  .  .  .  renuntiarunt,  for  signo  .  .  .  illato  .  .  . 

rem  nuntiarunt,  with  Dii. ;  renuntiarunt  also  Dr.  Do.H. 

“  ‘‘  69,  29,  demissis  signis  .  .  .  confugerent,  for  [dimissis  equis'\  .  .  . 

conjungerent,  with  Oehler,  followed  by  Do.  Dii.  (but 
conjicerent)  H. 

“  “  71,  7,  et  notos  equites  Romanos,  etc.,  for  et  equites .  .  .  ,  Tuti 

canum  Gallum,  senatoris  jilium,  notos  eq.  Rom.,  etc., 
with  H.,  omitting,  however,  a  Fleginatem  before  Tuti- 
canum. 

“  “  71, 15,  passus  est,  sed  .  .  .  numquam,  for  passus  neque  . .  .  quas, 

with  H.  following  Madvig. 

“  “  73,  24,  fore  ut .  .  .  verteret,  for  the  simple  verteret,  with  Dii. 

“  “  79,  26,  objectum,  for  oppidum  oppositum,  with  Dr.  Dii. 

“  “  81, 26,  plenis  frumentorum,  supplied  with  Kergel,  followed  by 

Dii.  H. 

••  89,  22,  Cohortes  .  .  .  Ixxx,  for  .  .  .  LXXV,  with  MSS.  and  all 
the  editors  exc.  Do. 

**  “112,  9,  In  hoc,  for  Haec,  with  Do.  Dr.  H. 


✓ 


VOCABULARY. 


Note. — This  vocabulary  is,  iu  the  main,  a  condensation  of  Eichert’s  dictionary  to  the 
writings  of  Caesar  and  his  continuators.  Proper  names  of  biography  or  geography 
are  not  given  when  sufficiently  explained  in  the  notes  and  App.  I.  Words 
marked  with  an  *  occur  only  once  in  the  Bellum  Civile.  Only  vowels  long  by 
nature  are  marked,  and  not  even  these  always  when  long  by  position  also,  or 
final.  All  abbreviations  used  are  thought  to  explain  themselves. 


A. 

A,  ab,  (abs) :  prep,  with  abl.,  from  ; 
on  (see  on  p.  22,  3)  ;  off  (see  on  p. 
40,  18). 

ab-dico* :  (1),  reg.,  renounce;  se 
.  .  .  dictatura,  resign.  [hide. 

ab-do  :  (3),  -didi,  -ditum,  put  away  ; 
ab-duco  ;  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  lead  away  ; 

carry  offy  remove.  [ish . 

ab-eo  :  (4),  -ii,  -itum,  go  away  ;  van- 
ab-horreo :  (2),  -ui,  shrmk  from; 
a,  ab)  he  averse  to. 

abjicio  (abicio)  :  (3),  -jSci,  -jectum, 

throwaway;  hurl,  [jacio.] 
abripio  :  (3),  -pui,  -eptum,  snatch 
away,  [rapio.j 

abscido  :  (3),  -eidi,  -cTsum,  cut  off ; 

separate,  [abs,  caedo.] 
absens  :  see  on  p.  15,  34. 
abs-traho  :  (3),  -xi,  -  ctum,  drag 
away  ;  separate. 

ab-sum  :  abesse,  afui  (abfui),  he 
away  ;  he  distant,  far  off ;  he  lack¬ 
ing. 

ab-undo  :  (1),  reg.,  {flow off), abound. 
ac,  atque  :  and  {too) ;  and  {so) ;  as  (see 
on  pp.  22,  29  ;  58,  9). 
accedo:  (3),  -  cessi,  -cessum,  ap¬ 
proach;  ad  amicitiam  Caesaris, 
join  C.'s  side;  he  added,  [ad, 
cedo.] 


accelero  :  (1),  reg.,  hasten.  [ad, 
celero.] 

accido  :  (3),  -eidi,  fall  {to) ;  happen, 
turn  out.  [ad,  cado.] 
accipio  :  (3),  -cepi,  -ceptum,  take  {to) ; 
receive  ;  accept ;  sustain ;  hear. 
[ad,  capio.J 

''acer:  -cris,  -ere,  sharp;  vigorous. 
acerbe  :  adv.,  sharply,  bitterly,  se- 
^  verely.  [verity. 

acerbitas :  -atis,  f . ,  sharpness,  se- 
acerrime  :  super!,  of  acriter, 
[acervus]  :  -i.,  m.,  heap ;  see  on  p. 
34,  6. 

acies  :  -ei,  f.,  {edge),  line  of  battle; 

battle  array  ;  battle. 
acriter  :  adv. ,  sharply,  impetuously. 
actio*  :  -onis,  1,  {official)  act. 
actuarius  :  -a,  -um,  {easy  to  move), 
light,  swift,  [ago.] 
ad:  prep,  with  acc.  I.  Of  Space:  to, 
towards,  against,  at,  near,  among. 
II.  Of  Time:  towards,  up  to,  on,  at, 
till.  III.  In  Numerical  Relations  : 
towards,  about,  up  to,  down  to.  IV. 
Of  Purpose  and  Reference  :  to, 
for,  with  reference  to,  in  consid¬ 
eration  of,  according  to. 
ad-aequo*  :  (1),  reg.,  make  equal  to. 
ad-aquor*  :  (1),  dep.,  get  water. 
ad-augeo*  :  (2),  -xi,  -ctum,  see  on  p. 
101,  16. 


293 


294 


VOCABULARY. 


ad-dico*  :  (8),  -xi,  -ctum,  award  to  ; 

see  on  p.  59,  35.  \add. 

ad-do  :  (3),  -didi,  -ditiim,  {jpui  to), 

ad-dnco  :  (3  ),  -xi,  -ctum,  lead  to ; 

hring  {on,  to,  up,  against);  influ¬ 
ence,  induce. 

ad-eo:  (4),  -ii,  -itum,  go  to,  ap- 
proach  ;  resort  to.  [;inuch. 

adeo  :  ad v. ,  to  that  {degree) ;  so,  so 
ad-haeresco :  (3),  -haesi,  -haesum, 
stick  {to). 

adhibeo:  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  hold  to  ;  ap¬ 
ply,  use,  employ  ;  invite  to  accom¬ 
pany  or  help,  [habeo.] 
ad-hortor  :  (1),  dep.,  urge  {to);  en¬ 
courage,  exhort. 
adhiic  :  adv. ,  thus  far,  as  yet. 
adigo  :  (3),  -6gi,  -actum,  {drive  to) ; 

send,  drive,  force,  [ago.] 
adimo  :  (3),  -emi,  -emptum,  take  {to 
one’s  self,  i.  e.)  away,  [emo.] 
aditus  :  -us,  m.,  approach,  access, 
entrance  ;  means,  [adeo.] 
ad-jaceo  :  (2),  -ui,  lie  near,  border. 
adjicio  (adicio)  :  (3),  -j5ci,  -jectum, 
throw  {to),  cast  {upon) ;  add. 
ad-jungo  :  (3),  -nxi,  -nctum,  join  to  ; 
add,  win  over  to. 

adjutor  :-5ris,  m.,  helper,  supporter  ; 
from 

ad-juvo  :  (1),  -juvi,  -jutum,  help,  sup¬ 
port;  he  of  use.  [ment ;  use. 

(administratio:  -onis,  f.,  manage- 
•<  ad-ministro :  (1),  reg,,  manage, 
(  conduct,  take  charge  {of). 
ad-miror  :  (1),  dep.,  wonder  {at,  acc. ; 

that,  acc.  &  inf.).  \c^dd. 

ad-misceo  :  (2),  -scni,  -xtum,  mix  in  ; 
ad-mitto :  (3),  -misi,  missum,  {send)  let 
to  ;  let  go  ;  let  come  {ad^nit) ;  suffer 
to  happen,  allow.  [^suggest. 

iad-moneo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  ivarn, 
admonitus*  :  -us,  m.,  suggestion  ; 
used  only  in  abl 

ad-moveo  :  (2\  -movi,  -motum,  move 
{forward)  to;  apply. 
ad-no*  :  (1),  reg.,  swim  to. 
adolescens  :  -tis,  young ;  a  young 
man  (anywhere  from  about  15  to 
about  30  years  old)  ;  hence 
adolescentia*  :  -ae,  f.,  youth. 
ad-orior  :  (4),  dep.,  (me  against), 
attack. 


ad-orno*  :  (1),  reg.,  {prepare  for), 
equip. 

ad-sto*  :  (1),  -stiti,  stand  near. 
ad-sum  (assum) :  adesse,  adfui,  (af¬ 
fui),  he  present ;  come  up  ;  occur. 
adulatio*  :  -onis,  f.,  flattery. 
ad-veho*  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  bring  {to)~ 
''ad-venio*  :  (4),  -vEni,  -ventum, 

come  to,  arrive. 

advento*  :  (1),  reg.,  see  on  p.  17, 
1  28. 


adventus  :  -us,  m.,  approach,  ar¬ 
rival. 

adversarius  :  -a,  -um,  {turned  to- 
icard);  unfavorable  to  ;  as  subst. 
masc.,  enemy  ;  from 
adversus :  -a,  -um,  {turned  toward), 
j  opposite ;  in  front ;  {over) 

'  against ;  contrary,  unfavorable. 

[ad,  verto.] 

adversus :  prep,  with  acc.,  against. 
ad-verto  :  (3),  -ti,  -sum,  turn  to-^ 
ward. 

ad-voco  :  (1),  reg.,  call  to,  summon. 
ad-volo  :  (1),  reg.,  {fly  to);  hurry 
{to). 

aedifico  :  (1),  reg.,  build,  [aedes, 
facio.] 

aedilitas  :  -^tis,  f.,  aedileship ; 
App.  II,  9. 

aeger  :  -gra,  -grum,  sick,  weak; 

subst.  masc.,  a  sick  man. 
aegre  :  adv.,  ^cith  difficulty  or  effort. 
Aegyptus  :  -i,  f ,  Aegypt. 
aeque  :  adv.,  equally,  just  as. 
[aequus.] 

aequitas:  -atis,  f.,  {equality);  jus¬ 
tice,  fairness. 

aequo  :  (1),  reg.,  {make  equal), 

{ynake)  level. 

aequus  :  -a,  -um,  even,  level ;  favor¬ 
able  ;  equal;  drawn  (h?vti\d)',  just, 
fair  ;  well  balanced,  calm. 
'aerarium  :  -i,  n.,  see  on  p.  17,  25. 
aeratus*  :  -a,  -um,  see  on  p.  52,  6  ; 
from 

aes  :  aeris,  n.,  bronze  ;  money  ; 
hence 

aestimatio  :  -onis,  f.,  valuation,  ap¬ 
praisement  ;  from 
aestimo  :  (1),  reg.,  value,  rate. 
aestus  :  -us,  m.,  heat.  \tiQ7i. 

aetas:  -atis,  f.,  age;  time,  genera- 


VOCABULARY. 


295 


Aetolia  :  -ae,  f.,  a  S.  W.  district  in 
upper  Greece ;  Aetoli,*  -ovwm^Aeto- 
Uans. 

aflfero  :  atlerre,  attuli,  allatum,  bring 
{to) ;  produce,  cause,  [ad,  fero.] 
afficio  :  (3),  -feci,  -fectum,  affect, 
treat,  visit  with  or  by  (aliquem 
aliqua  re),  [ad,  facio.] 
affingo*  :  (3),  -finxi,  -fictum,  invent 
in  addition,  add  falsely.  [ad, 
fingo.] 

affinitas  :  -iitis,  f.,  relationship  by 
marriage,  [affinis.  ] 
affligo  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  {strike 

against),  damage,  [ad,  fligo.] 
affore  :  =  affuturum  esse  (ad- 
sum). 

Africus  :  -a,  -um,  African ;  as 
masc.  proper  name,  south-west 
wind. 

ager  :  -gri,  m.,  field,  land  ;  the  coun¬ 
try  about  a  city  (plur.)  ;  territory. 
agger  :  -eris,  m.,  rubbish ;  mound, 
wall:  sieqe-mound  (see  on  p.  51, 
3  and  14). 

aggredior  :  (3),  dep.,  (-gressus),  {go 
to);  attack;  undertake,  begin. 

[ad,  gradior.] 

agmen  :  -inis,  n.,  army  (in  motion), 
column,  [ago.] 

agnosco  :  (3),  -novi,  -nitum,  distin¬ 
guish,  recognize,  [ad,  gnosco.] 
ago  :  (3),  egi,  actum.  A.  Put  in 
MOTION  :  (1)  drive  off,  carry  away  ; 
(2)  pursue ;  (3)  push  forward, 
move  up  (turres  vineasque),  B. 
Ply  anything :  (1)  express,  state 
(gratias) ;  cum  aliquo,  treat 
with;  (2)  do,  perform,  manage, 
transact,  hold;  (3)  intrans.,  act, 
proceed  {diO,  aliqua  re), 
alacer* :  -cris,  -ere,  lively,  eager ; 

hence  [ness. 

alacritas,  -atis,  f.,  liveliness,  eager - 
alarius  :  -a,  -um,  on  the  wing ;  aux¬ 
iliary  (App.  ni,  4). 
albeo*  :  -Bre,  be  white  {gray),  [al¬ 
bus.] 

Albici  :  -drum,  a  mountain  people 
near  Massilia. 

Alesia*  ;  -ae,  f.,  a  city  of  Gaul. 
Aliaemon  ;  -onis,  m.,  a  river  of 
Macedonia. 


"  alias :  adv. ,  at  another  time  /alias 
.  .  .  a  1  i  a  s,  07ie  time  ...  at 
another ;  now  .  .  .  now.  [alius.] 
J  alienatio*  :  -onis,  f.,  aversion,  de- 
1  sertion  (in  sympathy)  ;  from 
alienus :  -a,  -um,  of  another  (alius)  / 
strange,  fo7xign  ;  estranged,  dis¬ 
loyal. 

aliquamdiu*  :  adv.,  for  some  time. 
aliquandb*  :  adv ,  {after  some  time) ; 
at  last. 

aliqui  :  -qua,  -quod,  indef.  adj. 

pron .,  some,  any  (considerable), 
aliquis  :  -quid,  indef.  subst.  pron., 
some  07ie,  any  one;  some  thing, 
any  thing  ;  once  like  aliqui,  er¬ 
ror  aliquis.  [eral. 

aliquot*  :  indef.  indecl.  num.,  sev- 
alius  :  -a,  -ud,  another ;  alii  .  .  . 

alii,  some  .  .  .  others. 
allido*:  (3),  -llsi,  -lisum,  dash 
against,  [ad,  laedo.] 

Allobrox  :  -ogis,  see  on  p.  101,  21. 
alluo^  :  (3),  -ui,  wash  {against),  [ad, 
luo.]  [pass.,  live  {on,  abl.). 

alo  :  (3),  alui,  altum,  alitum,  feed ; 
alter  :  -era,  -erum,  the  other  (of 
two),  second ;  alter  .  .  .  alter, 
the  one  .  .  .  the  other ;  hence 
altercor*  :  (1),  dep.,  wraiigle. 
alter-uter*  :  -tra,  -trum,  either  (of 
two). 

altitudo  :  -inis,  f.,  {height),  depth ; 
from 

altus  :  -a,  -um,  {high) ;  as  neut. 

subst. ,  the  high  sea  ;  deep,  [alo.] 
Amantini*  :  -drum,  inhabitants  of 
Amantia.  [bribery,  [ambio.] 
ambitus*  :  -us,  m.,  {a  going  round) ; 
ambo  :  -ae,  -o,  both  {together). 
'amicissime  :  adv.,  very  kindly ; 

superb  of  amice.  [ance. 

4  amicitia:  -ae,  i.,  friendship ;  alli- 
amicus:  -a,  -um,  friendly  ;  as  masc. 
subst., 

a-mitto  :  (3),  -misi,  -missum,  {send 
off),  let  slip,  let  pass;  lose. 
amplector*  :  (3),  dep.,  -plexus,  en¬ 
close,  embrace. 

amplissime  :  adv.,  very  generously, 
superb  of  ample. 

amplius  :  adv.,  more;  further.  See 
on  p.  19,  6.  Compar,  of  ample. 


296 


VOCABULARY, 


amplus  ;  -a,  -um,  {large),  influential; 
see  on  p.  13,  9. 

an  :  or  (in  second  part  of  disjunctive 
questions)  ;  what  f  what  then  f 
(see  on  p.  66,  21). 

Anas*  :  -ae,  m.,  a  river  in  Spain,  the 
modern  Guadiana. 
anceps  :  adj.,  -cipitis,  twofold, 
double,  [an-,  =  ambi,  caput.] 
ancora  :  -ae,  1,  anchor ;  hence 
anc orarius*  :  -a,  -um,  pertaining  to 
an  anchor ;  funis  a.,  cable. 
angulus  ;  -i,  m.,  corner,  angle. 
Andros thenes*  :  -is,  p.  Ill,  33. 
anguste  :  adv.,  within  narrow  limits; 
narrowly;  a.  sexcentos,  barely 
600  ;  scantily,  sparingly. 
angustiae  :  -arum,  f.,  narrow  pass; 
narrowness,  narrow  limits  ;  scarci¬ 
ty  ;  straits,  difficulties;  from 
angustus  :  -a,  -um,  narrow  ;  scanty. 
animadversio*  :  -onis,  f.,  {unfavor¬ 
able  notice,  i.  e.)  punishment,  cen¬ 
sure ;  from 

animadverto  :  (3),  -ti,  -sum,  {—  ani¬ 
mum  adverto,  turn  the  mind 
toward),  observe,  notice ;  see  on 
p.  42,  5. 

animus  :  -i,  m.,  mind,  heart,  spirit, 
disposition,  feeling  ;  courage  ;  pur¬ 
pose. 

annona  :  -ae,  f.,  {yearly  produce, 
provisions),  price  of  grain,  from 
annus  :  -i,  m.,  year ;  hence 
annuus  :  -a,  -um,  lasting  a  year ; 
annual. 

ante  :  adv.,  before,  ahead ;  prep. 

with  acc.,  before,  up  to  (of  time), 
ante-cedo  :  (3),  -cessi,  -cessum,  go 
before,  precede;  get  the  start,  ar¬ 
rive  before  (some  one  else),  antici¬ 
pate ;  surpass. 

antecursor  ;  -oris,  m.,  {forerunner), 
scout,  sent  out  ahead  to  reconnoi¬ 
tre. 

ante-eo*  :  (4),  Ivi  and  ii,  {go  before), 
surpass. 

ante-fero*  :  -ferre,  -tuli,  -liitum,  car¬ 
ry  before.  [send  ahead. 

ante-mitto*  :  (3),  -misi,  -missum, 
antequam  :  conj.,  before,  sooner 
than,  oftener  ante  .  .  .  quam ; 
see  on  p.  11,  18. 


antesignanus  :  -i,  m.,  {before  the 
standards).  See  App.  Ill,  18. 
Antiochea  :  -ae,  f.,  see  on  p.  122, 
35  ;  adj . ,  Antiochenses,  -ium,  citi¬ 
zens  of  Antioch. 

Antiochus*  :  -i,  m..  King  of  Com¬ 
magena,  a  district  in  Syria,  hence 
Commagenus  A. 

antiquitus  :  adv. ,  of  old,  for  a  long 
time ;  a  long  time  ago,  from  time 
immemorial ;  from 
antiquus*  :  -a,  -um,  old,  former. 

[ante.] 

aperio  :  (4),  -perui,  -pertum,  open ; 
hence 

apertus  :  -a,  -um,  uncovered,  unpro¬ 
tected  ;  open,  free. 

Apoll5niates  :  -ium,  m. ,  citizens  of 
Apollonia. 

apparatus  :  -us,  m.,  engines  and 
material  of  war,  equipments,  works; 
from 

apparo  :  (1),  reg.,  make  ready,  pre¬ 
pare.  [ad,  paro.] 

appellatio*  :  -onis,  f .,  appeal ;  from 
appello  :  (1),  reg.,  appeal  to,  ad¬ 
dress;  protest ;  call,  name,  entitle. 
appello  :  (3),  puli,  -pulsum,  drive  or 
piish  to,  hence  of  ships,  land ;  see 
on  p.  62,  30.  [ad,  pello.] 
appeto  :  (3),  -ivi  and  -ii,  -itum,  seek 
after ;  strike  at.  [ad,  peto.] 
applico*  :  (1),  reg.,  of  a  ship,  land, 
like  appello,  [ad,  plico.] 
appropinquo  :  (1),  reg.,  draw  near, 
approach,  [ad,  propinquo.] 
aptus  :  -a,  -um,  suitable,  Jit,  proper  ; 
ready. 

apud  :  prep,  with  acc.,  in  the  neigh¬ 
borhood  of,  with,  in  presence  of, 
before. 

Apulia  :  -ae,  f.,  the  S.  E.  district  of 
Italy. 

aqua  :  -ae,  f.,  water.  [bringer. 
aquator*  :  -oris,  waterer,  water- 
aquila:  -ae,f.,  eagle.  App.  111,17,  a. 
aquilifer*  :  -erl,  rn.,  do.  do. 
aquor  :  (1),  dep.,  get  water.  [sor. 
''arbiter;  -tri,  m.,  appraiser,  asses- 
arbitrium*  :  -i,  n.,  {estimate),  will, 
pleasure.  [believe. 

arbitror  :  (1),  dep. ,  think,  suppose, 
arcano*  ;  adv.,  secretly. 


VOCABULARY. 


297 


arcesso  :  (3),  -sivi,  -situm,  send  for, 
summon.  \eager. 

ardeo  :  (2),  -si,  -sum,  lyurn,  i.  e.,  he 
arduus*  ;  -a,  -um,  steep. 
argentum  :  -i,  n.,  silver. 
argumentum^:  -i,  n.,  proof. 
Ariobarzanes'^:  -is,  m.,  king  in  Cap¬ 
padocia.  [war. 

arma :  -orum,  n.,  arms,  weapons; 
armamenta  :  -orum,  n.,  (ship)  tack¬ 
ling. 

armatura  :  -ae,  f.,  equipment,  armor. 
armo  :  (1),  reg.,  equip,  arm. 
arripio*  :  (3),  -ripui,  -reptum,  seize. 

[ad,  rapio.] 

arrogans*:  -ntis,  presumptuous ;  [ad, 
rogo]  ;  hence 

arrogantia  :  ae,  f.,  presumption. 
artificium  :  -i,  n.,  skill. 
arundo*  :  -dinis,  f.,  reed. 
arx  :  -cis,  f.,  citadel. 
ascendo  :  (3),  -di,  -sum,  climh,  as- 
cmd;  [ad,  scando]  ;  hence 
ascensus*  :  -us,  m.,  slope,  ascent. 
asper:  -era,  -erum,  rough,  unev&n; 
wild. 

aspicio* :  (3),  -exi,  -ectum,  look  to¬ 
ward,  hehold.  [ad,  specio.] 
asser  :  -eris,  m.,  beam. 
asservo  :  (1),  reg. ,  guard,  watch. 
assuefacio*  :  (3),  feel,  factum, 

{make  wonted),  pass.,  he  wonted. 
astruo* :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  huild  [in 
addition),  [ad,  struo.] 
at :  conj.,  hut  {on  the  other  hand); 
however. 

Athenae*  :  -arum,  f.,  Athens. 
attenuo*  :  (1),  reg. ,  make  thin,  weak¬ 
en.  [ad,  tenuo.] 

attingo :  (3),  -tigi,  tactum,  reach; 

border  on.  [ad,  tango.] 
attribuo  :  (3),  -ul,  -titum,  assign,  al¬ 
lot,  entrust  to  ;  impute  to. 
auctionor  :  (1),  dep.,  sell  at  auction. 
auctor:  -oris,  m.,  maker,  author; 
adviser;  authority  for  a  report; 
[augeo] ;  hence 

auctoritas  :  -atis,  f . ,  influence,  ex¬ 
ample  ;  declaration^  decree ;  re¬ 
pute,  authority. 

"audacia  :  -ae,  f.,  boldness,  bravery. 
audacter :  adv.,  boldly,  bravely. 

^  audeo :  (2),  ausus  ?,mn.,dare,  venture,  i 


audio  :  (4),  reg.,  hear  {of);  listen  to  ; 
follow,  obey. 

augeo :  (2),  -xl,  -ctum,  increase, 

magnify,  strengthen,  enlarge ; 
pass.,  be  increased,  grow. 
aura*  :  -ae,  f.,  breeze. 
auris*  :  -is,  f . ,  ear. 
auster*  :  -tri,  m.,  the  south  wind. 
aut  :  conj.,  or ;  aut  .  .  .  aut,  either 
...  or.  [positive), 

autem  :  conj.,  but,  moreover  (post- 
autumnus  :  i,  m.,  autumn,  [auc- 
tus-annus.] 

auxiliaris  :  -e,  aiding,  auxiliary ; 
App.  Ill,  4  ;  from 

auxilium  :  -i,  n.,  aid,  support,  help  ; 
plur.,  forces;  auxiliary  troops; 
App.  Ill,  4.  [Auximum. 

Auximates*  :  -um.,  m.,  citizens  of 
Avaricum  :  -i.,  n.,  a  city  of  Gaul, 
avaritia*  :  -ae,  f.,  greed,  avarice. 
aversus  :  -a,  -um,  {turned  away), 
from  behind,  in  the  rear ;  from 
averto  :  (3),  -ti,  -sum,  turn  off,  away, 
aside;  send  off  (from  the  proper 
course),  embezzle;  remove,  es- 
trange. 

axis*  :  -is,  beam. 

B. 

Bagrada  :  -ae,  m.,  a  river  of  Africa 
near  Utica. 

ballista  :  -ae,  f.,  see  on  p.  51,  19. 
barbarus  :  -a,  -um,  foreign,  strange 
(to  the  Romans);  masc.  subst., 
barbarians,  i.  e. ,  any  people  outside 
the  Roman  civilization  ;  barba¬ 
rous,  i.  e.,  customary  among  such 
peoples.  [tial. 

[bellicosus  :  -a,  -um,  warlike,  mar- 
I  bellicus*  :  -a,  -um,  of  war,  and 
-  bello*  :  (1),  reg.,  carry  on  war, 
fight ;  fi’om 

bellum  :  -i,  n. ,  war.  [duellum.] 
bene  :  adv.,  well.  [31  ;  from 

beneficiarius  :  -i,  m.,  see  on  p.  44, 
beneficium  :  -i,  n.,  favor,  kindness. 
[bene,  facio.] 

benevolentia*  :  -ae,  f.,  good-will. 
[bene,  volo.] 

Bessi*  :  -orum,  m.,  a  tribe  of  N.  E. 
Thrace  on  the  river  Strymon. 


298 


VOCABULARY. 


biduum  ;  -i,  n.,  two  days;  see  on  p.  I 
19,  26.  [bis,  dies.] 
biennium  :  -i,  n.,  two  years,  [bis, 
annus.]  [p.  44,  14). 

bini  :  -ae,  -a,  two  {each) ;  two  (see  on 
bipedalis*  :  -e,  two  feet  {thick). 
biremis*  :  -e,  sc.  navis,  a  ship  with 
two  banks  of  oars,  hireme.  [bis, 
remus.] 

bis*:  twice,  [duis.] 

Bithynia*  :  -ae,  f.,  a  district  in  the 
north  of  Asia  Minor. 

Boeotia  :  -ae,  f.,  a  district  in  Central 
Greece. 

bonus  :  -a,  -um,  good,  favorable, 
well-disposed ;  neut.  subst.,  advan¬ 
tage;  plur.,  goods,  property . 
brevis  :  -e,  short ;  hence 
brevitas*  :  -atis,  shortness. 
bucinator*  :  -oris,  bugler  ;  App,  III, 

15.  [Bullis. 
Bullidenses*  ;  -ium,  m.,  citizens  of 
Buthrotum  :  -i,  n.,  a  city  in  Epirus. 

C. 

Cadaver*:  -eris,  n.,  corpse;  from 
cado  :  (3),  cecidi,  casum,  {fall), 
strike  ;  turn  out,  happen  ;  perish, 
fall  (in  battle). 

caecus*  :  -a,  -um,  blind  (that  cannot 
be  seen). 

caedes  :  -is,  f.,  slaughter ;  from 
caedo*  :  (3),  cecidi,  caesum,  fell,  cut 
down. 

caelum  :  -i,  n.,  heaven,  the  sky. 
caespes  :  -itis,  m. ,  turf,  [caedo.] 
calamitas  :  -atis,  f.,  disaster. 
calo*  :  -onis,  m.,  driver ;  App.  III, 

16.  [bria. 
Camerinum*  :  -i,  n.,  a  town  of  Um- 
campester :  -tris,  -tre,  through  a 

plain,  level ;  from 
campus  :  -i,  m.,  plain,  open  field. 
canalis*  :  -is,  jn.,  {ws^ier-)  pipe. 
cano*:  (3),  cecini,  cantum,  sound, 
blow. 

capio  :  (3),  cepi,  captum,  take,  seize, 
capture  ;  reach  ;  undertake,  form  ; 
receive,  suffer. 

Capitolium*  :  -i,  n.,  the  Capitol,  \.  e. 
the  S.  W.  peak  of  the  Capitoline 
hill,  with  its  temple  of  Jupiter. 


!  Cappadocia*  :  -ae,  1,  the  eastern  dis- 
I  trict  of  Asia  Minor, 
capreolus*  :  -i,  m.,  {young  roebuck), 
rafter. 

captivus  :  -a,  -um,  captured  ;  subst., 
captive.  [citizenship. 

caput  :  -itis,  n..  head,  tip,  end;  life  ; 
caiina*  :  ae,  f.,  keel.  [of  Carmo. 
Carmon enses*  :  -ium,  m.,  citizens 
carpo  :  (3),  -psi,  -ptiirn,  harass. 
carrus  :  -i,  m.,  wagon. 
carus  :  -a,  -um,  dear,  beloved. 
castellum  :  -i,  n  ,  fort,  redoubt. 
castigo  :  (1),  reg.,  chide,  reprove, 

blame.  [^19. 

castra  :  -orum,  n.,  camp;  App.  Ill, 
casus  :  us,  m.,  {fall),  hap,  fortune, 
chance  (good  or  bad),  fate  ;  death. 
[cado.] 

catapulta  :  -ae,  f. ,  catapult,  see  on  p. 
51,19. 

causa  :  -ae,  f.,  cause,  reason,  pre¬ 
text ;  cause,  issue,  party,  side,  ques¬ 
tion;  causa  with  gen.,  on  account 
of,  for  the  sake  of. 
caveo  :  (2),  cavi,  cautum,  guard 
against ;  give  security. 
cedo  :  (3),  cessi,  cessum,  go  away, 
retire,  retreat ;  yield  {to). 
celer ;  -eris,  -ere,  swift,  speedy ; 
hence 

celeritas  :  -atis,  f.,  swiftness,  speed. 
celo*  :  (1),  reg. ,  conceal. 
censeo  :  (2),  -sui,  -sum,  think,  be  of 
the  opinion  {that,  etc.);  vote  ;  hence 
censor*  :  -oris,  m.,  censor ;  App.  II, 
13. 

cento:  -onis,  m.,  mat,  matting  (of 
coarse,  heavy  cloth).  [Ill,  2. 

centuria:  -ae,  f.,  century;  App. 
centuriatim*  :  adv.,-  by  centuries. 
centurio  :  -onis,  m.,  centurion; 
App,  III,  2,  11.  [ceive. 

cerno  :  (3),  crevi,  crGtum,  see,  per- 
certamen :  inis,  n.,  battle,  fight, 
struggle,  [certo.] 
certe  :  adv.,  surely  ;  at  least ;  from 
certus  :  -a,  -wm,  fixed,  set,  appointed, 
agreed  upon  ;  sure,  safe,  reliable  ; 
certain,  clear ;  aliquem  certio¬ 
rem  facere,  to  inform  one. 
cespes  :  see  caespes, 
ceterus  :  -a,  -um,  other,  remaining. 


VOCABULARY. 


299 


cetratus  :  -a,  -um,  light-armed ;  see 
on  p.  29,  16. 

chara*  :  -ae,  f.,  genus  radicis. 
Cilices*:  -um,  m,,  (sing.  Cilix),  CiU- 
cians. 

Cilicia  :  -ae,  f.,  the  S.  E.  district  of 
Asia  Minor  ;  adj.,  Ciliciensis,  -e. 
cingo  :  (3),  cinxi,  cinctum,  sur¬ 

round,  enclose,  protect. 
circa  :  prep.  w.  acc.,  near,  about. 
circiter  :  adv.,  about,  towards,  near. 
circuitus  :  -us,  m.,  roundabout  way, 
circuit,  circumference,  [circum¬ 
eo.] 

circulor*  :  (1),  dep.,  gather  in  circles. 
circum :  adv.  and  prep.  v,\  acc., 
around  {in,  among''. 
circumcludo  :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  shut  in, 
enclose,  [claudo.] 
circum-do :  -dare,  -dedi,  -datum, 
{put  around),  surround. 
circum-duco  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  lead 
around. 

circum-eo  (circueo)  :  (4\  -ii,  itum, 
go  around;  surround,  enclose; 
make  the  round  of. 
circum-fundo  :  (3),  -fudi,  -fusum, 
{pour)  scatter  around,  spread  out. 
circumjicio* :  (3),  -jeci,  -jectum, 

{throw)  station  around,  [jacio.] 
circum-mitto  :  (3),  -misi,  -missum, 
send  around,  everywhere. 
circum-munio,  (4),  reg.,  wall  in; 

enclose,  shut  in  ;  hence 
circummunitio*:  -onis,  f.,  enclosure. 
circum-scribo*  :  (3).  -psi,  -ptum, 
{mark  around),  restrict,  limit. 
circum-sisto  :  (3),  -steti,  {stand 

around),  surround. 
circum-vallo*  :  (1),  reg.,  surround 
with  a  vallum,  wall  in. 
circum-vehor*  :  -vehi,  -vectus  sum, 
dep.,  go  around. 

circum-venio  :  (4),  -venl,  ventum, 
{come  around),  surround,  outflank  ; 
surprise;  outwit,  entrap. 
citatus*  :  -a,  -um,  urged  on,  at  full 
speed,  [cito.] 

citerior  :  -us,  (  oris),  on  this  side 
(to  one  in  Italy),  hither. 
citra  :  prep.  w.  acc.,  on  this  side 
(viz.,  towards  the  speaker  or  actor).  I 
citro*  :  adv.,  hither.  ‘ 


civilis:  -e,  citizen,  civil;  internal; 
from 

civis  :  -is,  m.,  citizen;  hence 
civitas  :  -atis,  f.,  {citizenship),  city, 
state  (the  citizens  collectively), 
clam  :  adv.  and  prep.,  secretly,  un¬ 
beknown  to. 

clamor  :  -oris,  m.,  shout,  battle-cry. 
dare*  :  adv.  from  clarus,  distinctly. 
classiarius*  :  a,  -um,  belonging  to  a 
fleet  (classis),  masc.  plur.  subst., 
crews. 

classicum*  :  -i,  n.,  signal. 
classis  :  -is,  f. ,  fleet  (ships  and  crews), 
claudo  :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  shut,  close; 

shut  in,  beset. 
clavus  :  -i,  m.,  nail. 
clementer*  :  adv.,  mildly.  [de- 
mens.] 

diens*:  -entis,  m.,  a  depeyident,  re¬ 
tainer. 

clientela*:  -ae,  f.,  body  of  clients  or 
retainers. 
clivus*  :  -i,  m.,  slope,  ascent. 
coacta  :  -orum,  n.,  see  on  p.  95,  27. 
coagmentum*:  r\., joint,  crevice. 

[cogo.] 

co-emo*  :  (3),  -emi,  -emptum,  buy 
{together)  up. 

co-eo*  :  (4),  coii,  coitum,  go  togeth¬ 
er ;  .  .  .  inter  se,  unite  in  a  body. 
(coepio  :  -ere,)  coepi,  coeptum,  be¬ 
gin. 

coerceo  :  (2),  -cui,  -citum,  {drive  to¬ 
gether),  restrain ;  enforce,  [arceo.] 
cogitatio*  :  onis,  f.,  thought,  plan¬ 
ning  ;  from 

cogito:  (1),  reg.,  think,  consider, 
ponder ;  think  of,  plan,  purpose. 

[agito,  ago.] 

co-gnosco  :  (3),  -ndvT,  -nitum,  learn, 
notice,  perceive,  hear  {of) ;  in  per¬ 
fect  tenses,  know  ;  discover,  find  out 
about. 

c5go :  (3),  co3gI,  coactum,  {drive) 
bring  together,  assemble,  collect ; 
summon  ;  force,  compel,  constrain. 

[ago.] 

cohors  :  -tis,  f.,  cohort.  App.  Ill, 
2,  c. 

cohortatio*  :  -5nis,  f ,  appeal ;  from 
co-hortor  :  (1),  dep.,  appeal  to,  urge, 
incite,  harangue. 


300 


VOCABULARY. 


collabefio*  :  -fieri,  -factus,  collapse, 
go  to  pieces,  [con,  labo,  fio.] 
collaudo  :  (1),  reg.,  praise  warmly, 
extol,  [con,  laudo.] 

'collega*:  -ae,  m.,  companion  in  of¬ 
fice,  colleague. 

collegium*  :  -i,  n.,  hoard,  college. 
-  colligo  :  (3),  -legi,  -lectum,  assem¬ 
ble,  collect ;  acquire,  win  ;  se  .  .  . 
colligere,  regain  one’s  senses 
or  courage,  [con,  lego.] 
collis  :  -is,  m.,  hill. 
colloco  :  (1),  reg.,  place,  put,  set ; 

post,  station,  [con,  loco.] 
colloquium:  -i,  n.,  conversation, 

conference,  interview;  from 
colloquor:  -loqui,  -locutus,  tcdk,  con¬ 
verse.  [con,  loquor.] 

'colonia  :  -ae,  f.,  colony  ;  hence 
col5nicus*  :  -a,  -um,  colonial. 
colonus:  -i,  m.,  colonist;  tenant. 
[colo.]  [fr.  columna], 

columella^-:  -ae,  f.,  pillar;  [dim. 
columnarius* ;  -a,  -um,  adj.  from 
columna,  pillar. 

comburo* :  (3),  -bussi,  -bustum, 

hum  up.  [com,  uro.] 
comes*  :  -itis,  companion;  [com, 
eo]  ;  hence 

comitatus  :  -us,  m.,  escort. 
comitialis*  ;  -e, pertaining  to  the  co¬ 
mitia  ;  from 

comitium  :  -i,  n.,  see  on  p.  12,  19  ; 

plur.,  election-assemblies,  elections. 
Commagenus  :  see  Antiochus, 
commeatus:  -us,  m.,  supply -train  ; 

supplies,  provisions,  [commeo.] 
com-memoro  :  (1),  reg.,  (call  to 
mind  and)  make  mention  of,  state, 
recount. 

commendatio*  :  -onis,  f.,  commen¬ 
dation ;  from 

commendo:  (1),  reg.,  commend,  re¬ 
commend.  [mando.] 
commiles*  :  -itis,  m.,  fellow -soldier. 
commilito*  ;  -dnis,  m.,  comrade. 
comminus  :  adv.,  hand  to  hand,  at 
close  quarters,  [con,  manus.] 
com-mitto :  (3),  -misT,  -missum, 

firing  together),  entrust  to,  impute 
to  ;  suffer,  allow ;  se  .  .  .  c  o  m  - 
mittere,  venture;  proelium 
com.,  jom  battle. 


commodus:  -a,  -um,  {in proper  meas^ 
ure),  apt,  fitting  ;  convenient,  good. 
[modus.]  [delay. 

com-moror  :  (1),  dep.,  halt,  pause, 
com-moveo  :  (2),  -movi,  -mdtum,  in¬ 
duce,  impel. 

communico :  (1),  reg.,  {make  com¬ 
mori),  share;  converse.  [commu- 
nis.] 

com-munio  :  (4),  reg.,  build  (strong- 
ly),  fortify  (on  all  sides), 
communis  :  -e,  common,  general. 
commutatio  :  -onis,  f.,  alteration, 
change  ;  from 

com-muto  :  (1),  reg.,  alter,  change. 
com-paro  :  (1),  reg.,  procure;  pre¬ 
pare. 

com-pello  :  (3),  -puli,  -pulsum,  {drive 
together),  force,  drive,  compel. 
compendium*  :  -i,  n.,  profit,  gain; 
lit.,  what  is  saved  in  weighing, 
[con,  pendo.] 

com-perio  :  (4),  -peri,  -pertum,  find 
out,  learn,  become  sure  of. 
com-plector  :  -ti,  -plexus,  embrace, 
include,  enclose. 

com-pleo  :  (2),  -plOvI,  plEtum,  fill 
{out  or  up);  cover.  [numher. 

complures  :  -a,  several,  quite  a 

com-pono  :  (3),  -posui,  -positum, 

{put  together),  settle,  heal. 
com-porto  :  (1),  reg.,  bring  together  ; 
collect. 

compositio  :  -onis,  f.,  settlement  (of 
disputes),  treaty,  [compono.] 
com-prehendo  :  (3),  -di,  -sum,  seize, 
catch,  capture,  occupy. 
comprimo  :  (3),  -pressi,  -pressum, 
{press  together),  check,  hem  in. 
[premo.] 

com-probo  :  (1),  reg.,  approve. 
conatus  :  -us,  m.,  attempt,  under¬ 
taking.  [conor.] 

con-cedo  :  (3),  -cessi,  -cessum,  give 
up,  yield,  alloiv,  give  permission. 
con-celebro*  :  (1),  reg.,  noise  abroad. 
concido  :  (3),  -cidi,  fall  {in,  or  to 
pieces),  [cado.]  [doum.  [caedo.] 
conoido  :  (3),  -cidi,  -cisum,  strike 
concilio  :  (1),  reg.,  win  over  {to); 
procure,  secure. 

concilium  :  -i,  n.,  assembly,  council. 
[concieo.] 


VOCABULARY. 


301 


concino*  :  (3),  -cinui,  play  or 

sound  (all  at  once),  [cano.] 
concipio  :  (3),  -cGpi,  -ceptuin,  catch; 
bring  (in  se,  upon  one's  self)  : 
cherish,  [capio.] 

concitatio*  :  -onis,  f.,  tumult ;  from 
con-cito  :  (1),  reg.,  set  in  motion; 

excite.  [from 

conclamatio*  :  -onis,  f.,  outcry  ; 
con-clamo  :  (1),  reg.,  cry  out,  call; 

vasa  concL,  App.  Ill,  16, 
conclusio*  :  -onis,  1,  shutting  up, 
siege,  [claudo.] 

con-curro  ;  (3),  -cucurri  and  -curri, 
-cursum,  run  together,  hasten  up, 
assemble ;  come  to  close  quarters, 
meet  (in  battle)  ;  charge,  attack ; 
hence  the  intensive 
con-curso*  :  (1),  reg.,  run  about,  and 
concursus  :  -us,  m.,  ruyining  to¬ 
gether,  assembly,  concourse;  shock 
(of  battle),  see  on  p.  117,  19  ; 
charge,  attack. 

condicio  :  -onis,  f..  {putting  togeth¬ 
er),  proposition,  demand,  condition, 
terms ;  position,  relation,  state, 
condition,  [condo.] 
con-duco  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  lead  to¬ 
gether,  assemble;  hence 
conductor*  :  -oris,  m.,  tenant. 
confercio  ;  (4),  -si,  -turn,  crowd  to¬ 
gether.  [farcio.] 

con-fero  :  conferre,  contuli,  colla¬ 
tum,  bring  together,  collect;  put 
near,  bring,  carry,  convey;  com¬ 
pare  ;  castra  castris  a^l  i  c  u  j  u  s 
e  o  n  f .  ,  to  encamp  near  anyone  ; 
arma  cum  aliquo  conf.,  to 
wage  war  with  anyone. 
confertus  :  -a,  -um,  see  confercio, 
confestim  :  adv.,  at  once. 
conficio  :  (3),  -fCcI,  -fectum,  make 
ready,  do,  prepare,  complete,  finish; 
levy,  raUe  ;  wear  out,  exhaust. 
con-fido  :(3),  -fisus,  trust,  rely  upon ; 
have  confidence 

confirmatio*  :  -onis,  f.,  encourage¬ 
ment,  strengthening ;  from 
con-firmo  :  (1),  reg.,  strengthen,  sup¬ 
port,  confirm ;  encourage,  cheer ; 
declare,  affirm. 

confiteor*  :  (3),  -fessus,  admit,  con¬ 
fess.  [fateor.] 


conflicto:  (1),  reg.,  pass.,  be  op¬ 
pressed,  harassed  ;  intens.  from 
con-fligo  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  dash  to¬ 
gether,  fight. 

con-fugio  :  (3),  -iZ\g\,  flee  for  refuge; 
resort  to. 

con-gero  :  (3),  -gessi,  -gestum,  bring 
together,  collect;  hence  [gether. 
congesticius*  :  -a,  -um,  heaped  to. 
congiarium*  :  -i,  n.,  see  on  p.  99,  30. 
congredior  :  -gredi,  -gressus,  come 
together,  meet;  fight;  [gradior]  ; 
hence 

congressus  :  -us,  m.,  shock,  onset. 
conjecto  :  (1),  reg.,  guess,  conjecture ; 
intens.  from 

conjicio  (conicio):  (3),  -j6el,  -jectum, 
cast,  throw,  hurl,  drive. 
conjunctus  :  -a,  -um,  joined  with, 
united  to  ;  extending  to,  bordering 
on,  next  to  ;  from 

con-jungo  :  (3),  -xi,  join  with, 

unite  {to),  add. 

con-nitor*  :  -niti,  -nisus  and  -nixus, 
(brace  one's  self  firmly),  clamber  up. 
conor  :  (1),  dep.,  attempt,  begin. 
con-quiesco  :  (3),  -evi,  -etum,  rest. 
conquiro  :  (3),  -sivi,  -situm,  seek, 
hunt  up,  search  for.  [quaero.] 
consanguineus*  :  -a,  -um,  related  by 
blood. 

conscendo  :  (3),  -di,  -sum,  climb  {up 
or  into) ;  embark,  [scando.] 
conscientia*  :  -ae,  f.,  (guilty)  con¬ 
sciousness.  [con,  scio.] 
con-scribo  :  (3),  -psi,  -ptum,  {write 
together),  enlist,  enroll,  levy. 
consecro*  :  (1),  reg.,  dedicate,  [sa¬ 
cro.] 

consector  :  (1),  dep. ,  pursue  eagerly. 

[intens.  of  consequor.] 
consensus  :  -us,  m.,  common  consent, 
from 

con-sentio  ;  (4),  -sensi,  -sensum, 

agree,  be  of  one  mind,  vote  unani¬ 
mously. 

con-sequor:  -sequi,  -secutus, ; 

overtake,  reach ;  obtain,  secure. 
con-sero*  :  (3),  -serui,  -sertum,  {join 
together) ;  manum  cons.  ,  join 
battle. 

•con-servo  :  (1),  reg.,  preserve,  keep, 
save  ;  observe. 


302 


VOCABULARY. 


consideratius  :  adv.,  comp,  of  con¬ 
siderate,  rather  cautiously. 
con-sido  ;  (3),  -sedi,  -sessum,  sit 
down,  establish  one’s  self ;  encamp, 
talce  position. 

consilior  :  (1),  dep.,  take  counsel,  de¬ 
liberate  {upon) ;  from 
consilium  :  -i,  n. ,  assembly,  council 
(for  deliberation) ;  counsel,  strategy; 
decree,  vote,  decision ;  purpose, 
plan ;  advice.  ^ 

con-sisto  :  (3),  -stiti,  station  one's 
self,  take  position,  form  (a  body  of 
men);  stand  still,  halt ;  of  ships,  in 
ancoris,  lie  at  anchor  ;  be  made  of, 
depend  upon,  be  based  upon. 
con-s51or*  :  (1),  dep.,  re-assiire. 
conspectus  :  -us,  m.,  sight;  pres¬ 
ence,  neighborhood  ;  from 
conspicio  :  (3),  -exi,  -ectum,  see,  es¬ 
py.  [specio.] 

conspicor  :  (1),  dep.,  catch  sight  of, 
see. 

con-spiro*  ;  (1),  reg., {breathe  togeth¬ 
er),  be  of  one  accord.  [sto.] 

constantia  :  -ae,  f.,  firmness,  [con- 
con-sterno  :  (3),  -stravl,  -stratum, 
strew,  cover. 

constituo :  (3),  -ui,  -utum,  station, 
form  (battle  array),  draw  up ; 
erect,  build,  pitch;  establish,  ap¬ 
point ;  decide,  determine,  [statuo.] 
con-sto  :  -are,  -stiti,  consist  of,  be 
made  of ;  depend  upon,  be  based 
on;  remain  (unchanged),  be  estab¬ 
lished  or  certain  ;  constat  w.  infin., 
it  is  well  known  that,  etc. 
constratus  :  -a,  -um,  see  consterno, 
con-suesco  :  (3),  -suGvi,  -suetum, 
become  accustomed ;  perf .  tenses, 
be  accustomed  or  wont;  hence 
consuetudo  :  -inis,  f.,  wont,  custom, 
habit,  usual  experience,  practice ; 
intercourse. 

consul  :  -ulis,  m.,  consul,  App.  11, 
11;  hence 

consularis  :  -e,  consular,  and 
consulatus  :  -us,  m.,  consulship. 
consulo  :  (3),  -sului,  -sultum,  delib¬ 
erate,  take  measures  ;  advise,  assist, 
look  out  for  ;  hence  the  intens. 
consulto^ ;  (1),  reg.,  deliberate. 
consultum  :  -i,  n.,  decree,  edict. 


con-sumo  :  (3),  -sumpsi,  sumptum, 
employ,  use  up,  consume;  destroy, 
exhaust.  [rise  up. 

con-surgo  ;  (3),  -surrexi,  -surrectum, 
contabulatio :  -onis,  f . ,  floor. 
con-tego  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  cover,  pro¬ 
tect. 

con-temno:  (3),  -tempsi,  -temptum, 
despise,  scorn  ;  hence  [tempt. 
contemptio  :  -onis,  f.,  scorn,  con- 
con-tendo  :  (3),  -di,  -turn,  strive 
(with  all  one’s  might);  hasten; 
eagerly  desire;  struggle,  fight; 
contend,  quarrel;  hence 
contentio  :  -onis,  f.,  effort,  struggle  ; 
strife. 

contentus  :  -a,  -um,  satisfied,  con¬ 
tented.  [gether. 

con-texo  ;  (3),  -ui,  -turn,  tveave  to- 
contignatio:  -onis,  f.,  floor,  plat¬ 
form  ;  from  [platform. 

contigno:  (1),  reg.,  build  floor  or 
continens  :  -ntis,  partic.  adj ,  united 
with ;  successive  ;  unbroken,  con¬ 
tinuous ;  fern,  subst.,  mainland, 
continent;  self-restrained,  moder¬ 
ate  ;  hence 

continenter :  adv.,  continuously , 

without  pause  ;  both  from 
contineo  :  (3),  -tinui,  -tentum,  hold 
together  or  in  place;  bound,  en¬ 
close ;  hem  in,  surround;  hold, 
keep  ;  pass. ,  stand  (so  se  contin¬ 
ere)  ;  keep  back,  prevent,  [teneo.] 
contingo:  (3),  -tigi,  -tactum,  reach 
to,  touch,  be'  in  communication 
with,  [tango.] 

continuo:  (1),  reg.,  keep  on.  continue. 
continuus:  -a,  -um,  successive. 
contio  :  -onis,  f.,  public  assembly, 
mass-meeting ;  harangue,  address 
(before  such  a  meeting) ;  [  =  con¬ 
ventio]  ;  hence  [a  speech. 

contionor:  (1),  dep.,  harangue,  make 
contra  :  adv.,  on  the  other  hand, 
however;  contra  .  .  .  ac,  other¬ 
wise  than;  prep.  w.  acc.,  over 
against,  opposite  to,  towards; 
against ;  contrary  to. 
contra-dico* :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  speak, 
in  opposition. 

con-traho:  (3). -xl,  -ctum,  bring  to¬ 
gether,  collect. 


VOCABULARY. 


303 


contrarius:  -a,  -um,  lying  opposite, 
opposite;  opposing,  different;  in¬ 
jurious. 

con-tribuo“  :  (3),  -ui,  -utum,  {share 
with),  unite  with. 

controversia  :  -ae,  f.,  strife,  dispute, 
quarrel,  [contra,  verto.] 
contubernium  :  -i,  n.,  tent  (with  its 
occupants).  App.  Ill,  19. 
contumelia:  -ae,  f.,  insult,  disgrace, 
abuse;  hence 

contumeliosus*:  (3),  -a,  -um,  insult¬ 
ing. 

con-tundo* :  (3),  -tudi,  -tusura, 

br  uise,  grind. 

con-veho  :  (3),  -xT,  -ctum,  bring  to¬ 
gether,  collect. 

con-vello*:  (3j,  -velli,  -vulsum,  tear 
out,  loosen. 

con- venio  :  (4),  -v5nl,  -ventum,  come 
together,  assemble,  meet;  come 
upon,  find;  be  agreed  upon,  suit 
(all  parties)  ;  tally  with,  agree 
with;  belong  to,  devolve  upon; 
hence 

conventus:  -tis,  m.,  assembly, 
group;  society,  league;  see  on  p. 

18,  4. 

con-verto  :  (3),  -ti,  -sum,  turn  {about 
or  aside),  wheel;  change,  alter; 
turn  toward,  direct. 
convicium  :  -i,  n.,  tau7it,  insult. 
con-volvo* ;  (3),  -volvi,  -volutum, 
wrap  up,  envelop. 

co-orior* :  -iri.  -ortus,  arise  (sud¬ 
denly),  break  fo7'th. 
copia  :  -ae,  f.,  abundant  supply, 
abundance  ;  number,  force  ;  plur. , 
forces,  troops. 

coram :  adv. ,  face  to  face,  personally. 
Corfiniensis :  -e,  of  Corfinium ; 

masc.  plur.  subst.,  men  of  C. 
corium  :  -i,  n.,  hide. 
cornu  :  -us,  n.,  {horn),  wing,  flank 
(of  army). 

corpus  :  -oris,  n. ,  body,  corpse  ;  hull 
(of  a  boat). 

corripio  :  (3),  -ui,  -eptum,  seize,  cap¬ 
ture  ;  assail,  [rapio.] 
corrogo :  (1),  reg.,  (beg  together), 
levy,  raise,  [con-.] 
corrumpo :  (3),  -rupi,  -ruptura,  in¬ 
jure,  destroy, ruin;  weaken,  [con-.] 


cortex*  :  -icis,  m.,  bark. 
crassitudo  :  -inis,  f.,  thickness. 
crates  :  -is,  f.,  wicker-work,  hurdle. 
creber :  -bra,  -brum,  frequent,  nu¬ 
merous  ;  crebro,  frequently. 
creditor*  :  -oris,  m.,  lender,  creditor ; 
from 

credo  :  (3),  -didi,  -ditum,  entrust, 
lend;  trust,  believe;  think,  sup¬ 
pose. 

creo  :  (1),  reg.,  elect,  choose,  create. 
cresco  :  (3),  crevi,  cretum,  increase, 
rise. 

crinis*  :  -is,  m.,  hair  (of  the  head), 
crudelitas:  -atis,  1,  C7‘uelty. 
crudeliter:  adv.,  cruelly. 
culpa  :  -ae,  f.,  blame,  favdt. 

(1)  cum :  prep.  w.  abl. ,  with,  together 
with,  at  the  same  time  with. 

(2)  cum :  A.  temporal  conj.,  when, 

after  that,  as  often  as  ;  cum  pri¬ 
mum,  as  soon  as. 

B.  causal  conj.,  since,  because; 
although,  smce  however. 

C.  copulative  conj.,  cum  .  .  .  turn, 
not  07ily  .  .  .  but  also  {especial¬ 
ly)- 

cunctor  :  (1),  dep.,  delay,  hesitate. 
cunctus  :  -a,  -um,  all,  entire,  whole. 

[=  conjunctus.] 
cupa*  :  -ae,  f . ,  cask,  hogshead. 
"cupide  :  adv.,  eageriy,  impetuous¬ 
ly ;  gladly. 

cupiditas  :  -atis,  f.,  desire,  eager¬ 
ness. 

cupidus  :  -a,  -um,  desi7'0us,  eager 
{ for) ; 

cupio  :  (4),  -ivi,  -ii,  -itum,  desire, 
crave. 

cur :  interrog.  adv. ,  why  9  where¬ 
fore  .^  [=  cui  rei.] 

"cura:  -ae,  f.,  ca,7'e,  solicitude. 
curatio*  :  -onis,  f . ,  {care  for),  ad¬ 
ministration. 

euro  :  (1),  reg. ,  care  for ;  w.  acc. 
and  gerund.,  have  a  thing  done  ; 
cure,  heal. 

cursus  :  -us,  m.,  run,  course,  voyage. 
[curro.] 

cuspis*  :  -idis,  f.,  peak,  head. 
custodia  :  -ae,  f.,  watch,  watching, 
custody ;  plur.,  outposts, pickets. 
custos  :  -odis,  m.,  sentinel. 


304 


VOGABULABT. 


Cyclades  insulae  :  the  group  of 
islands  in  the  Aegaean  sea  cluster¬ 
ing  round  DeJos — the  Cyclades. 
Cyrenae  :  -arum.  f. ,  a  city  on  the 
N.  coast  of  Africa,  giving  its  name 
to  a  province. 

D. 

Dalmatae:  -arum,  m..  Dalmatians, 
on  the  east  coast  of  the  Adriatic, 
damno  :  (1),  reg.,  pronounce  guilty, 
sentence,  condemn. 

Dardani:  -orum,  m.,  a  tribe  in  Moe¬ 
sia,  modern  Servia. 
de  :  prep,  w,  abl.,  down  from,  away 
from;  of  time,  {beginning  from, 
i.  e.)  while  yet;  from,  of ;  on  ac- 
couni  of,  for;  according  to;  con- 
cerning,  about,  with  referenee  to, 
involving. 

debeo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  {have  from), 
owe  (pass.,  be  due),  be  a  debtor ; 
ought,  must,  [de,  habeo]  ;  hence 
debitor  :  -oris,  m.,  debtor. 
de-cedo  :  (3),  -cessi,  -cessum,  go 
away,  leave  ;  withdraw,  retreat. 
de-cerno :  (3),  -crGvI,  -crstum,  de¬ 
cide  ;  order,  decree  ;  give  an  opin¬ 
ion  ;  assign,  picls  out  {for) ;  decide 
an  issue  (by  battle), 
de-certo  :  (l^reg.,  contend,  fight  {to 
the  end) ;  proelio,  fight  a  decisive 
battle. 

decipio  :  (3),  -cepi,  -ceptum,  {tahe 
away),  deceive,  delude. 
declivis  :  -e,  steep,  sloping,  [clivus.] 
decretum  :  -i,  n.,  decision,  edict,  de¬ 
cree. 

decumanus  :  -a,  -um,  (^belonging  to 
the  tenth  legion)',  porta  d.,  App. 
Ill,  19. 

decurio  :  -onis,  m.,  see  on  p.  17,  9. 
de-curro :  (3),  -cucurri  and  -curri, 
-cursum,  run  down  {from) ;  have 
hasty  recourse  to. 

dedecus  :  -oris,  n.,  disgrace,  shame. 
de-disco*  :  (3),  -didici,  milearn,  for¬ 
get. 

deditio  :  -onis,  f.,  surrender,  sub¬ 
mission ;  from 

de-do  :  (3),  -didi,  -ditum,  give  over, 
deliver  up,  surrender. 


de-duco  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  lead  down 
from  or  away,  withdraw ;  of  colo¬ 
nists,  lead  forth;  take  away,  re¬ 
move  (forcibly)  ;  bring,  lead  (to). 
de-fatigo  :  (1),  reg.,  tire  cut,  exhaust. 
defectio  :  -onis,  f.,  revolt,  secession. 
[deficio.] 

de-fendo  :  (3),  -di,  -sum,  ward  off, 
repel;  defend, protect {ffo,  against); 
hence 

defensio  :  -onis,  f.,  defence,  and 
defensor  :  -oils,  m.,  defender. 
de-fero  :  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  carry 
down,  bring,  convey;  drive;  an¬ 
nounce,  report,  declare. 
defessus  :  -a,  -  um,  worn  out,  ex¬ 
hausted.  [defetiscor.] 
deficio  :  (3),  -feci,  -fectum,  fail,  be 
lacking,  be  unequal  to ;  animo, 
lose  heart,  courage ;  trans.,  desert, 
abandon,  fail. 

de-figo;  (3),  -xi, -xum, {down), 
plant,  thrust;  'psiss., plunge. 
de-finio  :  (4),  {bound  off),  fix,  deter¬ 
mine.  [avoid,  decline. 

de-fugio  :  (3),  -fugi,  {flee  away), 
degredior :  -gredi,  -gressus,  retire. 
[gradior.] 

dein  (deinde)  :  then,  thereupon. 
deinceps  :  adv.,  one  after  another, 
in  succession. 

dejectus*  :  -a,  -um,  low,  from 
dejicio  (deicio) :  (3),  -jeci,  -Jectum, 
cast  down,  overthrow;  drive  off, 
dislodge  ;  cast;  slay,  [jacio.] 
de-labor*  :  -lilbi,  -lapsus,  slide  or 
roll  off.  [of  delicio.] 

delecto  :  (1),  reg.,  delight,  [intens. 

(1)  delectus  :  -a,  -um,  see  deligo. 

(2)  delectus :  -us,  m.,  draft,  levy. 
App.  Ill,  1.  [deligo.] 

deleo  :  (2),  reg. ,  destroy,  ruin. 
delibero  :  (1),  reg.,  weigh,  consider, 
take  counsel,  [libra,  balanced] 

(1)  de-ligo  :  (1),  reg.,  bmd  down, 
fasten. 

(2)  deligo  :  (3),  -egi,  -ectum,  pick 
out,  select,  choose,  [lego.] 

Delphi  :  -orum,  m.,  city  in  rhocis. 
de-minuo  :  (3),  -ui,  -utum,  lessen,  di¬ 
minish;  weaken,  restrain,  restrict ; 
hence 

deminutio*  ;  -Onis,  f.,  lessening. 


VOCABULARY. 


305 


"demississime*  :  adv.,  superi,  from 
demisse,  very  humbly . 
demissio*  :-onis,  f.,  {Jetting  doum), 
J  suspensioji,  drop. 

*  demissus  :  -a,  -um,  sunken,  low. 
de-mitto  ;  (3),  -misi,  -missum,  let 
down,  lower,  sink  ;  se  demittere, 
descend. 

de-monstro  :  (1),  reg. ,  {point  out, 
show);  mention,  narrate,  speak, 
write,  [check. 

de-moror  :  (1),  dep.,  delay,  hinder, 
de-moveo*  :  (2),  -mcjvl,  -motum, 
drive  off,  remove. 

denarius*  ;  -i,  m.,  App.  Ill,  3,  d. 
The  coin  was  originally  a  multiple 
of  ten.  [deni.] 
de-nego  ;  (1),  reg.,  refuse. 
denique  :  adv. ,  at  last,  finally  ;  in 
short. 

denuntiatio  :  -onis.  1,  threat ;  from 
de-nuntio  :  (1),  reg.,  {announce),  de¬ 
mand. 

de-pello  :  (3),  -puli,  -pulsum,  drive 
away,  dislodge  ;  a  consiliis,  com¬ 
pel  to  abandon. 

de-pereo*  :  (4),  -il,  be  utterly  ruined 


or  lost. 

de-p5no  :  (3),  -posui,  -positum, 
off,  remove  ;  lay  aside,  lay  down  ; 
put  away  for  safety,  deposit;  re¬ 
sign  ;  give  up,  renounce. 
de-porto  :  (l),reg.,  carry  {off),  bring. 
de-posco  :  (3),  -poposci,  {ask  from), 
demand,  beg. 

de-pravo*  :  (1),  reg.,  spoil,  corrupt. 
de-precor  :  (1),  dep.,  {beg  off ),  peti¬ 
tion  against,  beg  to  escape. 
de-prehendo  (deprendo)  ;  (3),  -di, 
-sum,  arrest,  seize  ;  surprise,  catch. 
deprimo :  (3),  -pressi,  -pressum, 

{press  down),  sink,  [premo.] 
descendo :  (3),  -di,  -sum,  {climb 
down),  descend;  resort  {to),  [scan- 
do.] 

de-scisco  ;  (3),  -scivi  and  -scii,  -sci¬ 
tum,  revolt  {from),  abandon. 
de-scribo  :  (3),  -psi,  -ptum,  {write 
down),  allot,  assign. 
de-seco*  :  (1),  -ui,  -ctum,  cut  (off). 
de-sero :  (3),  -ui,  -turn,  forsake, 
abandon,  leave  in  the  lurch,  desert ; 
give  up  ;  se,  lose  all  heart. 


20 


desidero:  (1),  reg.,  wish,  need,  de¬ 
sire,  demand ;  miss,  lack  ;  pass. , 
be  lost. 

de-signo  :  (1),  reg.,  mark,  indicate. 
de-sino  :  (3),  -sivi  and  -sil,  -situm, 
cease. 

de-sisto :  (3),  -stiti,  -stiturn,  stop, 
cease,  desist  {from)  ;  pause  in  (w. 
abl.). 

desperatio  :  -onis,  f.,  hopelessness, 
despair;  from 

de-spero :  (1),  reg.,  give  up  hope, 
despair  {of). 

despicio  ;  (3),  -exi,  -ectum,  {look 
dow7i);  despise,  scorn  ;  depreciate. 
[specio.] 

destino  :  (1),  reg.,  fasten  ;  determine. 
destituo :  (3),  -ui,  -utum,  {place 
away),  abandon,  [statuo.] 
de-stringo  :  (3),  -nxi,  -ctum,  {strip 
off),  di'aw  forth. 

de-sum  :  -esse,  -fui,  be  lackmg,  fail ; 

neglect,  miss  ;  be  unequal  to. 
de-tendo*  :  (3),  -di,  -sum,  {stretch 
off),  sh'ike  (tents). 

de-tergeo*  :  (2),  -tersi,  tersum,  {wipe 
off),  break  off. 

de-terreo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  frighten 
off  ;  ab  a  1  i  (j  u  o ,  make  give  up. 
detineo :  (2),  -tinui,  -tentum,  hold 
back,  detain,  [teneo.] 
de-traho  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  take  away  ; 

rescue;  remove,  separate. 
detrimentum  :  -i,  ii.,  damage,  loss, 
mischief,  harm;  defeat,  [detero, 
wear  away. [away. 
de-turbo :  (1),  reg.,  drive  off  or 
deus  :  -i,  m.,  god,  divinity. 
de-veho :  (3),  -xT,  -ctum,  {carry 
away),  transport. 

de-vincio  :  (4),  -nxl,  -nctum,  (find 
down),  attach,  secure,  bind. 
de-vinco  :  (3),  -vici,  -victum,  subdue 
(completely).  ‘  [down. 

de-volvo  :  (3),  -volvi,  -volutum,  roll 
dexter :  -tra,  -trum,  on  the  right 
hand,  right ;  fern,  subst.,  the  right 
hand. 

Diana;  -ae,  f.,  daughter  of  Jupiter 
and  Latona,  sister  of  Apollo, 
dico  :  (3). -xT,  -ctum.  say,  me7ition ; 
speak,  plead, proclaim  ;  name,  call; 
hence 


306 


VOCABULABY, 


i 


dictator  ;  -Oris,  m.,  dictator,  App. 
II,  14  ;  and 

dictatura*  .  -ae,  f.,  dictatorship  ;  and 
the  intens. 

dictito  :  (1),  reg.,  say  repeatedly,  in- 
diduco  :  (8),  -xi,  -ctuin,  {lead  apart), 
distribute,  detail,  divide.  [dis, 
duco.] 

dies  :  -ei,  m.  and  f. ,  (plur.  m.)>  day  ; 
in  dies,  from  day  to  day,  see  on  p. 
35,20  ;  {appointed)  day  ;  time, 
differo  :  -ferre,  distuli,  dilatum,  {car¬ 
ry  apart),  spread;  put  off,  post¬ 
pone,  defer  ;  differ,  [dis,  fero.J 
differtus* :  -a,  -um,  stuffed  full, 
crowded,  [dis,  farcio.] 
f  difficilis :  -e,  hard,  severe,  difficult; 
unfavorable,  [dis,  facilis.] 
difficultas  :  -iltis,  f.,  difficulty, 
hardship.  [difficulty. 

difficulter*  :  adv.,  not  easily,  with 
diffido  :  (3),  -fisus,  distrust,  despair 
of.  [dis,  fido.] 

digitus :  -i, m..,fi7iger ;  finyer -breadth. 
dignitas :  -fitis,  f.,  repute,  esteem, 
dignity,  honor  ;  position,  rank. 
digredior  :  -gredi,  -gressus,  go  away, 
depart,  [gradior.] 
di-judico*  :  (1),  reg.,  decide.  [ous, 
'diligens*:  -entis,  eager,  industri- 
diligenter :  adv.,  eagerly,  indus¬ 
triously,  carefully. 
diligentia  :  -ae,  f.,  eagerness,  in¬ 
dustry,  carefulness. 
diligo :  (3),  -lexi,  -lectum,  hold 
dear,  love,  [dis,  lego.] 
di-luo* :  (3),  -ui,  -utum,  dissolve, 
soften. 

dimicatio  :  -onis,  f.,  combat,  strug¬ 
gle  ;  from 

dimico  ;  (1),  reg.,  struggle,  contend, 
fight,  [dis,  mico  (quiver)  f 
d^idius  :  -a,  -um,  half,  [dis,  me¬ 
dius.] 

dimitto  :  (3),  -misi,  -missum,  {send 
apart),  send  out,  away,  around; 
send  off,  dismiss,  let  go  ;  disband  ; 
let  slip,  lose;  give  up,  renounce. 

[dis,  mitto.] 

directo*:  adv.,  at  right  angles;  from 
directus ;  -a,  -um,  straight,  direct 
(either  horizontal  or  perpendicu¬ 
lar)  ;  steep,  [dirigo.] 


[  direptio*  ;  -onis,  f.,  pillaging,  [di¬ 
ripio  ] 

dirigo  :  (3),  -rexi,  -rectum,  {make 
straight) ;  point  toward,  direct. 
[dis,  rego.] 

dirimo  :  (3),  -emi,  -emptum,  {take 
apart),  break  up,  put  an  end  to. 
[dis,  emc.] 

diripio  :  (3),  -ripui,  -reptum,  {tear 
apart), plunder,  sack,  [dis,  rapio.] 
dis-cedo :  (3),  -cessi,  -cessum,  {go 
apart),  separate,  go  off,  depart ;  re¬ 
tire,  retreat,  withdraw ;  come  off 
or  out ;  desist  from,  give  up. 
discepto  :  (1),  reg.,  decide,  settle. 

[dis,  capto.]  [tinguish. 

dis-cerno*  :  (3),  -crevi,  -cretum,  dis- 
discessus  :  -us,  m.,  departure,  ab- 
se7ice.  [discedo.] 

disciplina:  -ae,  f.,  instruction; 

training,  discipline,  [disco,  learn. ^ 
dis-curro*  :  (3),  -cucurri  and  -curri, 
-cursum,  run  about. 
discutio  :  (3),  -eussi,  -cussum,  {strike 
apart),  smash,  [quatio.] 
disjicio* :  (3),  -jeci,  -jectum,  {cast 
apart),  scatter,  [jacio.] 
dispergo  :  (3),  -si,  -Bvem,  scatter  ;  dis¬ 
tribute.  [spargo.] 
dis-p5no  :  (3),  -posui,  -positum,  {set 
apart),  arrange,  draw  up  ;  station, 
post. 

disputatio  :  -onis,  f . ,  discussion  ; 
from 

disputo  :  (1),  reg.,  discuss,  argue. 
dissensio  :  -onis,  f. ,  variance,  strife, 
quarrel;  from  [sent. 

dis-sentio  :  (4),  -si,  -sum,  differ,  dis- 
dis-simulo  :  (1),  reg.,  conceal,  dis¬ 
semble  ;  see  on  p.  84,  19. 
dissipo*  :  (1),  reg.,  scatter. 
dis-solvo* :  (3),  -solvi,  -solutum, 

pay  {out). 

dis-tendo*  :  (3),  -di,  -turn,  stretch 
out ;  make  uneven. 
distineo  :  (2),  -ui,  -tentum,  {hold 
apart),  expand,  distend. 
disto  :  -are,  {stand  apart),  be  sepa¬ 
rated,  distant;  inter  se,  from  one 
another. 

dis-traho  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  {tear 
apart),  break  up  ;  bring  to  naught, 
prevent. 


VOCABULARY. 


307 


dis-tribuo :  (3),  -ul,  -iitum  distribute, 
divide  up.  [ish. 

dis-turbo* :  (1),  reg.,  destroy,  demol- 
diu  :  adv. ,  long,  a  long  time. 
diurnus  :  -a,  -um,  daily,  by  day. 
[dies.] 

diutinus  :  -a,  -um,  lo7ig,  lengthy. 
diutissime,  diutius,  superi.  and 
compar,  of  diu. 

diuturnitas  :  -atis,  i. ,  long  duration  ; 
from 

diuturnus*  :  -a,  -um,  long,  [diu.] 
diversus  :  -a,  -um,  {turned)in  differ¬ 
ent  directions,  separated;  distinet, 
different ;  opposite,  [diverto.] 
divido  :  (3),  -visT,  -visum,  part,  di¬ 
vide ;  separate. 

divinus  :  -a,  -um,  belonging  to  the 
gods,  divine,  [divus,  divine.^ 
divulgo*  :  (1),  reg.,  bring  among  the 
crowd,  spread  abroad,  [vulgus, 
crowd.'] 

do  i  dare,  dedi,  datum,  give,  put ; 
give  up,  hand  over  ;  hold,  celebrate  ; 
allow;  nomen  dare,  enlist;  ope¬ 
ram  dare,  endeavor,  take  pains. 
doceo :  (2),  -uT,  -ctum,  teach,  in¬ 
struct ;  tell,  inform,  announce; 
show,  prove, 

documentum*  :  -i,  n.,  instructive  ex¬ 
ample  ;  esse  documento,  prove. 
[doceo.] 

doleo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  grieve,  sor¬ 
row. 

dolor  :  -oris,  m.,  grief ,  pain  ;  bitter¬ 
ness,  anger. 

dolus  ;  -i,  m,,  trickery. 

'domesticus  :  -a,  um,  pertaining 
to  the  family,  or  circle  of  inti¬ 
mates;  internal,  native  (as  op¬ 
posed  to  foreign). 

domicilium:  -i,  n.,  dwelling,  home. 
dominatus*  :  -us,  m.,  mastery, 
control. 

dominus  ;  -i,  m.,  lord,  master. 
domus  :  -us,  f.,  (loc.  domi),  house, 
home ;  country,  native  land, 
home. 

ddnatio*  :  -dnis,  f.,  present,  gra¬ 
tuity ;  from 

dono  :  (1),  reg.,  give;  present 
{with). 

donum  :  -i,  n.,  gift. 


( dubito  :  (1),  reg.,  doubt,  hesitate. 

I  dubius  :  -a,  -wm,  wavering,  hesitat- 
[  ing.  [duo.] 

duco :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  lead,  bring ; 
sc.  in  matrimonium,  marry, 
iii,  110  ;  command,  have  charge  of; 
draw  out,  protract ;  carry  out, 
build,  make  ;  hence 
ductus*  :  -us,  lead,  command. 
dum  :  conj.,  while  ;  as  long  as;  un¬ 
til  ;  provided  only  ;  as  postpositive 
particle,  neque  dum,  and  not  yet. 
duntaxat*  (dumt.)  :  adv.,  {if  one 
rate  it  accurately),  merely,  only. 
[dum,  taxo.] 

duo  :  -ae,  -o,  (two),  the  two,  both. 
duplex :  -icis,  {twofold),  double ; 

[duo,  plico]  ;  hence 
duplico  :  (1),  reg.,  double,  repeat. 
durius  :  adv.,  compar,  of  dure,  too 
seriously  or  severely  ;  from 
durus  :  -a,  -um,  hard,  severe;  diffi¬ 
cult,  dangerous. 

duumviri:  -drum,  m.,  see  on  p.  22,  6. 
dux  :  ducis,  m.,  leader,  commander. 
dynastes  :  -ae,  m.,  dynast ;  see  on  p. 
75,  15. 


E. 


§  :  prep.,  see  ex. 
ea*  :  adv.,  there. 

edera*  :  -ae,  f.,  ivy.  [hence 

e-dico*  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  proclaim; 
edictum  :  -i,  n., proclamation,  order. 
editus:  -a,  -um,  elevated,  lofty  ;  from 
e-do  :  (3),  -didi,  -ditum,  {p%d  forth), 
spread  abroad. 

e-doceo*  :  (2),  -ui,  -turn,  {teach  ac¬ 
curately),  show  particularly. 
e-duco  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  lead  {forth), 
take  away. 

effero  :  efferre,  extuli,  elatum,  carry 
forth,  take  along;  of  emotions, 
carry  away,  overcome,  exalt,  elate; 
build  up,  erect. 

efficio  :  (3),  -feci,  -fectum,  prepare, 
produce,  make,  form,  build  ;  raise, 
collect ;  complete,  finish,  get  ready, 
carry  out.  ^facio.]  \put,  sack. 
effodio  :  (3),  -fodi,  -fossum,  {dig  out), 
effugio  :  (3),  -fugi,  -fugitum,  flee 
from,  escape,  avoid. 


308 


VOCABULARY. 


effundo  :  (3),  -fudi,  -fusum,  {pour 
out);  se  effundere,  stream  forth 
(of  a  crowd). 

egeo  :  (2),  -ui,  he  needy ;  egentes, 
poor  ;  need,  want  (w.  abl. ). 
egredior  :  -gredi,  -gressus,  go  out 
or  away ;  march  forth,  set  out; 
disembark,  land  (from  ships) ;  with 
aec.,  go  past  or  beyond  ;  [gradior]  ; 
hence 

egressus  :  -us,  m.,  landing. 
ejicio  :  (3),  -j5ci,  -jecturn,  {throw 
out),  drive  out,  expel ;  se  ejicere, 
hasten  forth;  of  ships,  land  (hur¬ 
riedly),  beach. 

ejus-modi*  :  of  that  sort,  such. 
e-labor*  :  -labi,  -lapsus,  dep.,  slide 
down  {from). 

elephantus*  :  -i,  m.,  elephant. 
e-levo*  :  (1),  reg.,  raise  up. 
elicio  :  (3),  -ui,  -itum,  draw  out,  en¬ 
tice.  [lacio.] 

elido*  :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  break  to 

pieces,  shatter,  [laedo.] 
eligo  :  (3),  -Isgl,  -lectum,  pick  out, 
select,  [lego.]  \cry  out. 

e-loquor*  :  -loqui,  -locutus,  utter, 
e-ludo*  :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  dodge,  elude. 
emineo  :  (2),  -ui,  project,  tower  up. 
eminus  :  adv.,  {  from  the  hand),  at  a 
distance,  [manus.] 
e-mitto :  (3),  -misi,  -missum,  send 
forth;  dismiss. 
enim  :  conj.,  postpositive,  for. 
e-nitor  :  -niti,  -nisus  and  -nixus, 
struggle  out,  climb  up ;  exert  one’s 
self ;  hence 

enixe*  :  adv.,  ardently. 
e-numero*  :  (1),  reg.,  count  up. 

(1)  eo  :  ire,  ivi  and  ii,  itum,  go, 
march. 

(2)  e5  :  adv.,  thither;  therein,  there¬ 
on;  with  compar.,  by  so  much; 
eo  magis,  the  more,  eo  minus,  the 
less.  [dat.  and  abl.  of  is.] 

e5dem  :  adv.,  to  the  same  place. 
[old  dat.  of  idem.] 

Epiros  :  -i,  m.,  a  western  district  of 
upper  Greece. 

eques  :  -itis,  m.,  horseman;  knight, 
one  of  the  second  estate  at  Koine, 
i.  e.  between  patrician  and  ple¬ 
beian  ;  hence 


equester  :  -tris,  -e,  pertaining  to  the 
cavalry  ;  knightly. 
equidem*  :  for  my  part,  verily. 
equitatus  :  -us,  m.,  cavalry.  App. 
Ill,  5. 

equus  :  -i,  m.,  horse. 
erga  :  prep.  w.  acc.,  towards. 
ergastulum*  :  -i,  n.,  slave-pen;  see 
on  p.  84,  33. 
ergo  :  adv.,  therefore. 
ericius  :  -i,  m.,  porcupine ;  see  on  p. 

105,  28  [eres,  hedgehog.'] 
erigo  ;  (3),  -rexi,  -rectum,  raise, 
erect. 

eripio  :  (3),  -ui,  -eptum,  {snatch 
away),  rescue;  rob. 
erro*  :  (1),  reg.,  {ivander),  be  in  the 
wrong,  err  ;  hence 
error*  :  -oris,  ni.,  mistake,  error. 
e -rumpo  :  (3),  -rupi,  -ruptum,  burst 
forth,  sally  out;  trans.,  let  burst 
forth,  pour  out ;  se  erumpere, 
hurst  out ;  hence 
eruptio  ;  -onis,  f.,  sally. 
et :  conj.,  and;  et  .  .  .  et  (que), 
both  .  .  .  and ;  and  so  ;  sli&r  meg. 
phrases  where  the  English  idiom 
uses  but,  iii,  74. 

etesiae* :  -arum,  f.,  etesian  (i.  e. 

annual)  winds.  [et,  jam.] 

etiam  :  conj.,  eve^i,  still ;  also,  too. 
etsi  :  conj.,  even  if,  although. 
eunuchus  :  -i,  eunuch,  chamberlain. 
eventus:  -us,  m.,  {coming  out), fate, 
fortune ;  issue,  result,  decision. 
[venio.] 

e-voco  :  (1),  reg..  call  forth,  sum¬ 
mon;  raise,  enlist  (svccati,  App. 
Ill,  12);  invite. 

ex  (before  vowels  and  consonants), 
e  (before  consonants) :  prep.  w. 
abl.,  out  of,  from,  down  from; 
after;  on;  of,  from  among;  in 
consequence  of;  in  accordance 
with  ;  e  re,  expedient ;  magna  ex 
parte,  to  a  great  extent. 
exactor*  ;  -oris,  m. ,  tax-gatherer, 
publican,  [exigo.] 
ex-aedifico*  :  (1).  reg.,  b^dld  {up). 
ex-aequo*  :  (1),  reg.,  make  equal, 
put  on  a  par. 

ex-agito* :  (1),  reg.,  rail  at,  over¬ 
whelm  with  abuse. 


VOCABULARY. 


309 


exanimo  :  (1),  reg.,  make  breathless, 
exhaust. 

ex-aresco'^  ;  (3),  -arui,  dry  up. 
ex-audio  :  (4),  reg.,  hear  (plainly, 
or  from  a  distance), 
ex-cedo  :  (3),  -cessi,  -cessum,  go 
forth,  leave,  retire  from,  quit, 
ex-cello:  (3),  -ui,  {tower  up) ;  par- 
tic.  adj.,  excellens,  distinguished, 
remarkable,  glorious;  hence 
excelsus  :  -a,  -nm,  lofty,  high. 
excido  :  (3),  -cldi,  cisum,  cut  off, 
cut  down,  [caedo.] 
excipio :  (3),  -cepi,  -ceptum,  take 
out,  except ;  take  up,  pick  up,  se¬ 
cure;  receive,  sustain;  follow  (in 
speaking) ;  intrans.,  come  after, 
come  next,  follow  ;  catch,  capture  ; 
gather,  collect;  happen  to,  befall. 
[capio.]  [rouse,  excite. 

ex-cito  :  (1),  reg.,  raise,  build ; 

excludo :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  shut  out, 
cut  off.  [claudo.]  [vise. 

ex-cogito*  :  (1),  reg.,  think  up,  de- 
excubiae*  :  -arum,  f.,  outposts, 
guard-duty  ;  from 

ex-cubo  :  (1),  -cubui,  -cubitum,  lie 
out  (of  camp),  stand  guard,  keep 
watch. 

excursus*  :  -us,  m  ,  onset,  attack. 
excusatio  :  -onis,  f.,  justification, 
excuse;  from 

excuso:  (1),  reg.,  excuse;  urge  as 
an  excuse,  [causa.] 
exemplum  :  -i,  n.,  copy ;  precedent, 
example,  [eximo,  take  from.'] 
ex-eo  :  (4),  -h,  -itum,  go  off  or  out 
from,  come  forth;  march  off  or 
out. 

exerceo  :  (2),  -cui,  -citgm,  practice, 
drill;  hence 

exercitatus  :  -a,  -um,  practiced,  dis¬ 
ciplined;  and 

exercitus  :  -us,  m. ,  {trained)  army  ; 

infantry  ;  land-force. 
exigo  :  (3),  -egl,  -actum,  {drive  out), 
raise  (forcibly),  exact,  collect. 
[ago.]  [meagre. 

exiguus  :  -a,  -um,  small,  scant, 

eximius*’  :  -a,  -um,  exceptional,  pe¬ 
culiar.  [eximo.] 

ex-inanio*  :  (4),  reg.,  {empty),  utter¬ 
ly  impoverish. 


existimatio  :  onis,  f.,  esteem,  honor  ; 
credit;  from 

existimo  :  (1),  reg.,  think,  believe, 
consider  ;  decide.'  [aestimo.] 
exitus  :  -us,  m.,  going  out,  depart¬ 
ure,  exit;  issue,  end,  result. 

[ex-eo.] 

ex-orior*  :  (4),  -ortus,  dep.,  arise, 
occur. 

expedio  :  (4),  reg.,  {extricate  from 
trouble),  arrange,  regula, te ;  pro¬ 
cure  ;  put  in  fighting  trim,  make 
ready  for  battle  ;  [ex,  pes];  hence 
expeditus  :  -a,  -um,  free,  unob¬ 
structed ;  see  App.  Ill,  3,  c;  16; 
complete. 

ex-pello  :  (3),  -puli,  -pulsum,  drive 
out,  off,  or  away  ;  remove,  dismiss. 
experior:  (4),  -pertus,  dep.,  try,  test ; 

try,  attempt ;  find  out,  learn. 
ex-peto*  :  (3),  -ivi  and  -il,  -itum, 
{eagerly)  desire. 
ex-pio*  :  (1),  reg.,  atone  for. 
ex-pleo  :  (2),  -Bvi,  -etum,  fill  up, 
make  complete;  man,  occupy  (a 
position). 

explicitus  :  -a,  -um,  easy  to  carry 
out,  practicable ;  compar,  expli- 
citius  5  from 

ex-plico  :  (1),  reg.,  and  -ui,  -itum, 
unfold,  spread  out,  deploy  ;  devel¬ 
op  ;  arrange,  put  to  rights. 
explorator:  -oris,  m.,  spy,  scout; 

plur.,  reconnoitering  party  ;  from 
exploro  :  (1),  reg.,  spy  out,  explore, 
examine  ;  reconnoiter. 
ex-p6no  :  (3),  -posui,  -positum,  put 
or  lay  out;  land  (troops)  ;  set 
forth,  describe,  explain. 
ex-posco  :  (3),  -poposci,  clamor  for, 
beg  for. 

ex-pugno  :  (1),  reg.,  with  and  with¬ 
out  per  vim,  take  by  storm. 
ex-sisto  :  (3),  -stiti,  come  forth ; 

break  out;  be  made,  arise. 
exspectatio  :  -onis,  f.,  awaiting,  ex¬ 
pectation  ;  from 

ex-specto  :  (1),  reg.,  await,  expect, 
look  for;  intrans.,  wait  (si,  ut); 
anticipate. 

ex-stinguo*  :  (3),  -nxi,  -nctum, 

{quench);  pass.,  die  out. 
ex-sto*  :  -are,  stand  out  of,  be  above. 


310 


VOCABULARY. 


ex-struo  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctiim,  {strew  out) ; 
rear,  build, 

ex-tendo*  :  (3),  -di,  -sum  and  -turn, 
{stretch  out) ;  see  on  p.  110,  11. 
exter,  exterus  :  -a,  -um,  foreign ; 
compar,  exterior,  outer ;  superl.  , 
extremus,  outermost,  farthest, 
last ;  often  with  partitive  sense, 
as  extremus  tumulus,  edge  of  the 
hill;  extreme,  greatest;  only  re- 
maining,  last;  worst,  most  dan¬ 
gerous. 

externus*  :  -a,  -um,  foreign. 
ex-terreo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  frighten. 
ex-torqueo*  :  (2),  -torsi,  -tortum, 
wrench  away,  rob. 

extra:  adv.,  without;  prep.  w. 
acc.,  without,  outside  of ;  beyond ; 
contrary  to.  [drag  out ;  waste. 
ex-traho  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  prolong, 
extraordinarius*  :  -a,  -um,  unusual. 
extremus  :  -a,  -um,  see  exter, 
exul  (exsul) :  -ulis,  m.,  a  banished 
man,  exile,  [ex,  solum.] 


F. 


faber  :  -bri,  m.,  artisan,  workman. 
facile:  adv.,  easily;  compar.,  faci¬ 
lius;  from 

facilis  :  -e,  easy,  convenient ;  from 
facio  :  (3),  feci,  factum,  do,  make ; 
commit,  perform;  build,  form; 
afford,  grant ;  bring  about  (ut) ; 
act,  proceed ;  hence 
factio  :  -dnis,  f.,  party,  faction  ;  and 
factum  :  -i,  n.,  deed,  act,  conduct. 
facultas  :  -iltis,  f.,  power,  opportu¬ 
nity ;  means,  supplies,  resources; 
money,  [facilis.] 

fallo  :  (3),  fefelli,  falsum,  deceive, 
disappoint ;  impers.,  neque  Caesa¬ 
rem  fefellit  quin,  and  G.  was  not 
mistaken,  in  that,  etc.  ;  hence 
falso*  :  Vidiv.,  fcdsely  ;  from 
falsus  :  -a,  -um,  false. 
fama  ;  -ae,  f.,  report,  rumor,  story ; 
renown,  fame. 

familia  :  -ae,  f.,  troop  of  servants, 
slaves,  or  gladiators ;  with  pater, 
mater,  household,  family  ;  hence 
familiaris :  -e,  {of  the  household),  in¬ 
timate. 


fanum  :  -i,  n.,  temple. 
fas  :  indecl.,  n.,  divinely  permitted, 
right,  [fari,  declare.') 
fascis  :  -is,  m.,  {bxmdle) ;  plur.,  fas¬ 
ces,  see  App.  If,  11,  (p.  278). 
i  fastigate  :  adv.,  sloping  (like  a 
roof). 

(fastigium  :  -i,  n.,  {roof),  slope. 
fateor*  :  (2),  fassus,  dep.,  coiifess. 
fatum  :  -i,  n.,fate,  doom.  [cf.  fas.] 
faux  :  -cis,  f.,  plur.  fauces,  throat ; 

narrow  pass.  \^port. 

faveo  :  (2),  favl,  fautum,  favor,  sup- 
felicitas  :  -atis,  f.,  luck,  good  for¬ 
tune  ;  hence 

feliciter  :  adv.,  luckily,  fortunately. 

[felix.] 

fenestra*  :  -ae,  f.,  loop-hole. 
fere:  adv.,  almost,  nearly,  about; 

almost  always,  generally. 
feriae*  :  -arum,  f.,  holidays;  see  on 
p.  74,  32. 

fero  :  ferre,  tuli,  latum,  hear,  carry ; 
pass.,  he  carried  away, hurry,  rush  ; 
hear,  endure,  suffer  ;  carry  off,  se- 
cure,  win;  lead,  bring ;  announce, 
mention,  propose ;  move,  make  a 
motion ;  require,  demand  (lit. 
bring  with  itself) ;  graviter  ferre, 
take  ill,  he  annoyed. 
ferreus  :  -a,  -um,  of  iron,  iron,  [fer¬ 
rum.]  [wild  beast. 

ferus*  :  -a,  -um,  {wild);  lem.  subst., 
'fides  :  -ei,  f.,  trust,  confidence; 
credit ;  trustworthiness  (that 
which  awakens  trust),  integrity, 
fidelity,  good  faith;  promise, 
pledge;  in  a  1  i  c  u  j  u  s  fide  esse, 
^  to  he  in  league  with  one,  to  he 
under  any  one's  protection. 
fido:  (3),  fisus  sum,  trust,  rely  upon. 
fiducia  :  ae,  f.,  trust,  confidence; 

assurance.  [confidential. 

fiduciarius*  :  -a,  -um,  of  trust, 
filia  :  -ae,  f.,  daughter. 
filius  :  -i,  m ,  son. 

fingo  :  (3),  finxi,  fictum,  form,  fash¬ 
ion;  invent,  coin. 
finio  :  (4),  reg.,  end,  finish;  from 
finis  :  -is,  m.,  hound,  border ;  end, 
limit. 

finitimus:  -a,  -um,  bordering, 
neighboring. 


VOCABULARY. 


311 


fio  :  fieri,  factus,  happen,  occur,  I 
come  to  pass ;  as  pass,  to  facio,  he  ! 
made,  rendered,  brought  about,  he-  \ 
come. 

^firmamentum*  :  -i,  n.,  support. 
firmitas  :  -atis,  f.,  endurance,  firm¬ 
ness. 

firmitudo  :  -inis,  f.,  firmness. 

■{  firmo  :  (1),  reg. ,  strengthen ;  en¬ 


courage. 

firmus  :  -a,  -urn,  fast,  firm;  cer¬ 
tain,  secure;  strong,  reliable. 
flagito  :  (1),  reg.,  eagerly  demand. 
flamma  :  -ae,  f . ,  fire,  flame. 
fleo :  (2),  flevl,  fletum,  weep ;  hence 
fletus  :  -us,  m.,  weeping. 
flo  :  (1),  reg.,  blow. 

{fluctus  :  -us,  m,,  wave. 
flumen  :  -inis,  n.,  stream,  river. 
fluo  :  (3),  -xi,  flow. 
fodio  :  (3),  fodi,  fossum,  dig. 
foedus  :  -eris,  n.,  treaty. 
folium*  :  -i,  n.,  leaf. 
fons  :  -tis,  m.,  spring,  well. 
foramen  :  -inis,  n.,  hole. 
foras  :  adv.,  out,  outside. 
forma  :  -ae,  f . ,  shape,  form. 
fors  :  f . ,  chance  ;  only  one  other  case 
in  use,  abl.,  by  chance,  perhaps. 
fortasse  :  adv. ,  perhaps. 
fortis :  -e,  strong  ;  brave,  courageous  ; 
hence 

fortiter  ;  adv.,  bravely,  boldly. 
fortuna  :  -ae,  f.,  chance,  luch,  for¬ 
tune;  condition,  lot,  fate;  dis¬ 
aster. 

forum  :  -i,  n.,  an  open  place  in  the 
midst  of  a  city,  forum. 
fossa  :  -ae,  f.,  ditch,  moat,  [fodio.] 
frater  :  -tris,  m.,  brother. 
fraudo  ;  (1),  reg.,  [cheat),  embezzle, 
steal;  from 

firaus  :  -dis,  f.,  cheating,  deceit. 
fremitus  :  -iis,  m.,  [roar,  din);  f. 

equorum,  snorting. 
frequens  :  -tis,  in  large  numbers; 
hence 

frequentia*  :  -ae,  f.,  crowd. 
fretum  :  -i,  n  ,  frith,  straits. 
fretus  :  -a,  -um,  relying  on. 
frons  :  -tis,  f.,  [forehead) ;  front. 
fructus  :  -iis,  m.,  fruit ;  return,  re¬ 
ward. 


"frumentarius  :  -a,  -um,  pertaining 
to,  for  provisions ;  res  frumen¬ 
taria,  supplies  ;  (provinciae)  fru- 
J  mentariae,  grain-bearing . 

]  frumentor  :  (1),  dep.,  forage,  get 
supplies,  grain,  provisions  ;  from 
frumentum  :  -i,  n.,  grain,  provis¬ 
ions,  rations. 
frustra  ;  adv.,  in  vain. 
fuga  :  -ae,  f. ,  flight. 
fugio  :  (3),  fugl,  fugitum,  fly,  escape 
[from);  avoid,  shun,  escape;  hence 
fugitivus  :  -a,  -um,  [taken  to  flight); 

masc.  ^VihA.,  fugitive,  run-away. 
fumus  :  -i,  m.,  smoke. 

"funda  :  -ae,  f.,  sling. 
fundamentum*  :  -i,  n.,  basis,  foun- 
j  dation. 

'  funditor  :  -oris,  m. ,  cUnger. 
fundo  :  (3),  fudl,  fusum,  [pou7') ; 
(hurl)  ;  put  to  flight,  roid. 
funis  :  -is,  m.,  cable,  rope. 
furca*  :  -ae,  f,,  fork. 


G. 


galea*  :  -ae,  f.,  [leather)  helmet. 

Gallia  :  -ae,  f.,  Oaul;  (1)  citerior,  cis¬ 
alpina,  togata,  the  plain  of  the  Po, 
in  upper  Italy ;  (2)  ulterior,  transal¬ 
pina,  including  France,  Belgium, 
Holland,  Switzerland  and  the  part 
of  Germany  west  of  the  Rhine,  con¬ 
quered  by  Ca3sar  in  58-49  b.  c.  ; 
(3)  provincia,  Narbonensis,  con¬ 
quered  by  the  Romans  in  121  b.  c. 
Adjs.,  Gallicus,  Gallus. 

Gallograecia  :  -ae,  f.,  Galatia,  the 
central  district  of  Asia  Minor.  See 
on  p.  75,  30. 

gemellus*  :  -a,  -um,  twin. 

generatim  :  Si,&v.,by  cla^sses.  [genus.] 

gens  :  -tis,  f.,  race,  tribe; people  of  a 
city. 

genus  :  •  eris,  n. ,  [race,  family) ;  sort, 
class,  kind. 

Genusus  :  i,  m.,  a  river  of  Illyria. 

Gergovia  :  -ae,  f.,  a  city  of  Gaul. 

Germania  :  -ae,  f.,  Germany ;  for  the 
Romans  the  lands  partly  bounded 
by  the  Rhine,  the  Danube  and  the 
sea. 


312 


VOCABULARY. 


gero  ;  (3),  gess!,  gestum,  carry,  cher¬ 
ish  ;  perform,  transact,  do;  pass., 
take  place,  happen  ;■  res  gesta,  what 
has  happened  ;  exploit ;  in  military 
senses,  waye  (bellum) ;  strike  a  blow 
(rem  gerere) ;  fight,  contend. 
gladiator:  oris,  m.,  gladiator,  one 
who  fought  at  the  public  games  to 
please  an  audience  ;  hence 
gladiatorius  ;  -a,  -um,  gladiatorial ; 

from  [III,  3,  b. 

gladius  :  -i,  ra.,  sword,  dagger.  App. 
gloria:  -ae,  f.,  {fame,  glory);  boast¬ 
fulness,  vaunting  ;  hence  \self. 
glorior  :  (1),  dep.,  boast,  vaunt  onds 
Gomphi :  -orum,  a  town  of  Thessaly. 

Adj.,  Gomphensis. 

Graecia:  -ae,  f.,  Greece.  Adj., 
Graecus  I  masc,  subst.,  Graeci, 
-orum. 

gratia  :  -ae,  f.,  favor,  gratitude, 
thanks;  gratiam  habere,  be  grate¬ 
ful  ;  gratias  agere,  gratiam  referre, 
express  thanks ;  favor,  popularity, 
influence. 

gratulatio  ;  -onis,  f.,  congratulation ; 
from 

gratulor  :  (1),  dep.,  congratulate, 
f  gravis  :  -e,  heavy ;  severe,  serious, 
dangerous,  uiihealthy  ;  hard,  dif¬ 
ficult,  oppressive ;  unfavorable, 
hostile;  hence 

gravitas  :  -atis,  f.,  weight,  heavi- 
-i  ness;  and 

j  graviter:  adv.,  weightily  ;  severely, 
I  seriously,  earnestly;  sorely, bitterly. 

1  gravo :  (1),  reg.,  {make  heavy); 
1  pass,  or  dep.,  gravari,  hesitate, 
shrink. 

gubernator  :  -oris,  m.,  steersman, 
helmsman. 


H. 


habeo  :  (2),  -uT,  -itum,  have,  pos¬ 
sess, keep  ;  consider , hold  ;  receive  ; 
require,  demand,  involve  ;  afford, 
present;  hold,  convene;  make, 
perform;  hence 

habitatio*  :  -onis,  f.,  house,  dwell 
mg,  through  the  intensive 
habito*  :  (1),  reg.,  dwell. 
hac  :  adv.,  here,  in  this  place. 


Hadriaticus  :  -a,  -um,  of  Iladria,  a 
city  of  Etruria  on  the  Po ;  A  driatic. 
harpago  :  onis,  m.,  harpoon  drag ; 
see  on  p.  37,  2. 

hastatus  :  -a,  -um,  {armed  with  the 
spear);  App.  Ill,  2,  b,  and  11,  c. 
Hegesaretos  :  -i,  m.,  a  Thessalian  of 
Pompey’s  party. 

Hercules  :  -is,  m.,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Alcmene,  a  sun -god,  performing 
many  labors. 

hereditas  :  -fitis,  f.,  inheritance  ;  hom. 
heres  :  -edis,  m.,  heir. 
hibernus  :  -a,  -um,  {wintei') ;  neut. 
plur.,  hiberna,  -orum,  {winter  quar¬ 
ters)  ;  winter  magazines ;  see  on  p. 
34,  6. 

Hiberus  :  -i,  m.,  a  river  in  Spain,  the 
modern  Ebro. 

(1)  hie,  haec,  hoc:  hujus,  etc.,  this; 
the  present ;  the  folloivmg  ;  such  (fol¬ 
lowed  by  ut) ;  abl.  adv.  hoc,  there¬ 
fore,  on  this  account. 

(2)  hie  :  adv.,  here ;  hereupon. 
hiemo  :  (1),  reg.,  winter,  spend  the 

winter  ;  from 
hiems  :  -emis,  f. ,  winter. 
hinc  :  adv.,  from  this  {these),  he7ice. 
hippotoxota  :  -ae,  m.,  mounted  archer. 
hodie  :  adv.,  to-day.  [hoc  die.] 
homo  :  -inis,  m.,  man. 
honestus  :  -a,  -um,  honorable;  well¬ 
born  ;  reputable  ;  from 
hondr  (hon5s)  :  -oris,  m.,  honor,  es¬ 
teem,  regard. 
hora  :  -ae,  f .,  hour. 
hordeum  :  -i,  n.,  barley. 
horreum:  i,  n.,  magazine  for  supplies, 
hortatus  :  -us,  m.,  used  only  in  abl., 
exho7'tation  ;  from 

hortor  :  (1),  dep.,  exhort,  encourage. 
hospes  :  -itis,  m.,  guest-friend; 

hence  \]iospitality. 

hospitium  :  -i,  n.,  guest-friendship  ; 
hostis  :  -is,  m.,  enemy.  [sc  far. 

hue:  adv.,  hither;  to  this  {these); 
hujus-modi  :  of  this  kind. 
humanitas  :  -atis,  f.,  mildness,  hu¬ 
manity ;  from 

humanus  :  -a,  -um,  human,  [homo.] 
humerus  :  -i,  m.,  shoulder. 
humidus*  :  -a,  -um,  moist,  green. 
[humus.] 


VOCABULARY. 


313 


humilis  :  -e,  low ;  hence 
humilitas  :  -atis,  f.,  lowness,  'humili¬ 
ation. 

I. 

ibi  :  adv.,  there. 

ico  :  (3),  ici,  ictum,  hit,  strike ; 
hence 

ictus  :  -us,  m.,  How,  shot,  stroke. 
idcirco*  :  adv.,  therefore. 
idem,  eadem,  idem  :  ejusdem,  etc., 
the  same;  often  best  rendered  by 
also,  likewise,  as  i,  74,  Idem  hoc 
fit. 

ideo*  :  adv.,  therefore,  on  this  ac¬ 
count.  {jiient. 

iddneus  :  -a,  -um,  suitable,  conve- 
fdus  :  -uum,  f..  Ides. 

Igilium  ;  -i,  n.,  see  on  p.  27,  22. 
igitur*  :  conj.,  therefore  (as  a  matter 
of  course), 
ignis  :  -is,  m.,  fire. 
ignominia  :  -ae,  f.,  {loss  of  good 
name);  shame,  disgrace,  [nomen.] 
ignbrantia*  :  -ae,  f.,  lack  of  knowl¬ 
edge),  ignorance;  from 
ignoro  :  (1),  reg.,  not  know,  be  igno¬ 
rant  of. 

Iguvini;  -orum,  citizens  of  Ig urium. 
ille,  illa,  illud  :  illius,  etc.,  that;  he, 
she,  it ;  adv.,  iilo,  thither ;  hence 
illic*  :  adv.,  there. 

Illyricum  :  -i,  n.,  the  district  on 
the  N.  E.  coast  of  the  Adriatic,  be¬ 
longing  to  Caesar’s  province  ;  see 
Int.  6. 

imbicillitas*  :  atis,  f.,  weakness. 
immineo:  -6re,  crowd  upon,  threaten. 
immitto  :  (3),  -misi,  -missum,  send 
against,  convey  upon  ;  cast,  hurl. 
immortalis  :  -e,  undying,  immortal. 

[mors.]  ferior. 

impar :  -aris,  uneven ;  smaller,  in- 
imparatus  :  -a,  -um,  unprepared. 
[paro.] 

impedimentum:  -i,  n.,  hindrance; 
plur.,  camp -luqqaqe,  baqqaqe- 
train ;  App.  Ill,  iC  ;  from 
impedio  :  (4),  reg.,  {shackle);  ob¬ 
struct,  block  up ;  hinder,  keep 
back  {from);  disable;  absolutely, 
block  the  way,  and,  of  a  tribune, 


cast  a  veto;  part,  impeditus,  -a, 
-um,  loaded  down,  unprepared  for 
battle,  of  soldiers  ;  of  ships,  disa¬ 
bled.  Cf.  App.  Ill,  3,  c. ;  16. 
impello :  (3),  -puli,  -pulsum,  push 
forward,  urge  on,  force ;  carry 
away  (by  excitement,  etc.), 
imperator;  -oris,  m.,  commander; 
also  a  title  of  honor  ;  see  on  p.  64, 
10  ;  hence 

imperatorius* :  -a,  -um,  of  a  com¬ 
mander.  [impero.] 
imperitus  :  -a,  -um,  ignorant  of  the 
position  of  affairs,  unmformed. 
imperium :  -i,  n.,  {word  of)  com¬ 
mand,  order ;  {sovereign)  power, 
sway,  government ;  realm,  empire  ; 
abstract  for  concrete,  governor, 
official ;  (military)  command  ;  from 
impero  :  (1),  reg.,  command,  order ; 
give  orders ;  levy  upon,  impose 
upon,  demand  from  (acc.  and  dat.). 
impetro  :  (1),  reg.,  extort,  obtain, 
(by  eager  prayers  or  arguments), 
impetus  :  -us,  m.,  charge,  attack, 
rush;  {eager)  attempt. 
implico  :  (1),  reg.,  and  -ul,  -itum, 
enfold,  entangle;  morbo  implici¬ 
tus,  fallen  sick.  \plore. 

imploro  :  (1),  reg.,  entreat,  beg,  im- 
impono*:  (3),  -posui,  -positum,  put 
in,  embark  (trans.)  ;  put  on  ;  im¬ 
pose  upon,  assign  to.  \in. 

importo:  (1),  reg.,  carry  in,  bring 
imprimis  (in  primis)  ;  adv.,  espe¬ 
cially. 

improbo  :  (1),  reg.,  disapprove. 
improbus  ;  -a,  -um,  malicious,  evilly 
disposed. 

improvisus  :  -a,  -um,  unforeseen; 
improviso,  de  or  ex  improviso, 
unexpectedly,  [pro,  video.] 
imprudens  :  -ntis,  not  looking  out, 
off  one's  guard,  unsuspecting ; 
[providens] ;  hence 
imprudentia:  -ae,  f.,  want  of  fore¬ 
sight,  imprudence. 

impubes  :  -eris,  not  adult,  minor ; 
masc.  subst.,  boy. 

impudentia*  :  -ae,  f . ,  shamelessness. 
in:  prep.,  I.  with  acc.,  into,  to,  to¬ 
wards,  for  {up  to) ;  against ;  icith 
a  view  to,  according  to  ;  so  in  ex- 


014 


VOCABULARY. 


pressions  of  dimension,  as  in  lati¬ 
tudinem,  m  width;  in  dies,/rom 
day  to  day.  II.  with  abl.,  in, 
within,  during,  among;  in  the 
case  of,  in  respect  of. 
in-aedifico ;  (1),  reg.,  huild,  carry 
along ;  huild  up,  barricade. 
in-aequo*  :  (1),  reg.,  make  even, 
cover  over. 
inanis*  :  -e,  empty. 
in-auditus*  :  -a,  -um,  unheard  of. 
incaute  ;  adv.,  carelessly,  [caveo.] 
incedo  :  (8),  -cessi,  -cessum,  {come 
in) ;  fall  upon,  seize  ;  break  out. 
incendium :  -i,  n.,  fire,  conflagra¬ 
tion  ;  attack  with  fire  ;  from 
incendo  :  (3),  -di,  -Sum,  set  afire; 
excite,  inflame. 

incertus  :  -a,  -um,  doubtful,  uncer¬ 
tain. 

incido  :  (3),  -cidi,  casum,  fall 

{upon);  fall  in  with,  meet;  hap¬ 
pen.  [cado.] 

incipio  ;  (3),  -cepi,  -ceptum,  {lay 
hold  of) ;  begin,  undertake,  [ca- 
pio.] 

incitatio*  :  -onis,  1,  excitement ; 
from 

in-cito  :  (1),  reg.,  urge  on  ;  se  inci¬ 
tare,  rush,  speed ;  rouse,  incite, 
stir  up;  part,  incitatus,  -a,  -um, 
in  haste,  swift,  at  full  speed. 
in-clino*  :  (1),  reg.,  (bend  to)  ;  se  in¬ 
clinare,  change  for  the  worse. 
includo  :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  shut  in,  en¬ 
close.  [claudo.] 
incognitus  :  -a,  -um,  unknown. 
in-colo  :  (3),  -ul,  -ultum,  inhabit. 
incolumis  :  -e,  unharmed,  ivithout 
loss;  hence 

incolumitas*  :  -atis,  f.,  safely. 
incommodum  :  -i,  n.,  disadvantage, 
inconvenience,  harm,  loss,  damage  ; 
def eat.  [inconvenient. 

incommodus*  :  -a,  -um,  unfavorable, 
inconsultius*:  adv.,  comp,  of  in¬ 
consulte,  too  heedlessly. 
in-crebesco*  :  (8),  -crebui,  become 
stronger,  increase. 

incredibilis  ;  -e,  not  to  be  believed, 
incredible,  [credo.] 
incursus  :  -us,  m.,  rush,  charge,  on¬ 
set,  attack,  [curro.] 


inde  :  adv.,  thence,  from  there  ; 
then,  thereupon. 

indico*  :  (1),  reg.,  infcrrm  against, 
betray,  [intens.  of  indicere.] 
indigeo*  :  (2),  -pi,  need,  lack,  [egeo.] 
indignor  :  (1),  dep.,  be  angry,  indig¬ 
nant.  [in-dignus.] 
indiligentia  :  -ae,  f.,  carelessness. 
in-duco :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  lead  in, 
conduct ;  spread  {over). 
industrie  :  adv.,  eagerly. 
indutiae  :  -arum,  f ,  {inserted  time) ; 
truce,  [induo.] 

in-eo  :  (4),  -il,  -itum,  (only  trans,  in 
Caesar),  begin;  undertake,  adopt. 
inermis  :  -e,  unarmed,  defenceless ; 

once  inermus,  -a,  -um.  [arma.] 
infamia  :  -ae,  f.,  evil  report,  shame, 
disgrace,  [fam  a.] 

infectus  :  -a,  -um,  not  done,  unac¬ 
complished.  [facio.] 
in.fero  :  -ferre,  -tulT,  illatum,  bring 
to,  apply  to  ;  bring  up,  raise;  bring 
upon,  cause  (acc.  and  dat.);  signa 
inferre,  march,  attack ;  bellum  in¬ 
ferre,  make  war. 

inferus  :  -a,  -um.,  comp,  inferior,  -us, 
lower,  smaller,  fewer,  weaker; 
superl.  infimus,  -a,  -um,  lowest. 
infestus  :  -a,  -um,  dangerous,  unsafe  ; 
threatening,  poised  (aloft,  ready  to 
hurl,  of  a  weapon)  ;  advanced,  fly¬ 
ing  (of  the  signa). 

infidelitas:  -atis,  i.,  disloyalty,  [fido.] 
infimus  :  see  inferus, 
infinite*:  adv.,  {without  bounds) ;  in 
general,  [finis.] 

infirmus  :  -a,  -um,  weak,  feeble,  ir¬ 
resolute  ;  few  (in  numbers), 
inflatius  :  adv.,  comp,  of  inflate, 
(blown  up);  very  boastfully;  more 
exaggeratedly  ;  from 
in-flo  :  (1),  reg.,  {blow  in  or  up) ;  make 
overconfident,  arrogant. 
infra  :  aclv.,  below. 
infrequens*  :  -ntis,  not  in  full  num¬ 
bers. 

infringo  :  (3),  -frggl,  -fractum,  break, 
bring  to  naught,  [frango.] 
infula  :  -ae,  f.,  fillet. 
ingratus  :  -a,  -um,  unthankful. 
in-gravesco  :  -ere,  (become  heavy); 
increase,  rise. 


VOCABULARY. 


315 


ingredior :  -gredi,  -gressus,  {go  in) ; 

enter  upon,  begin  (with  in) ;  hence 
ingressus*  :  -iis,  m.,  {entrance);  free 
motion. 

inimicitia  ;  -ae,  f . ,  hatred,  enmity ; 

generally  plur. ;  from 
inimicus  :  -a,  -um,  hostile,  unfriend¬ 
ly  ;  masc.  subst. ,  enemy  [amicus.] 
iniquitas  :  -afis,  f.,  unevenness ;  from 
iniquus  :  -a,  -um,  uneven,  unfavor¬ 
able;  unequal,  [aequua.] 
initium  :  -i,  n.,  beginning,  [ineo.] 
injicio  (inicio)  :  (3),  -jeci,  -jectum, 
{throw  in);  insert,  infuse;  put 
upon,  lay  over ;  cast  upon,  attach. 
[jacio.] 

in-jungo :  (3),  -junxi,  -junctum,  fasten 
upon,  impose  upon,  saddle  with. 
injuria  :  -ae,  f.,  wrong,  injury,  out¬ 
rage,  injustice. 

iiyussu*  :  abl.  from  a  nom.  injus¬ 
sus,  not  in  use,  without  orders. 
in-nascor*;  -nasci,  -natus,  be  born  in; 
part.,  inborn. 

inopia:  ae,  f.,  want,  lack,  scarcity. 

[opsj  opes.]  [awares. 

inopinans  :  -tis,  unsuspecting,  \in- 
inquam  :  -is,  -it,  defect,  verb,  say ; 
after  some  words  of  the  direct  dis¬ 
course.  [sue  ;  come  after. 

in-sequor:  -sequi,  -cutus,  follow;  pur - 
insidiae  :  -arum,  f.,  ambush,  [sedeo.] 
insigne  :  -is,  n  ,  token,  badge,  mark; 
jiag,  streamer. 

insolens*:  -ntis,  unused  {to);  [soleo] ; 
hence 

insolenter  :  adv.,  {unusually) ;  rash¬ 
ly  ;  and 

insolentia  :  -ae,  f.,  wantonness,  in¬ 
solence. 

insolitus*  :  -a,  -um,  unused,  unac¬ 
customed.  [soleo.] 
inspecto*  :  (1),  reg.,  look  on.  [intens. 
of  inspicio.] 

instar*:  indecl.,  n.,  {image);  as 
large  as,  like,  with  gen. 
instituo  :  (3),  -uT,  -utum,  place,  sta¬ 
tion,  form  ;  build,  construct ;  begin, 
undertake,  determine,  make  pre¬ 
parations  ;  perf.,  have  usually  done, 
be  accustomed  ;  hence 
institutum  :  -i,  n.,  plan,  project; 
custom,  habit. 


in-sto  :  (1),  -stiti,  {stand  on  or  over); 
press  on,  crowd  forward;  be  per¬ 
sistent,  insist. 

in-struo :  (3),  -xT,  -ctum,  {strew 

upon);  build  into,  inserl ;  form, 
draw  up,  array ;  part,  instructus, 
in  battle  array  ;  equip,  furnish. 
insuetus  :  -a,  -um,  unaccustomed. 
insula  :  -ae,  f.,  island. 
insuper  ;  adv.,  above,  thereon. 
integer  :  -gra,  -grum,  unharmed,  in¬ 
tact  ;  undisturbed  ;  fresh,  untired. 
in-tego  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  cover. 
intellego  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  perceive, 
understand,  see.  [inter,  lego.] 
in-tendo :  (3),  -di,  -turn,  {stretch) ; 
part,  intentusj  eager  {for),  bent 
{on). 

inter :  prep,  with  acc. ,  betioeen, 
among,  amidst ;  inter  se,  with  one 
another. 

inter-cedo  :  (3),  -eessT,  -cessum,  {go 
between)  ;  intervene,  conne  up,  hap¬ 
pen,  elapse,  pass  away;  lie  be¬ 
tween,  exist  between  (alicui  cum 
aliquo);  of  the  tribune,  inter¬ 
pose  a  veto  ;  hence 
intercessio  :  -onis,  f.,  veto. 
intercipio  :  (3),  -cepi,  -ceptum,  {take 
out  of  the  midst),  capture,  seize. 
[capio.] 

intercludo  :  (3).  -si,  -sum,  shut  off, 
block  up  ;  shut  off  {from)  ;  hem  in; 
see  on  p.  19,  4.  [claudo.] 
interdiu  :  adv. ,  by  day. 
interea  :  adv.,  meanwhile. 
inter-eo  ;  (4),  -il,  -itum,  perish,  be 
lost,  come  to  naught. 
interficio  :  (3),  -f5ci,  -fectum,  {make 
away  with) ;  hill,  [facio.] 
interim  ;  adv. ,  meamchile. 
interior  :  -us,  gen.  -oris,  inner. 
interjicio  :  (3),  -jecI,  -jectum,  {throw) 
put  between  ;  part,  interjectus,  ly¬ 
ing  between,  intervening  ;  interjec¬ 
tis  aliquot  diebus,  after  the  lapse 
of,  etc.  Cf.  intermitto  and  inter¬ 
pono.  [jacio.] 

inter-mitto  :  (3),  -misl,  -missum, 

{send)  leave  between  ;  part,  in  abl. 
abs.,  at  a  distance  of,  after  an  in¬ 
terval  of;  give  up,  stop,  intermit; 
let  time  pass  by,  rest;  leave  free 


31G 


VOCABULARY. 


from;  parvo  spatio  intermisso, 
after  a  little  Ume  had  passed.  Cf . 
interjicio  and  interpono, 
internuntius  :  -i,  m.,  messenger, 

agent. 

inter-pello  :  (1\  reg.,  interrupt ;  hin¬ 
der,  prevent;  render  fruitless. 
inter-pono  :  (3\  -posui,  -positum, 
place  ov  put  hetween  ;  bring  to  pass, 
cause,  make;  allow,  suffer;  part, 
interpositus  in  abl.  abs.,  after  the 
lapse  of,  like  interjectus  and  in¬ 
termissus. 

inter-rogo  :  (1),  reg,,  ask. 
inter-rumpo  :  (3),  -rupl,  -ruptum, 
break  apart,  to  pieces,  down,  up; 
interrupt. 

inter-sum  :  -esse,  -ivi\,be  (lie)  between  ; 
be  on  haaid  for,  take  part  in,  be 
present  at ;  impers.  interest,  it  is 
of  importance  or  advantage. 
intervallum  :  -i,  n. ,  (lit.  the  distance 
between  two  ramparts);  space  be¬ 
tween,  interred  ;  space,  distance. 
inlra  :  prep,  with  acc.,  within;  into 
(with  verbs  of  motion). 

(1)  intr5*  :  adv,,  within. 

(2)  intro  :  (1),  reg.,  enter. 
intro-duco  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  lead  in, 

introduce.  go-] 

introitus :  -us,  m.,  entrance,  [in- 
intus  :  adv.,  within. 
inusitatus:  -a,  -um,  unusual,  strange. 
inutilis  :  -e,  useless,  good  for  noth¬ 
ing.  [intrans.,  breakout. 

in-vado*  :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  seize ;  or, 
in- venio  :  (4),  -veni,  -ventum,  {come 
upon);  find,  discover  ;  prove. 
inveterasco  :  (3),  -avi,  grow  old,  be¬ 
come  wonted,  [vetus.]  [video.] 
invidia:  -ae,  i.,  envy;  hatred. 
invisus"^  :  -a,  -um,  {hated) ;  unseen. 
invito  :  (1),  reg.,  invite  as  guest,  en¬ 
tertain;  tempt. 

invitus  :  -a,  -um,  against  one’s  will, 
unwillingly.  [w^a,  envelop. 

in-volvo  :  (3),  -volvi,  -volutum,  wrap 
ipse  :  a,  -um,  gen.  ipsius,  himself, 
herself , itself ;  very  ;  simply  ;  alone. 
In  Csesar  often  =  the  commander. 
iracundia  :  -ae,  f.,  wrath,  [ira.] 
irascor*  :  -ci,  be  angry  at. 
iratus  :  -a,  -um,  angered,  angry. 


irrisus*  :  -us,  m.,  mockery ;  irrisui 
esse,  be  a  laucjliing-stock.  [rideo.] 
irrumpo  :  (3),  -rupi,  -ruptum,  break 
or  burst  in.  \it. 

is,  ea,  id  :  this,  that ;  cuch ;  he,  she. 
Isthmus*  :  -i,  m..{neck  of  land,  isth¬ 
mus)  ;  the  isthm,us  of  Corinth. 
ita  :  adv.,  so,  thus  ;  accordingly ;  non 
ita,  not  so  very.  .  [-a,  -um. 

Italia  :  -ae,  f.,  Itcdy.  Adj  ,  Italicus, 
itaque  :  adv,,  =  et  ita,  and  so  ;  there¬ 
fore  .  [way. 

item  :  adv.,  likewise ;  in  the  same 
iter:  itineris,  n.,  journey,  march; 

day’s  march  ;  road,  icay. 
iterum  :  adv.,  a  second  time,  again 

J. 

Jacio  :  (3),  jeci,  jactum,  throw,  hurl, 
cast;  throw  up,  build;  hence  the 
intens. 

Jacto  :  (1),  reg.,  {toss  from  the 

mouth),  boast,  brag  of;  hence 
Jactura  :  -ae,  f.,  {throwing  over¬ 
board),  loss;  gift, present. 
jam  :  adv.,  now ;  socn,  presently ; 

already  ;  with  negative,  no  longer. 
Januarius  :  -a,  -um,  of  January. 
Jubeo  :  (2),  jussi,  jussum,  command, 
order,  with  acc.  of  person  and 
inf.  act.,  acc.  of  thing  and  inf. 
pass.,  and  inf.  act.  alone  with 
indef.  subj. 

jucundus  :  -a,  um,  pleasant. 
f  judex  :  -icis,  m.,  judge,  juror. 
judicium  :  -i,  n.,  court ;  trial,  suit ; 
]  decision  ;  opinion,  view. 
judico  :  (1),  reg.,  decide,  judge; 
believe,  think. 

jugerum* :  -i,  n.,  acre  (loosely ; 

strictly  240  x  120  ft.), 
jugum  :  -i,  n.,  {yoke),  ridge  of  moun¬ 
tain. 

jumentum  :  i,  n.,  {yoke  animal), 
beast  of  burden,  horse,  mule,  or 
ox  ;  from 

jungo  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  join,  unite. 
junior  :  -oris,  {younger,  compar,  of 
juvenis) ;  as  subst.  mase.,  able- 
bodied  man,  liable  to  military  duty. 
App.  II,  3. 

juro  :  (1),  reg.,  swear,  take  oath. 


VOCABULARY. 


317 


jus  ;  juris,  n.,  justice  ;  jus  dicere, 
administer  justice ;  jure,  judi¬ 
cially ;  in  jus,  to  get  justice  ;  right, 
law,  authority.  [oath. 

jusjurandum  :  jurisjurandi,  etc., 
jussu  :  abl.  from  an  unused  jussus, 
at  command  ;  j.  atque  imperio,  at 
command  and  with  authority,  [ju¬ 
beo.] 

justitia:  -ae,  i.,  justice  ;  from 
justus  :  -a,  -um,  righteous,  just ; 

fitting,  deserved,  [jus.] 
juventus  :  -titis,  f.,  youth  (the  age 
from  12  to  40  years)  ;  young  men 
of  this  age. 

juvo  :  (1),  juvi,  jutum,  help,  assist. 
juxta  :  prep,  with  acc,,  near,  hard 
hy. 

L. 

labefacio  :  (3),  -feci,  -factum,  pass, 
-fio,  shatter,  wreck. 

(1)  labor  :  -hi,  lapsus,  dep. ,  slide. 

(2)  labor  :  -oris, m.,  w^orA:,  toil,  labor ; 
hardships  ;  hence 

laboro  :  (1),  reg.,  labor,  be  in  dis¬ 
tress,  suffer. 
lac  :  -tis,  n.,  milk. 

Lacedaemon*  :  -onis,  f.,  capital  of 
Laconia  in  southern  Greece,  Spar¬ 
ta. 

lacesso  :  (3),  -ivl,  -itum,  harass ; 

proelio  lacessere,  attack. 
laedo :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  {damage) ; 

fidem  laedere,  break  one’s  pledge. 
laetitia  :  -ae,  f.,  joy,  delight ;  from 
laetus  :  -a,  -\im,joyful,  happy. 
lamina*  :  -ae,  f.,  plate  {of  metal). 
langueo*:  (2),  -gui,  be  sluggish, 
careless,  off  duty. 
languidus  :  -a,  -urn,  sluggish. 
lapis  :  -idis,  m.,  stone. 
largitio  :  -onis,  f.,  generosity ,  open- 
handedness ;  plur.,  (large)  pres¬ 
ents.  [haustion. 

lassitudo  :  -inis,  f.,  weariness,  ex- 
late  :  adv.,  ivide,  ividely ;  of  a  let¬ 
ter,  fully,  in  detail;  longe  late- 
que,  far  and  wide. 
later  :  -eris,  m.,  brick ;  hence 
latericius  :  -a,  -um,  of  brick  ;  neut. 
subst.,  brick  work ;  and 


latericulum*  :  -i,  n.,  brick  (collec¬ 
tively). 

latitudo  :  -inis,  f. ,  width,  [latus.] 
latro  :  -onis,  m.,  robber. 
latus  :  -a,  -um,  broad,  wide. 
latus  :  -eris,  n.,  side  ;  flank,  wing. 
laudo:  (1),  mg.,  praise,  [laus.] 
laurea  :  -ae.  f.,  laurel. 
laus:  -dis,  f. ,  praise;  plur.,  praises 
due  a  man,  i.  e.  his  exploits. 
legatio  :  onis,  1,  embassy ;  ambas¬ 
sador  ;  legateship,  lieutenancy ; 
.  from 

legatus  :  -i,  m.,  ambassador  ;  legate, 
lieutenarit ;  App.  Ill,  7. 
legio  :  -onis,  f.,  legion;  App.  Ill,  2; 
hence 

legibnarius  :  -a,  -um,  of  a  legion ; 

masc.  subst.,  legionary  {soldier). 
legitimus  :  -a,  -um,  lawful,  pre¬ 
scribed  by  law. 

lego  :  (3),  JSgl,  lectum,  choose. 
legumen :  -inis,  n.,  pulse  (vegeta¬ 
bles  of  the  bean  family), 
lenis  :  -e,  soft,  gentle,  mild ;  hence 
lenitas  :  -atis,  f.,  gentleness,  mild¬ 
ness ;  and 

leniter  :  adv.,  gently,  mildly. 
lente  :  adv.,  slowly. 
lenunculus*  :  -i,  m.,  skiff. 

levis  :  -e,  light ;  slight,  unimpor¬ 
tant ;  adv.,  levius,  more  lightly. 
levo  :  (1),  reg.,  lighten,  heal. 
lex:  ICgis,  f.,  law. 
libens  :  -tis,  glad,  willing ;  hence 
libenter  :  adv.,  gladly,  willingly. 
'liber :  -era,  -erum,  free,  unhin¬ 
dered. 

liberalitas  :  -atis,  f.,  generosity. 
liberaliter  :  adv.,  {worthily  of  a 
freeman) ;  kindly,  generously, 
i  libere  :  adv.,  freely,  without  hin¬ 
drance  ;  boldly. 
liberi  :  -orum,  m.,  children. 
libero  ;  (1),  reg.,  free,  release. 
libertas  :  -atis,  f.,  freedom. 
libertus  :  -i,  m.,  freedman. 
libra*  :  -ae,  f. ,  Ime,  balance. 
Liburnicus  and  Liburnus  :  -a,  -um, 
of  Liburnia  (a  district  of  Illyria)  ; 
fern,  subst.  liburna,  a  small,  swift 
sailing  vessel,  smack.  [from 

licentia  :  -ae,  f . ,  lawlessness,  license  ; 


e318 


VOCABULARY. 


licet ;  (2),  impers. ,  licuit,  licitum  est, 
it  is  permitted,  allowed,  possible. 
lictor  :  -oris,  m. ,  lictor,  one  of  the 
body-guard  allowed  the  higher 
Roman  magistrates.  App.  II,  11. 
'ligneus  :  -a,  -um,  wooden,  of  wood  ; 
and 

lignor  :  (1),  fetch  wood;  from 
lignum  :  -i,  n.,  wood  (in  plur.). 
limen*  :  -inis,  n.,  threshold.  [ligo» 
bind.  ] 

linter  :  -tris,  f.,  canoe,  small-boat. 
litera  :  -ae,  {letter  of  the  alphabet)  ; 
plur.,  a  letter,  letters  (see  on  p. 

29,  30). 

litus  :  -oris,  n.,  shore,  coast. 
loco  :  (1),  reg.,  place,  put. 
locuples  :  -etis,  rich  (especially  in 
territory),  [locus,  plenus.] 
locus  :  -i,  m. ,  (plur.  loci  and  loca), 
place,  spot;  plur.  locality,  neigh¬ 
borhood  ;  ground,  position  ;  rank, 
office  ;  opportunity,  room  '  in  loco 
(or  loco)  a  1  i  c  u  j  u  s ,  as  some¬ 
thing  ;  esse  impedimenti  loco,  be 
a  hindrance. 

'longe:  adv.,  far,  at  great  dis¬ 
tance,  compar,  longius ;  of  time, 
long;  with  superlatives,  6?/ /(»r. 
longinquitas*  :  -atis,  f.,  length. 
longinquus  :  -a,  -um,  distant,  re¬ 
mote  ;  long  (in  duration), 
longitudo  :  -inis,  f.,  length. 
longurius  ;  -i,  m.,  (long)  pole  or 
stake. 

longus  :  -a,  -um,  long ;  distant. 
loquor  :  -i,  -cutus,  dep.,  speak. 
lucesco*  :  (3),  luxi,  begin  to  be  light 
(day). 

luctus  :  -us,  m.,  cry  of  lamentation. 
[lugeo,  lament.'] 

ludus*:  -i,  m.,  (game);  training- 
school. 

Lusitania :  -ae,  f.,  modern  Portu¬ 
gal;  Lusitani,  -orum,  Lusitanians. 
lutum  :  -i,  n.,  clay,  mud. 
lux  ;  lucis,  f.,  light  (of  day) ;  prima 
lux,  day -break. 

luxuria :  -ae,  f. ,  high-living,  luxury. 

M. 

Macedonia  :  ae,  f .,  the  district  north 


of  Thessaly  (see  on  p.  90,  8); 
Macedones,  -um,  m.,  (sing.  Ma¬ 
cedo),  Macedonians. 
machinatio*:  -onis,  f.,  machine; 

m.  navalis,  see  on  p.  56,  7. 
macies*  :  -ei,  f.,  leanness,  starva¬ 
tion. 

magis:  adv.,  more;  super!,  maxi- 
me^  most,  very  much,  especially. 
magister :  -tri,  m. ,  master  ;  teacher. 
magistratus  :-us,  m.,  office,  magis¬ 
tracy;  officer,  magistrate. 
magnitudo  :  -inis,  f.,  greatness,  size, 
strength. 

magnopere  :  adv.,  earnestly ;  espe¬ 
cially.  [magno,  opere.] 
magnus  :  -a,  -um.  large,  great ; 

strong,  powerful,  loud  ;  important, 
special;  compar.  m^or(sc.  natu), 
older. 

majestas  :  -atis,  f.,  dignity,  majes¬ 
ty. 

male  :  adv.,  badly,  ill ;  m.  habere, 

annoy. 

maleficium  :  -i,  n.,  damage,  harm. 
[male,  facio.] 

malo :  malle,  malui,  have  rather, 
prefer;  malle  .  .  .  quam,  wish 
.  .  .  rather  than.  [magis,  volo.] 
malum:  -i,  n.,  evil,  mishap,  disas¬ 
ter;  danger. 

mancipium  :  -i,  n.,  {grasping  with 
the  hand) ;  slave  (as  property), 
[manus,  capio.] 

mandatum:  -i,  n.,  commission,  er¬ 
rand,  message  ;  from 
mando  ;  (1),  reg.,  commission,  order; 
entrust. 

mane  :  adv. ,  in  the  morning. 
maneo  :  (2),  -nsi,  -nsum,  remain. 
manipulus  :  -i,  m.,  maniple,  App. 
Ill,  2,  b  ;  adj.  manipularis,  -e,  of 
a  maniple,  \handful  (manus)  or 
bundle  of  hay,  carried  aloft  as  a 
standard.] 

manus:  -us,  f.,  hand;  {hand  to 
hand)  fight — manum  conserere, 
come  to  close  quarters  ;  band,  troop. 
mare;  -is,  ii.,  sea;  hence 
maritimus:  -a,  -um,  of  or  on  thi 
sea. 

mater  :  -tris,  f.,  mother. 
materia  :  -ae,  f.,  wood,  timber. 


VOCABULARY. 


319 


f  mature  ;  adv.,  in  good  season  ; 
early,  soon. 

maturesco :  (3),  -rui,  become  ripe. 
maturitas  :  -atis,  f. ,  ripeness,  ma¬ 
turity.  [quicken. 

maturo  :  (1),  reg. ,  {ripen),  hasten, 
maturus  :  -a,  -um,  ripe. 
mediocris  :  -e,  moderate,  unimpor¬ 
tant,  small ;  from 

medius  :  -a,  -um,  in  the  middle  or 
midst,  intervening ;  media  nox, 
midnight. 

memini :  -isse,  defect. ,  remember ; 
mention. 

memor  :  -oi’is,  mindful. 
memoria :  -ae,  i.,  memory,  recollec¬ 
tion. 

mendacium:  -i,  n.,  falsehood,  lie. 
Menedemus*  :  -i,  m.,  a  prominent 
Macedonian. 

mens  ;  -tis,  soul,  spirit,  disposition  ; 

mind,  u n  der standing. 
mensis:  -is,  m.,  month. 
mentio  :  -dnis,  f.,  mention. 
mercenarius*  :  -a,  -um,  hired  for 
money,  mercenary  ;  from 
merces  :  -edis,  f. ,  pay,  rent. 
mereor:  (2),  meritus,  dep.,  deserve; 
bene  mereri  de  repuolica,  de¬ 
serve  well  of  the  state,  i.  e.,  serve 
faithfully ;  optimo  meriti,  most 
deserving. 

meridianus  :  -a,  -um,  of  midday ; 
from 

meridies  :  -ei,  m.,  midday,  noon. 
meritum:  -i,  n.,  desert,  service; 
favor,  [mereor.] 

merx  :  -cis,  f.,  wares,  merchandise. 
metor  :  (1),  dep.,  measure  off  or  out. 
Metropolitae  :  -ilrum  (urn),  citizens 
of  Metropolis. 
metus  ;  -us,  m.,  fear. 
miles  :  -itis,  m.,  soldier ;  hence 
militaris  :  -e,  of  a  soldier,  miliiary, 
warlike. 

mille  :  indecl.  num  ,  thousand,  see 
on  p.  114,  1>;  plur.,  milia,  -iuin. 
minae*  :  -arum,  threats. 

Minerva  :  -ae,  f. ,  goddess  of  wisdom 
and  the  arts. 

minor*  :  (1),  dep.,  threaten. 
minuo  :  (3),  -ui,  -uturn,  lessen,  weak¬ 
en  ;  from 


minus  :  adv.,  (compar,  of  parum, 
less.) 

mirificus  :  -a,  -um,  astonishing,  mar¬ 
vellous.  [ed. 

f  miser  :  -era,  -erum,  pitiful,  wretch- 
I  miseratio*  :  -onis,  1,  pitifulness. 

]  misericordia  :  -ae,  f.,  pity,  com¬ 
passion ;  —  miseratio, 
miseror  :  (1),  dep.,  deplore,  lament. 
missio*  :  -onis,  f ,  dismissal;  and 
missus:  -us,  m.,  sending;  missu 
a  1  i  c  u  3  u  s  ,  by  order  of  anyone  ; 
from 

mitto  :  (3),  misl,  missum,  send  ;  send 
ivord,  order;  send  forth,  evince 
(pass,  issue);  hurl,  cast ;  dismiss. 
mobilitas  :  -atis,  f.,  movableness ; 
agility,  [for  movibilitas,  from 
moveo.] 

moderate  :  adv. ,  temperately,  [mo¬ 
deror,  regulate.^ 

modius  :  -i,  m. ,  a  Roman  measure, 
about  two  pecks. 

modo  :  adv.,  {nieasureably)  ;  only,  at 
least ;  non  modo  .  .  .  sed  etiam, 
not  only  .  .  .  but  also ;  just  now, 
recently;  from 

modus  :  -i,  m.,  {measure) ;  manner, 
way ;  modo  alicujus,  like  any¬ 
one;  ad  hunc  modum,  after  this 
fashion.  \tions.  Cf.  munio, 

moenia  :  -ium,  n.,  walls,  fortifica- 
moles  :  -is,  f.,  {mass);  stone-heap; 

see  on  p.  23,  9  ;  darn,  breakwater. 
mollis  :  -e,  {soft),  gentle. 
momentum  :  -i,  n.,  {that  which 

moves),  weight,  influence,  moment; 
parvo  momento,  by  a  slight  mat¬ 
ter,  =  just,  [for  movi  men  turn, 
moveo.] 

moneo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  tell,  charge  ; 

warn,  advise  ;  hence 
monumentum*  :  -i,  n.,  {reminder),  to¬ 
ken,  offering. 

mons  :  -tis,  m.,  mountain,  hill; 
hence 

montanus  :  -a,  -um,  living  in  the 
mountains;  masc.  plur.  subst. , 
mountaineers  ;  Siwd  [hilly. 

montuosus  :  -a,  -um,  full  of  hills, 
mora  :  -ae,  f.,  delay;  slowness;  ob¬ 
stacle,  hindrance. 
morbu3  ;  -i,  m.,  sickness. 


320 


VOCABULARY. 


morior  ;  mori,  mortuus,  dep.,  die. 
moror;  (1),  dep.,  iiitraiis.,  tarry, 
delay,  wait,  halt;  trans.,  delay, 
check,  hinder,  ’prevent. 
m5s  ;  mOris,  m.,  custom,  usage. 
motus  :  -us,  m.,  motion,  movement; 
from 

moveo:  (2),  movi,  motum,  move; 
stir,  influence,  induce,  excite  ; 
castra  rn  o  v  e  r  e ,  hreak  camp,  \ 
move  on ;  se  movere,  start. 
mulier  :  -eiis,  f.,  woman. 
multiplico*:  (1),  veg.,  multiply,  [mul¬ 
tus  plico.] 

multitudo  :  -inis,  f.,  large  hody, 
crowd;  the  masses,  common  people. 
[multus.] 

multo  (mulcto)  :  (1),  reg.,  punish  by 
a  loss  of  (w.  abL). 

multum  ;  -i,  n.,  a  great  part ;  multo j 

by  much,  much  the  - ;  adv., 

much;  superl.  plurimum j  most; 
from 

multus  :  -a,  -um,  much,  many ;  comp, 
plus,  pluris,  more,  very  many ; 
superl.  plurimus,  -a,  -um,  7nost, 
very  many. 

municeps  :  -ipis,  m.,  townsman  ;  fel¬ 
low-townsman  ;  [munia  capio.] 
hence 

municipium :  -i,  n. ,  town,  whose 

people  had  received  the  Roman 
citizenship,  sometimes  retaining, 
sometimes  losing  their  former 
mode  of  self-govei'nment. 
munio  :  (4),  reg.,  Miild  fortifications, 
fortify,  entrench  ;  protect,  guard, 
cover ;  [moenia]  ;  hence 
munitio:  -onis,  f. ,  fortifying,  en¬ 
trenching;  fortificaiions,  entrench¬ 
ments,  li'nes  of  defense. 
muiius  :  -eris,  n.,  office,  service,  busi¬ 
ness  ;  gift,  present;  plur.,  sl.ow, 
spectacle. 

murus  :  -i,  m.,  wall. 
musculus  ;  -i,  m.,  {Utile  mouse),  see 
on  p.  55,  25.  [mus.] 
mutatio  :  -dnis,  f.,  change  ;  from 
muto  :  (1),  reg.,  change,  alter.  |for 
m  o  V  i  t  o ,  intens.  of  moveo.  ] 
mutuor  :  (1),.  dep.,  borrow ;  from 
mutuus;  -a,  -um,  borrowed;  m.  ; 
pecuniae,  a  loan.  ! 


N. 

nactus  :  partic.  fr.  nanciscor, 
nam,  namque  :  conj.,  for. 
nanciscor  :  -i,  nactus,  dep.,  get,  find, 
meet,  come  upon,  reach ;  see  on  p. 
15,  25. 

nascor  :  -i,  natus,  be  born;  partic., 
sprung,  descended  ;  arise  ;  hence 
!  natura  ;  -ae,  f.,  nedure,  natural  con¬ 
dition  ;  character ;  and 
naturalis  :  -e,  natural;  and 
naturaliter  :  adv.,  naturally. 
naufragium*  :  -i,  n.,  shipwreck. 

[navis,  frango.] 

nausea:  -ae,  f.,  {sea-sicTine8s\  sick¬ 
ness. 

nauta  :  -ae,  m.,  seaman,  sailor. 
navalis  :  -e,  of  a  ship,  naval ;  neut. 
plur.  subst. ,  dock-yards,  docks. 
[navis.] 

navicula  ;  -ae,  f.,  small  boat,  skiff. 
[dim.  of  navis.] 

navigatio  :  -onis,  f.  sailing,  voyage. 
navigium  :  -i,  n.,  vessel. 
navigo  ;  (1),  reg.,  sail,  [navis,  ago.] 
navis:  -is,  f.,  ihip  ;  n.  Icnga,  war¬ 
ship;  n.  cneiaria,  transport. 

(1)  ne  :  adv.,  not ;  conj.,  that  not, 
lest,  so  that  not ;  ne  .  .  .  quidem, 
not  even. 

(2)  ne  :  enclit.  interrog.  particle,  =  ? 

nec  :  nor,  see  neque, 
necessario  :  adv.,  of  necessity  ;  from 
necessarius  :  -a,  -um,  necessary, 

unavoidable,  requisite ;  criiiced, 
pressing ;  subst.,  kinsman,  j fiend ; 
from 

necesse  :  adv.,  necessary  ;  hence 
necessitai  ;  -atis,  f.,  necessity,  com¬ 
pulsion,  constraint ;  and 
necessitudo  :  -inis,  f.,  relationship, 
friendship. 
neco  ;  (1),  reg.,  kill. 
necubi*  :  ^ne  alicubi,  not  any¬ 
where. 

nefarius  :  -a,  -um,  infamous,  [ne¬ 
fas.] 

neglegens*  ;  -tis,  careless  ;  from 
neglego  :  (3),  -xi,  -cturn,  not  heed, 
disregard,  [nec,  lego.] 
i  nego  :  (1),  reg.,  say  no  or  not ;  deny, 

!  refuse,  [ne,  aio.] 


VOCABULARY. 


321 


'negotiator:  -oris,  m.,  trader. 
neg5tior :  (1),  dep.,  do  business, 
trade. 

neg5tium  :  -i,  n.,  business^  affair, 
undertaking;  difficulty,  trouble. 

[nec,  otium.] 

nemo  :  -inis,  m,  and  f.,  no  one,  no¬ 
body.  [ne,  homo.] 
niquaquam  :  adv,,  in  no  way. 
neque  (nec)  :  nor,  and  not,  but  not, 
not  however ;  neque  .  .  .  neque, 
neither  .  .  .  nor ;  neque  .  .  . 

et,  neither  .  .  .  but  rather. 
nequiquam  :  adv.,  {in  no  way  what¬ 
ever)  ;  in  vain. 
neu  :  see  neve. 

neuter  :  -tra,  -trum,  neither  {ot  two). 
neve  (neu)  :  and  (that)  not,  or  {that) 
not,  nor ;  neu  .  .  .  neu,  that 
neither  .  .  .  nor. 
nihil:  indecL,  n.,  nothing,  often  w. 
part.  gen. ;  as  adv.,  in  no  way,  not 
at  all. 

nihilo:  abl.  of  nihilum,  as  adv., 

lit.  by  nothing ;  none  the  - ; 

nihilo  minus,  nevertheless. 
nimius  :  -a,  -um,  too  great. 
nisi:  conj.,  unless,  if  not;  except, 
without,  w.  negatives, 
nitor:  niti,  nTsus  and  nixus,  {stay^ 
07ie’s  self  on),  rely  on ;  exert  one’s 
self,  struggle.  [masses. 

nix :  nivis,  f.,  snovj,  plur.,  snow- 
nobilis ;  -e,  {noted);  illustrious,  noble  ; 
[nosco] ;  hence 

nobilitas:  -atis,  1,  {fame);  high 
birth,  nobility. 

noceo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  harm,  damage. 
noctu  :  adv.,  by  night,  [nox.] 
nocturnus  :  -a,  -um,  nightly,  in  the 
night,  [nox.] 

nolo  :  nolle,  nolui,  be  unwilling ; 

with  inf.,  do  not,  etc.  [non,  volo.] 
nomen:  -inis,  n.,  name,  title;  n. 
dare,  enlist;  suo  nomine,  inde¬ 
pendently  ;  nomine  alicujus, 
as  ajiy thing. 

nominatim  :  adv. ,  by  name,  express¬ 
ly.  [nomino,  call  by  name.l 
n5n  :  adv.,  not. 

N5nae  :  -arum,  f..  Nones. 
nondum  :  adv.,  not  yet. 
nongenti  :  -ae,  -a,  nine  hundred. 

21 


nonne  :  not  ? 

nonnullus  :  -a,  um,  some  consider¬ 
able  ;  plur.,  some,  several. 
nonnumquam  :  sometimes. 
noster  :  -tra,  trum,  our ;  masc.  plur. 
subst.,  our  men. 

notitia  :  -ae,  f.,  acquaintance,  knowl¬ 
edge.  [notus.] 

noto  :  (1),  reg.,  {make  known); 

brand,  disgrace. 

notus  :  -a,  -um,  knoion ;  masc. 

subst.,  acquaintaiice.  [nosco.] 
novitas  :  -atis,  f.,  newness,  sudden- 
7iess  ;  the  utiexpected  ;  from 
novus  ;  -a,  -um,  new,  strange,  unex¬ 
pected  ;■  s\\p&v\.  novissimus,  last; 
novissimi,  rear  guard. 
n5x  :  -ctis,  f.,  night. 
nudo:  (1),  reg.,  {lay  bare),  leave  un¬ 
protected,  expose  ;  rob,  strip,  [nu¬ 
dus,  bare.^  [subst.,  no  one. 

nullus  :  -a,  -um,  not  any,  no,  none; 
numero  :  (1),  reg.,  courit  {out),  pay ; 
from 

numerus  :  -i,  m.,  number ;  mass, 
quantity;  numero  alicujus,  as 
anything.  [used  also  as  adj. 

Numida :  -ae,  m.,  a  Numidian ; 
numquam  :  adv.,  never. 
nunc  :  adv.,  now. 

nuncupo*  :  (1),  reg.,  perfoi'm  vows. 

[=  nomine  capio.] 
nuntio :  (1),  reg.,  tell,  report,  an¬ 
nounce  ;  from  [message. 

nuntius:  -i,  m.,  messenger;  news, 
nuper :  adv. ,  {newly),  lately.  [=  n  o  v  - 
iper.] 

nutricius  :  -i,  m.,  guardian. 
nutus  :  -iis,  m.,  nod;  ad  nutum,  at 
the  nod. 

O. 

ob  :  prep.  w.  acc.,  on  account  of,  for. 
ob-duco  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  {lead  along 
opposite),  make  ((in  front). 
objectatio  :  -onis,  f.,  I'eproach ; 
from 

objecto*  :  (1),  reg.,  {throw  befoiw), 
reproach  with  (ace.),  [intens.  of 
objicio.] 

objectus*  :  -us,  m.,  {putting  before), 
interposition ;  from 


322 


VOCABULARY. 


objicio  (obiclo)  :  (3),  -jeci,  jectum, 
put  opposite,  oppose  {to);  expose 
(to);  put  before,  or  in  front,  or  in 
the  ivay ;  cast  in  the  teeth;  part, 
objectus,  -a,  -um,  opposite,  oppos¬ 
ing.  [side. 

obliquus  :  -a,  -ura,  sideways,  to  one 
obliviscor  :  -i,  -lltus,  dep.,  forget. 
obscurus*  :  a,  -um,  (dark),  un¬ 
known. 

obsecro :  (1),  reg-.,  beseech  (by  all 
that  is  holy),  [ob,  sacro.] 
obsessio  :  -dnis,  f.,  blockade;  from 
obsideo  :  (2),  -sedi,  -sessum,  (sit 
before),  beset;  shut  in,  besiege, 
blockade  ;  [ob,  sedeo] ;  hence 
obsidio  :  -dnis,  f.,  siege,  blockade. 
ob-signo  :  (1),  reg.,  seal,  stamp  with 
a  seal. 

ob-stringo  ;  (3),  nxi,  -ctura,  bind 
fast ;  entangle,  fetter. 
ob-struo :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  btdld  up, 
dam  up,  obstruct.  \er. 

ob-tego  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  protect,  cov- 
ob-tempero  :  (1),  reg.,  obey. 
ob-testor  :  (1),  dep.,  abjure,  beseech. 
obtineo  :  (2),  -ui,  -tentum,  have,  hold, 
possess;  occupy,  administer;  ac¬ 
quire,  loin;  keep,  [teneo.] 
obtrectatio*  :  -dnis,  f.,  disparage¬ 
ment,  (desire  to)  lessen. 
ob-venio  :  (4),  -vGni,  -ventum,  come 
up  (to)  ;  fall  to  one.  [meet. 

obviam*  :  adv.,  (in  one's  way),  to 
occasio  :  -dnis,  f.,  opportunity, 
chance  for  anything  (gen.) ;  oc. 
temporis,  favorable  moment,  good 
chance,  [occido.]  So 
occasus  :  -us,  m.,  setting. 
occido  :  (3),  -cldl,  cisum,  slay. 

[caedo.] 

occulte  :  adv. ,  secretly,  [occultus.] 
occulto:  (1),  reg.,  conceal,  hide. 

[intens.  from  occulo.J 
occultus  :  a,  -um,  hidden,  secret ; 
neut.  subst.,  secret  place,  conceal¬ 
ment ;  in  occulto,  secretly,  [oc¬ 
culo,  hide.^ 

occupatio  :  -onis,  f.,  employment, 
occupation;  from 

occupo:  (1),  reg.,  take  possession  of , 
seize,  occupy ;  fill  up;  occupatus, 
busied,  taken  up  with,  [ob,  capio.] 


occurro  :  (3),  -curri  (rarely  -cucurri), 
-cursum,  (run  against),  meet,  fall 
_  in  with  ;  hasten  against,  attack. 
Oceanus  :  -i,  m.,  ocean. 
oculus:  -i,  m.,  eye;  plur.,  sight, 
presence. 

odium  :  -i.  n.,  hatred. 
odor:  -oris,  in.,  smell;  o.  taeter, 
stench. 

offendo  :  (3),  -di,  -sum,  stumble  at 
or  on ;  in  aliquo  off.,  find 
fault  with  anyone;  pass.,  come  to 
grief,  suffer  disaster,  [ob,  fendo]  j 
hence 

offensio  :  -dnis,  f.,  hatred;  disaster. 
offero :  -ferre,  obtuli,  oblatum, 
(bring  up),  present,  offer;  se  ali¬ 
cui  offerre,  seek  anything ; 
give,  afford,  cause,  [ob,  fero.] 
ofiicina  :  -ae,  f.,  work-shop,  factory. 
officium  :  i,  n.,  business,  duty,  of¬ 
fice,  employment ;  obedience,  sub¬ 
mission  ;  service,  kindness,  favor. 
omitto  :  (3),  -mi si,  -missum,  (send 
off),  give  up.  [ob,  mitto.] 
omnino  :  adv.,  in  all,  at  all,  wholly ; 
only  ;  from 

omnis  :  -e,  all,  every,  the  whole  of. 
onerarius  :  -a,  -um,  freight-bearing ; 

see  navis,  [onus.]  So 
onero:  (1),  reg.,  lade,  freight ;  from 
onus:  -eris,  n.,  load,  burden;  hence 
onustus  :  -a,  -um,  laden. 
opera:  ae.  f.,  toil,  (ffcrt,  pains; 
help,  service ;  position  ;  operam 
dare  ut,  strive  to. 

opinio  :  -dnis,  f.,  opinion,  impres¬ 
sion,  expectation ;  good  opinion, 
repute,  [opinor,  think.^ 
oportet :  (2),  -uit,^  impers.,  it  be¬ 
hooves,  one  ought]  must. 
oppidanus  :  -a,  um,  of  or  from  the 
town;  masc.  plur.  subst.,  towns¬ 
people  ;  from 

oppidum  :  -i,  n.,  (walled)  town. 
oppleo  :  (2),  reg.,  fill,  occupy,  [ob, 
pleo.] 

opp5no  :  (3),  -posui,  -positum,  put 
over  against,  set  up  (in  opposition), 
oppose ;  contrast ;  oppositus,  ly- 
i7ig  over  against  or  opposite. 
opportune  :  adv.,  seasonably,  oppor 
i  tunely  ;  like 


VOCABULARY. 


323 


opportunitas  ;  -atis,  f.,  advantage, 
opportunity,  favorable  situation ; 
o.  temporis,  favorable  moment ; 
from  favorable. 

opportunus  :  -a,  -um,  convenient, 

opprimo  :  (3),  -pressi,  -pressum, 

weigh  down,  oppress;  overwhelm, 
destroy  ;  fall  upon,  surprise,  [ob, 
premo.J 

oppugnatio  :  -onis,  f.,  assaull,  at¬ 
tack  by  storm  ;  siege  ;  from 
oppugno  :  (1),  reg ,  assault,  storm. 
ops  :  opis,  (iiom.  &  dat.  sing,  not  in 
use),  f  ,  aid,  help ;  plur.,  resources, 
means  ;  strength,  forces. 
opto  ;  (1),  reg.,  {wish) ;  optatus, 

wish(  d  for,  desired. 
opulentus  ;  -a,  -um,  rich,  [ops.] 

(1)  opus :  -eris,  n.,  ivork,  labor; 

structure,  (military)  works;  (plur.), 
fortifications,  siege  lines ;  deed  ; 
natura  et  opare,  by  nature  and 
art.  [est,  there  is  need. 

(2)  opus :  indecl.,  n.,  need;  opus 
5ra  :  -ae,  f.,  coast. 

oratio  :  -onis,  f. ,  language,  words; 
speech,  [oro.] 

orbis  :  -is,  m.,  circle;  o.  terrarum, 
circle  of  lands,  (Roman)  world. 
ordinatim  :  adv.,  {in  rows),  regu¬ 
larly. 

ordo :  -inis,  m.,  order,  rank,  row; 
century,  centurionship,  centurion, 
App.  Ill,  2,  a,  11,  a  ;  body,  order, 
class.  [break  out. 

orior  :  -iri,  ortus,  dep.,  (rise),  arise; 
ornamentum ;  -i,  n.,  ornament. 

[orno,  deck  out.\ 

oro  :  (1),  reg.,  {speak),  beg,  beseech. 
os  :  -oris,  n. ,  face  ;  mouth. 
ostendo  :  (3),  -di,  -turn,  (stretch 

forth),  show  ;  se  ostendere,  ap¬ 
pear.  [ob(s),  tendo.] 
ostentatio  ;  -onis,  f.,  (show),  display, 
from 

ostento  :  (1),  reg.,  display  ;  boast  of ; 

[intens.  of  ostendo.] 
ostiarius^  :  -a,  -um,  of  a  door  ;  from 
ostium:  -i,n.,  (opening,  door);  mouth 
of  a  river. 

otiosus:  -a,  -um,  (full  of  ipiiet), 
undisturbed  ;  from 
dtium  :  -i,  n.,  quiet,  peace. 


P. 

pabulatio  :  -onis  f.,  foraging,  like 
pabulator  :  -oris,  m.,  forager,  from 
pabulor  :  (1),  dep.,  forage,  get  fod¬ 
der,  from 

pabulum  :  -i,  n.,  fodder,  [pasco.] 
paco  :  (1),  reg.,  pacify,  subdue, 

[pax.] 

pactio  :  -onis,  f.,  agreement,  [pa¬ 
ciscor,  make  a  bargain.) 
paene  ;  adv.,  almost,  nearly. 
palam  :  adv.,  openly,  publicly. 
palma  ;  -ae,  f. ,  (palm  of  the;  hand  ; 
palm-ireQ. 

paludatus*  :  -a,  -um,  wearing  the 
commander's  cloak  (paludamen¬ 
tum).  {swamp.) 

paluster  ;  -tris,  -tre,  swamjjy.  [palus, 
pando  :  (3),  pandi,  pansum,  passum, 
stretch  out,  extend. 

panicum*  :  -i,  n.,  the  grain  of  a 
species  of  grass  ;  panic. 
panis*  :  -is,  m.,  bread. 
par  :  paris,  equal,  like,  a  match 
for  ;  par  atque,  the  same  as. 
paratus  :  -a,  -um,  prepared,  ready ; 
p.  animo,  determined  ;  fully  equip¬ 
ped,  [paro.] 

parco  :  (3),  peperci  (parsi),  parcitum 
and  parsum,  spare. 
parens  :  -tis,  m.  &  f.,  parent. 
pareo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  obey  ;  be  sub¬ 
ject  to.  [ing). 

paries  :  -etis,  m.,  wall  (of  a  build- 
pario  ;  (3),  peperi,  partum,  (bear) ; 

procure,  win,  secure. 
pkriter*  :  adv,,  as  well,  besides. 
[par.] 

paro  :  (1),  reg  ,  get  ready  (for),  pre¬ 
pare  (for),  provide  ;  procure. 
pars  :  -tis,  f.,  part,  portion;  quar¬ 
ter,  side,  direction ;  plur.,  part, 
role ;  side,  party ;  multis  parti¬ 
bus,  m  many  respects, 
particep.s  :  -cipis,  partaker,  sharer. 
[pars,  capio.] 

partim  :  adv.,  in  part,  partly. 

[pars.]  [share. 

partior  :  (3),  dep.,  divide  into  parts, 
partus  :  see  pario, 
parum  :  adv.,  (comp,  minus,  sup. 
minime),  too  little,  not  sufficiently. 


324 


VOCABULARY. 


parvulus  :  -a,  -um,  {very)  S7nall,  tiny  ; 
dimin.  from 

parvus  :  -a,  -um,  little,  small,  iri- 
flLig ;  comp.  minor  (natu), 
younger  ;  superl.  minimus,  least. 
pasco*  :  (3),  pavl,  pastum,  feed. 
passim  :  adv.,  in  all  directionis,  ev¬ 
erywhere.  [pando. J 

(1)  passus  :  see  pando,  or  patior. 

(2)  passus  :  -us,  m.,  pace  (five  feet)  ; 
mille  passus,  nearly  a  mile. 

pastor  :  -oris,  m.,  shepherd,  [pasco.] 
patefacio  :  (3),  -feci,  -factum,  pass. 

-fio  {ognen) ;  disclose,  make  known. 
pateo  :  (2),  -ui,  he  open,  lie  open; 

reach,  extend,  measure. 
pater  :  -tris,  m.,  father;  hence 
paternus  :  -a,  -um,  paternal. 
patienter  :  adv.,  patiently ;  like 
patientia:  -ae,  i.,  patience,  long-suf¬ 
fering,  from 

patior  :  -i,  passus,  hear  with,  endure  ; 

suffer,  allow;  patiens, -i\s,  patient. 
patria  :  -ae,  f.,  fatherland,  native 
city.  [see  on  p.  28,  7. 

patronus  :  -i,  m.,  protector,  patron, 
paucitas  :  -atis,  f.,  scarcity ;  from 
paucus  :  -a,  -um,  small,  feic. 
paulatim  :  adv.,  little  hy  little,  grad¬ 
ually  ;  like 

paulisper  :  adv.,  a  little  while,  and 
paulo  :  adv.,  {hy)  a  little,  abl.  of  de¬ 
gree  of  ditf . ,  with  comparatives  and 
compar,  ideas  ;  from 
paulus  :  -a,  -um,  little;  neut.  subst. 

and  adv.,  a^  little. 
pavimentum*  :  -i,  n. ,  pavement. 
pax  :  pacis,  f.,  peace. 
pecco  :  (1),  reg.,  do  wrong,  commit 
outrages. 

pectus  :  -oris,  n.,  hreast. 
pecunia  :  -ae,  f . ,  {property  in  cattle, 
pecus),  money  ;  hence 
pecuniarius*  :  -a,  -um,  of  money, 
pecuniary. 

pecus  :  -oris,  n.,  crdtle,  heef. 
pedalis  :  -e,  measuring  a  foot,  [pes.] 
pedes  :  -itis,  m.,  footman;  plur..  in¬ 
fantry.  [land. 

pedester :  -tris,  -tre,  on  foot,  hy 
pellis  :  -is,  f.,  hide,  skin. 
pello:  (3),  pepuli,  pulsum,  {push); 
rout,  drive  hack;  conquer,  defeat. 


penes  :  prep.  w.  acc.,  in  the  hands 
ov  possession  of. 

'  per :  prep.  w.  acc. ,  through,  over,  hy 
\  way  of;  during;  through,  hy 
means  of,  at  the  instigation  of; 
perse,  independently;  on  account 
of  i  h>y,  with,  under,  of  attendant 
circumstances. 

per-agito :  {drive  here  and  there), 
hci,rass  ;  intens.  from 
per-ago :  (3),  -cgi,  -actum,  {drive 
througlC,  complete,  finish. 
per-cello  :  (3),  -culi,  -culsum,  {shat¬ 
ter),  confound,  strike  with  terror. 
percipio  :  (3),  -cGpi,  -ceptum,  take 
possession  of,  receive  ;  acquire. 
perculsus  :  see  percello, 
per-crebesco  :  (3),  -ui,  {become  fre¬ 
quent),  spread  abroad. 
per-curro :  (3),  -cucurri  or  -curri, 
-cursum,  hasten  through. 
perditus  ;  -a,  um,  ruined,  lost. 
[perdo.] 

per-dolesco  :  (3),  -ui,  lament  bitterly. 
per-duco :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  {lead 
through),  bring,  conduct ;  protract ; 
extend,  carry  up  to. 
per-eo  :  (4),  -il,  -itum,  {go  through), 
come  to  grief,  perish. 
per-equito  :  (1),  reg.,  gallop  through 
or  about.  [little. 

perexiguus  :  -a,  -um,  very  small, 
per-fero  :  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum  {carry 
through),  bring,  convey,  carry ;  an¬ 
nounce,  tell.  , 

perficio:  (3),  -fGci,  -fectum,  complete, 
finish  ;  hold  (Judicia) ;  accomplish, 
bring  about  or  to  pass,  [facio.] 
perfringo:  (3),  -fregi,  -fractum,  break 
through,  [frango.] 
perfuga  :  ae,  m.,  deserter  ;  from 
per-fugio  :  (3).  -fugi,  -fugitum,  flee, 
escape  {to);  come  over,  desert. 
pergratus*  :  -a,  -um,  very  acceptable. 
periclitor:  (1),  dep.,  make  trial  of , 
risk,  tempt  (fortunam) ;  like 
periculosus  :  -a,  -uni,  demgerous ; 
from 

periculum  :  -i,  n,,  peril,  da^iger. 
peridoneus*  :  -a,  -um,  very  suitable. 
peritus  :  -a,  -um,  acquamted  with, 
skilled  m  ;  usu  peritus,  taught  by 

experience. 


VOCABULARY. 


325 


per-lego  ;  (3),  -legi,  -lectum,  read 
through. 

per-maneo  :  (2),  -mansi,  -mansum, 

remain,  hold  on,  continue 
per-mano*  :  (1),  reg.,  {flow  through, 
of  water);  of  a  rumor,  make  its 
way. 

per-misceo :  (2),  -miscui,  -mistum, 
-mixtum,  mix  up,  confound. 
per-mitto  ;  (3),  -misi,  -missum,  {seiid 
away),  give  to,  confer  upon,  leave 
to  ;  allow,  permit. 

per-moveo  :  (2),  -movi,  -motum,  in¬ 
fluence,  move,  induce;  permotus, 
excited,  surprised,  alarmed,  vexed. 
permultus*  :  -a,  -um,  very  many. 
pernicies  :  -el,  f.,  destruction  ;  hence 
perniciosus  :  -a,  -um,  destructive. 
pernicitas*  :  -atis,  f.,  nimhleness, 
speed.  [perniXj  nimble. 'I 
perpauci :  -ae,  -a,  very  few. 
perpetior  :  -peti,  -pessus,  dep.,  en¬ 
dure  patiently,  [patior.] 
perpetuus:  -a,  -um,  continuous,  un¬ 
broken  ;  p.  tempus,  all  time. 
per-rumpo:  (3),  -riipi,  -ruptum,  break 
through  ;  force  one’s  passage. 
per-scribo  :  (3),  -psi,  -ptum,  {ofli 
dally)  record;  write  in  detail  or 
fulll 

per-sequor  :  -i,  -cutus,  pursue  ; 

follow  up,  pay  off  (inimicitias), 
perseverantia:  -ae,  f.,  persistency, 
perseverance.  [persuade. 

per-suadeo  :  (2),  -si,  -sum,  induce, 
per-terreo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  frighten 
badly,  terrify. 

pertinacia:  -ae,  f.,  stubbornness,  per¬ 
sistency.  [pertinax.] 
pertineo  :  (2),  -ui,  reach  or  stretch 
(to);  belong  (to),  concern,  have  to 
do  with,  pertain  (to) ;  aim  at,  be 
adapted  (to),  [teneo.] 
perturbatio  :  -unis,  f.,  confusion ; 

from  [confound. 

per-turbo  :  (1),  reg.,  confuse,  disturb, 
per-vehor*  :  -i,  -vectus,  dep.,  sail 
over. 

per-venio  :  (4),  -vCni,  -ventum,  come 
(to),  arrive  (at) ;  fall  (to). 
per-vulgo*:  (1\  spread  abroad. 
pes  :  pedis,  m.,  foot;  pedem  re¬ 
ferre,  retreat. 


pestilentia  :  -ae,  f.,  plague,  pesti¬ 
lence ;  fever. 

petitio  :  -dnis,  f.,  (seeking),  candi¬ 
dacy  ;  from 

peto  :  (3),  -Ivl  and  -ii,  -itum,  seek, 
strive  to  reach  or  find,  hurry  to-^ 
ward;  desire,  demand,  beg. 
phalanga*:  -ae,  1,  roller. 

Phoenice  :  -es,  1,  Phoenicia,  dis¬ 
trict  of  Syria  ;  -ces,  -um,  Phoeni¬ 
cians. 

Picenum  :  -i,  n.,  district  of  central 
Italy  ;  adj.,  -nus,  -a,  -um. 
pignus  :  -oris,  n.,  pledge. 
pila*  :  -ae,  f.,  pillar,  spile. 
pilum:  -i,  n.,  javelin;  App.  Ill, 
3,  b.  l^PP-  11  If  11,  b. 

pilus:  -i,  m.,  company  of  triarii; 
piscatorius*  :  a,  -um,  for  fishing. 
pix  :  picis,  f.,  pitch. 
placeo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  please,  he 
one’s  will ;  placet,  it  seems  good  or 
best. 

plane  :  adv.,  entirely,  quite. 
planities  :  -Ci,  f,,  level  surface. 
[planus.] 

platea  :  -ae.  f.,  street,  avenue. 
plebs:  plebis,  f,  people  (the  third 
estate,  as  distinguished  from  patri¬ 
cians  and  knights), 
plenus  :  -a,  -um,  full. 
plerique  :  -aeque,  -aque,  the  most, 
very  many. 

plerumque  :  adv.,  generally. 
pluteus  :  -i,  m.,  screen,  breastwork ; 

see  on  pp.  23,  18  ;  58,  15. 
poena  :  -ae,  i.,  punishment ;  hence 
poenitet*  :  (2),  -uit,  it  repents  (one  of 
a  thing). 

polleo*  :  (2),  have  poiver  or  influence. 
polliceor:  (2),  pollicitus,  dep.,  prom¬ 
ise ;  hence  [promise. 

pollicitatio  :  -onis,  f.,  assurance, 
pondo:  indecL,  in  weight,  see  on 
p.  59,  31. 

pondus  :  -eris,  n.,  weight,  mass. 
pono  :  (3),  posui,  positum,  place, 
put,  set;  positus,  lying,  situated; 
pitch  (castra) ;  post  (soldiers), 
pons  :  -tis,  m.,  bridge. 
pontifex*:  -ficis,  m.,  priest,  pontiff ; 

App.  II,  15.  [88,  1, 

ponto*  :  -onis,  m.,  transport;  p. 


326 


VOCABULARY. 


Pontus  :  -i,  m.,  the  northern  district 
of  Asia  Minor. 

populus  :  -i,  m.,  people  (as  a  political 
whole). 

porta  :  -ae,  f.,  door,  gate. 
porticus  :  -us,  m.,  covered  gangway  ; 

see  on  p.  51,  20. 
porto  :  (1),  re^.,  carry. 
portus  :  -us,  m.,  haven,  harbor. 
possessio ;  -onis,  possession,  prop¬ 
erty,  real  estate. 

possum  :  posse,  potui,  he  able,  can, 
have  power,  [potis,  stun.] 

'post  :  adv. ,  afterwards,  after ; 

prep.  w.  acc.,  behmd,  after 
postea  :  adv.,  after  {that),  after - 
\  wards. 

posteritas*  :  -atis,  f . ,  future. 
posterus  :  a,  -um,  following,  next ; 
sc.  tempus,  future  ;  superl.  pos¬ 
tremus,  last. 

post-habeo*:  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  make 
subordinate  or  of  less  importance. 
postquam  :  conj.,  after  {that). 
postremo  :  adv. ,  finally ;  in  short. 
[postremus.] 

postridie  :  adv.,  on  the  next  day. 
[=  postero  die.] 

postulatum  ;  -i,  n.,  demand ;  from 
postulo  :  (1),  reg.,  ask  for,  require, 
demand;  involve;  accuse. 

'  potens ;  -ntis,  powerful,  influen¬ 
tial  ;  [part,  of  possum] ;  hence 
potentia  :  -ae,  f.,  power,  influence. 
^  potestas  :  -fitis,  f.,  power,  sway ; 
possibility,  ojyportunity  ;  permis¬ 
sion,  authority  ;  sui  potestatem 
facere,  offer  one's  services. 
potior  :  (4),  -Itus,  dep.,  become  mas¬ 
ter  of  ,  take,  capture;  from 
potis  :  -e,  {powerful) ;  compar,  po¬ 
tior,  -ns,  higher,  more  important ; 
hence 

potius  :  adv.,  rather  (quam,  than) ; 
superl.  potissimum,  especially,  be¬ 
fore  all  others. 

prae-acuo:  (3),  •ui,.-utum,  sharpen 
at  the  end. 

praebeo  :  (2).  -ui,  -itum,  {hold  be¬ 
fore)  ;  present,  afford.  [prae, 
habeo.] 

praeceps  :  -ipitis,  head  first,  head¬ 
long.  [prae,  caput.] 


praeceptum  :  -i,  n.,  instruction, 

warning  ;  from 

praecipio  :  (3),  -cepi,  -ceptum,  take 
in  advance,  anticipate ;  order, 
command  (beforehand),  [capio.] 
praecipito  :  (1),  reg.,  plunge  {head¬ 
long) ;  hasten  to  a  close,  [prae¬ 
ceps.] 

praecipue  :  adv.  from  -uus,  espe¬ 
cially.  [piaecipio.] 
praecludo  :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  close,  shut 
up  (before  any  one,  in  one’s  face), 
[claudo.] 

prae-curro  :  (3),  -cucurri  or  -curri, 
-cursum,  run  on  ahead,  come  in 
advance. 

praeda  ;  -ae,  f.,  booty. 

(1)  prae-dico  :  (1),  reg,,  proclaim, 
dwell  upon,  emphasize;  boast. 

(2)  prae-dico*:  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  order 
beforehand. 

praedo  :  -onis,  m.,  robber,  pirate. 
prae-duco  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  extend 
along  (in  front  of,  i.  e.,  to  obstruct.) 
praefectura  ;  -ae,  f.,  prefectship ;  see 
on  p.  18,  6  ;  from 

p  aefectus  :  -i,  m.,  prefect;  App. 

Ill,  10.  [praeficio.] 
prae-fero  :  -ferre,  -tuli,  latum,  {car¬ 
ry  in  front),  wear,  display ;  ex¬ 
press. 

praeficio  :  (3),  -f5ci,  -fectum,  put 
over  or  in  command  {of).  [facio.] 
prae-figo  :  (3),  -xi,  -xum,  {fasten  in 
front),  head. 

praefringo*  :  (3),  -frPgi,  -fractum, 
break  off  (from  the  front),  [frango.] 
praegredior  :  -gredi,  -gressus,  dep., 
go  on  ahead,  [gradior.] 
praejudicium  :  -i,  n.,  prophetic  pre- 
cedent  or  example. 

prae-mitto :  (3\  -misi,  -missum, 

send  on  {ahead). 

praemium  :  -i,  n.,  {distinction),  re¬ 
ward.  [prae.] 

prae-munio  :  (4),  reg.,  fortify  (in 
front). 

prae-occupo  :  (1),  reg.,  take  before¬ 
hand,  preoccupy  ;  surprise. 
prae-paro  :  (1),  reg.,  get  ready 
forehand,  prepare. 

prae-pendeo*  :  (2),  -di,  hang  down 
before  or  in  front. 


VOCABULARY. 


327 


prae-pono  :  (3),  -posui,  -positum, 
in  charge  of,  invest  with;  make 
commander. 

praeripio  :  (3),  -ripui,  -reptum,  take 
or  snatch  away  from  before  one. 
[rapio.] 

prae-rumpo  :  (3),  -rupi,  -ruptum, 

{break  away  in  front) ;  part,  prae¬ 
ruptus,  steep,  abrupt,  rugged. 
praescriptio*  :  -onis,  f.,  {title) ; 
pretext. 

praescriptum  :  -i,  n.,  order,  com¬ 
mand.  [praescribo.] 
prae-seco*  :  (1),  -secui,  -sectum,  cut 
off  {irova  before). 

praesens  :  -tis,  present ;  in  praesen¬ 
tia  (sc.  tempora),  for  the  pres¬ 
ent;  [part,  of  praesum]  ;  hence 
praesentia  :  -ae,  f.,  presence. 
prae-sepio  :  (4),  -si,  -turn,  block  or 
dam  up  (in  front). 

praesertim  :  adv.,  especially,  [prae, 
sero.] 

praesideo*  :  (2),  -s5dl,  -sessum,  {sit 
in  front) ;  preside  over,  conduct ; 
[sedeo]  ;  hence 

praesidium  ;  -i,  n.,  protection,  help, 
defence  ;  garrison,  guard  ;  escort, 
convoy  ;  post,  station,  camp. 

(1)  praesto*  :  adv.,  on  hand;  ali¬ 
cui  esse  praesto,  wait  upon  or 
meet  one. 

(2)  prae-sto:  (1), -stiti,  -stitum, 
before);  be  superior;  impers. 
praestat,  it  is  better ;  trans. ,  go 
surety  for  ;  perform,  fulfil,  prove. 

praestolor*  :  (1),  dep.,  wait  for. 
[praesto.] 

prae-sum:  -esse,  -fui,  {be  at  the  head), 
command,  be  commander ;  con¬ 
duct. 

praeter  :  prep.  w.  acc. ,  past,  beyond  ; 

besides ;  contrary  to ;  hence 
praeterea:  adv.,  besides  that,  more¬ 
over. 

praeter-eo  ;  (4),  -ii,  -itum,  pass  by  ; 
part,  praeteritus,  past ;  pass  over, 
omit. 

praeter-mitto  :  (3),  -misi,  -missum, 
{send  by),  let  pass  or  slip ;  omit 
(w.  infln.).  [past. 

praeter- vehor  :  -i,  -vectus,  dep.,  sail 
praetor  :  -oris,  m.,  praetor  ;  App.  II,  I 


10,  12  ;  [=  p  r  a  ei  to  r ,  fr.  prae¬ 
eo];  hence 

praetdrius  :  -a,  -um,  praetorial ; 

neut.  subst.  praetorium,  App.  III, 
19  ;  and 

praetura  :  -ae,  f . ,  praetorship. 
prehendo  (prendo)  :  (3),  -di,  -sum, 

seize,  arrest. 

premo  :  (3),  pressi,  pressum,  press 
{hard),  harass;  pass.,  be  in  distress, 
suffer ;  hence  [leverage. 

pressio  :  -onis,  f.,  {pressure) ;  lever  ; 
prex  :  precis,  f.,  plur.,  preces,  -um, 
prayers,  entreaties. 
pridem*  :  adv.,  long  ago;  jam  p., 
now  for  a  long  time. 
pridie  ;  adv.,  on  the  day  before. 
primipilus  :  -i,  m.,  App.  Ill,  11,  b. 
primo  :  adv.,  at  first. 
primum  :  adv.,  in  the  first  place, 
first ;  for  the  first  time ;  quam 
primum,  as  soon  as  possible  ;  ubi, 
ut,  cum  primum,  as  soon  as;  from 
primus  :  -a,  -um,  super!,  of  prior, 
first,  foremost ;  of  the  highest  im¬ 
portance  ;  in  primis  or  imprimis, 
especially;  primi,  chief  men. 
princeps  :  -ipis,  first,  foremost ; 
subst.  masc.,  App.  Ill,  2,  b  ;  11, 
a,  b,  c  ;  chief,  leader,  plur.,  chief 
men  ;  [primus,  capio]  ;  hence 
principatus  :  -us,  m.,  lead,  com- 
mand. 

prior  :  prius,  (-oris),  first  (of  two)  ; 
see  on  p.  42,  10. 

pristinus:  -a,  -um,  previous,  former, 
early  ;  of  the  day  before. 
prius  :  adv. ,  first ;  priusquam  or 
prius  .  .  .  quam,  before  {that), 
sooner  than  ;  rather  than. 
privatim  :  adv.,  privately,  individ¬ 
ually,  as  distinct  from  the  city  as  a 
whole  (publice) ;  from 
privatus  :  -a,  -um,  {separated  from 
the  state),  belonging  to  the  indi¬ 
vidual,  private,  personal;  masc. 
subst.,  a  man  without  public  of¬ 
fice,  especially  an  ex-magistrate; 
from 

privo*  :  (1),  reg.,  rob,  deprive. 
pro  :  prep.  w.  abl.,  {in  front  of),  in 
behalf  of,  for  ;  instead  of,  to  serve 
as,  as,  for ;  in  return  for  ;  in  con- 


328 


VOCABULARY. 


sideration  of,  in  consequence  of, 
according  to. 

probo:  (1),  reg.,  try,  test ;  a,pprove, 
favor,  commend,  think  good;  give 
proof  of. 

pro-cedo :  (3),  -cessi,  -cessum,  go  or 
come  forward,  advance  ;  progress  ; 
go  by. 

pi  Cell  vis*  :  -e,  {sloping  forward); 

easy,  [clivus.]  [tance. 

procul  :  adv.,  far  off,  in  the  dis- 
pro-cumbo  :  (3),  -cubui,  -cubitum, 
fall  down  or  forward. 
procuratio*  :  -onis,  f.,  administra¬ 
tion  ;  and 

procurator*  :  -oris,  m.,  administra¬ 
tor,  from 

pro-curo  :  (1),  reg.,  take  care  of, 
manage. 

pro-curro  :  (3),  -cucurri  or  curri, 
-cursum,  run  forth;  advance. 
prodeo  :  (4),  -ii,  -itum,  go  or  come 
forth,  advance,  [pro,  eo.J 
proditio  :  -onis,  i.,  treachery,  be¬ 
trayal ;  from 

pro-do  :  (3),  -didi,  -ditum,  {give 

forth)  ;  hand  down ;  abandon,  be¬ 
tray. 

prb-duco  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  lead  forth, 
remove;  bring  up,  march  out ;  en¬ 
tice,  beguile;  prolong, 
proelior  :  (1),  dep. ,  fight  {a  battle) ; 
from 

proelium:  -i,  w.,  fight,  battle  ;  attack. 
profectio:  -oxns,,  i.,  departure,  [pro¬ 
ficiscor.] 

pro-fero  :  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  bring 
forth,  deliver  ;  show,  display  ;  push 
forward. 

proficio  :  (3),  -fed,  -fectum,  {carry 
forward) ;  make  progress,  get  the 
advantage,  accomplish  something  ; 
[facio] ;  hence 

proficiscor:  -i,  -fectus,  dep.,  set  out, 
depart,  march  off,  start. 
profiteor  :  (2),  -fessus,  dep.,  declare, 
promise,  [fateor.]  \rout,  scatter. 
pro-fligo  :  (1),  reg.,  (fash  down); 
pro-fugio  :  (3),  -filgl,  -fugitum,  flee 
away,  escape. 

pro-fundo  :  (3),  -fudi,  -fusum,  pour 
forth;  se  profundere,  stream 
forth,  rush  forward. 


pregredior  :  -gredi,  gressus,  go  for- 
ward,  advance;  [gradior];  hence 
progressus*  :  -us,  m,  advance; 

plur,,  attempts  to  advance. 
prohibeo  ;  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  {hold 

away) ;  keep  back,  hinder,  prevent; 
shut  out  {of),  cut  off  {from) ;  pro¬ 
tect,  shield,  [hateo.] 
proinde:  adv.,  hence,  therefore ; just 
so,  according  ;  p.  ac  si,  just  as  if. 
prolatio :  -onis,  f,,  postponement, 
putting  off.  [profero.] 
pro-luo* :  (3),  -liii,  -lutum,  wash 
'away. 

promontdrium  :  -i,  n.,  headland, 

promontory .  [pro-mineo,  jut  out.\ 
prd-moveo  :  (2),  -movi,  -mdtum, 

move  forward  or  oiit,  dislodge. 
promulgo  ;  (1),  reg.,  propound,  pro¬ 
pose. 

promutuus*  :  -a,  -um,  advanced,  in 
advance. 

pronuntiatio*  :  -onis,  f.,  proclama¬ 
tion  ;  from 

pr5-nuntio  :  (1),  reg.,  declare,  pro¬ 
claim.,  call  out,  cry  ;  put  to  vote. 
prope  :  adv.,  comp,  propius,  sup. 

proxime,  near  ;  nearly,  almost. 
pro-pello  :  (3),  -puli,  -pulsum,  {drive 
forward);  overturn,  upset;  rout, 
put  to  flight. 

propere  :  adv.,  in  haste  ;  like 
propero:  (1),  reg.,  hasten,  from  pro¬ 
perus,  quick. 

propinquitas :  -iltis,  f.,  nearness ; 
from 

propinquus  :  -a,  -um,  near,  neigh¬ 
boring ;  masc.  subst.  relative. 
[prope.] 

propior  :  -us,  (-oris),  nearer ;  superl. 
proximus,  -a,  -um,  nearest,  next, 
either  following  or  preceding. 
pro-pono  :  (3),  -posui,  -positum, 

put  forth,  publish;  encourage 
(spem);  set  forth,  describe;  prom¬ 
ise  ;  determine  or  decide  iipon ; 
hence 

prdpositum  :  -i,  n.,  determination, 
project,  plan.  [certain. 

proprius  :  -a,  -um,  one^s  own  ;  secure, 
propter  :  prep.  w.  acc.,  {near) ;  on 
account  of ;  hence  [fore. 

propterea  ;  on  account  of  this,  there- 


VOCABULARY. 


329 


propugnator  :  -Cris,  m.,  defender  (of 
a  ship),  murine  ;  from 
pro-pugno  :  ^1),  veg.,  fight  ivova.  and 
in  defence  of  a  place, 
proripio:  (3),  -ripui,  -reptiim,  {tear 
away) ;  se  proripere^  rush,  [ra- 
pio.] 

pro-ruo:  (3),  -rui,  -rutiirn,  tear  down. 
pr5-sequor  :  -i,  -ciitus,  dep.,  follow 
{after),  attend  ;  pursue. 
prdspicio:  (3),  -exi,  -ectum,  look 
forth,  [specio.] 

pro-tego:  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  shield,  pro¬ 
tect,  cover. 

pro-tero:  (3),  -trIvT,  -trltum,  crush 
under  foot,  ride  down. 
protinus  :  adv. ,  at  once,  straightway. 
prout :  conj. ,  just  as. 
pro-vehor :  -i,  -vectus,  dep.,  sail 
away,  put  out. 

proventus:  -us,  m.,  issue;  success; 
see  on  p.  70,  32  ;  [provenio,  turn 
out.'\ 

pro-video  :  (2),  -vidl,  -visum,  fore¬ 
see  ;  care  for,  provide,  make  pre¬ 
parations. 

provincia:  -ae,  f.,  province,  con¬ 
quered  territory  subject  to  Rome  ; 
especially,  Gallia  Narbonensis. 
App.  II,  1. 

pr5-voco*  :  (1),  reg.,  call  forth  ;  en¬ 
courage.  \adult. 

pubes:  -eris,  grown  up;  subst., 
publicanus :  -i,  m.,  tax-gatherer, 
farmer  of  the  public  revenues,  pub¬ 
lican;  like 

publice  :  adv.,  in  the  name  of  the 
state  ;  generally  (for  a  whole  city), 
and 

publico:  (1),  YQg.,  make  public  prop¬ 
erty,  confiscate ;  from 
publicus  :  -a,  -um,  public,  belonging 
to  the  state;  neut.  subst.,  public 
chest  or  property  ;  public  place, 
square;  in  publicum,  for  public 
use.  [populus.] 

pudeo  :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  {be  ashamed) ; 

have  the  sense  of  shame  ;  hence 
pudor :  -oris,  feeling  of  shame, 
shame. 

puer  :  -eri,  m.,  boy,  child. 
pugna  :  -ae,  f. ,  battle,  conflict;  [pug¬ 
nus,  fisf\  ;  hence 


pugno  :  (1),  reg.,  fight,  contend. 
pulvis  :  -eris,  m.,  dust. 
punctum  :  -i,  n.,  point,  instant ; 
[pungo, 

purgo:  (1),  reg.,  {cleanse) ;  justify. 
puteus  :  -i,  m.,  ivell. 
puto  :  (1),  reg.,  think. 

Pyrenaeus  :  -a,  -um,  Pyrenean;  P. 
montes,  the  range  between  France 
and  Spain. 

Q- 

qua:  adv.,  (sc.  via  or  parte), 
where.  [ro,  quattuor.] 

quadratus  :  -a,  -um,  square,  [quad- 
quadriremis  :  -e,  having  four  banks 
of  oars ;  fern,  subst.,  quadrireme. 
[quattuor,  remus.] 

'quaero  :  (3), -sivi,  -situm,  seek,  try 
to  reach ;  ask,  inquire;  discuss; 
.  hence 

I  quaestor  :  -oris,  m. ,  quaestor ; 
App.  II,  8  ;  and 

quaestus*  :  -us,  m.,  gain,  profit. 
qualis  :  -e,  of  what  sort  9 
quam  :  adv. ,  how  ;  as,  than  ;  with 
superlatives,  possible,  as  possible, 
sometimes  accompanied  by  pos¬ 
sum  ;  quam  maxime  potest,  as 
much  as  he  possibly  can*;  quam 
primum,  as  soon  as  possible. 
quando  :  indef.  adv.,  ever;  siquan¬ 
do,  as  often  as. 

quantus  :  -a,  -um,  how  great,  how 
much  ;  correl.  to  tantus,  as  {great, 
much,  far  as);  quanto,  {by)  how 
much;  quanto  (or  quantum)  .  .  . 
tanto,  the  more  .  .  .  the  more. 
quantuscumque*  :  quanta-,  quan¬ 
tum-,  as  much  soever,  just  as  much. 
quare  :  adv.,  wherefore ;  why.  [qua, 
re.] 

quasi  :  adv.,  as  if. 

quaterni  :  -ae,  -a,  four  {apiece). 

quattuor  :  indeed,  mim.,  four. 

-que  :  conj.,  always  enclitic,  and; 
-que  .  .  .  -que  (or  et),  both  .  .  . 
and. 

quemadmodum:  adv.,  how,  in  what 
way  ;  [quern  ad  modum.] 
querimonia*  :  -ae,  f.,  complaint; 
from 


330 


VOCABULARY. 


queror ;  -i,  questus,  dep.,  lament, 
complain,  {of),  bewail. 

(1)  qui,  quae,  quod  :  rel.  pran.,  who, 
which,  what,  that. 

(2)  qui,  quae,  quod  :  interrog.  pron., 

what  {manner  of)  9  [ciny. 

(3)  qui,  qua,  quod  :  indef.  pron., 

(4)  qui :  adv. ,  how  9 
quia*  :  conj.,  because. 
quicumque  :  quae-,  quod-,  indef. 

pron.,  ivhoever,  whichever,  what¬ 
ever;  anysoever. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam  :  indef. 

pron.,  (a)  certain,  some. 
quidem:  conj.,  indeed,  at  least,  of¬ 
ten  merely  giving  emphasis  to  the 
preceding  word  ;  however. 
quies  :  -etis,  f.,  rest,  quiet. 
quietissime:  adv.,  superl.  of  qui¬ 
ete,  very  quietly,  ivithout  the  least 
opposition;  from  [calm. 

quietus:  -a,  -um,  quiet,  peaceful, 
quin  :  conj.,  (how  not),  so  that  not, 
but  that,  that,  ivithout,  from  (w. 
part,  in  -ing). 

quini  :  -ao,  -a,  five  {apiece). 
quinqueremis  :  -e,  with  five  banks 
of  oars;  fern.  svAiA,.,  quinquereme. 
[quinque,  remus.] 

(1)  quis, - quid  :  interrog.  pron., 

who  9*  what?  quid,  hoio  much  9 
why  9 

(2)  quis,  qua,  quid  :  indef.  pron,, 
some,  any  {one  or  thing). 

quisnam  :  quae-,  quid-,  interrog. 
pron. ,  who,  what  pray  9  what  pos¬ 
sible  ...  9 

quisquam  : - ,  quidquam  or 

quicquam,  indef.  pron.,  any  {one 
or  thing)  at  all. 

quisque  :  quaeque,  quidque  (quod¬ 
que),  indef.  pron,,  each  {one  or 
thing),  every;  with  superl.,  =  om¬ 
nes  with  positive. 

quisquis  :  quaequae,  quidquid  (quic- 
quid),  and  adj.  qu<^quod,  indef. 
pron.,  ivhoever,  whatever,  any  what¬ 
ever. 

quivis:  quaevis,  quidvis  and  adj. 
quodvis,  indef.  pron.,  any  {one  or 
thing)  you  please,  whatever. 
quo  :  rel.  adv.,  whither,  into  which, 
where;  conj.,  =  ut  eo,  chiefly  w. 


comparatives,  the  .  .  .;  quo 
minus,  that  the  less,  that  not,  from, 
(with  part,  in  -ing). 
quoad  ;  adv.,  so  long  as;  until. 
quod  :  adv,,  {in  regard  to  which),  but, 
now;  quod  si,  but  if;  conj.,  be- 
cause,  that  {in  that),  from  the  fact 
that,  namely  that ;  as  to  the  fact 
that. 

quominus  :  see  quo  minus. 
qu5nam*:  adv.,  interrog,,  whither 
pray  9  [deed. 

quoniam  :  conj.,  since  then  or  in- 
quoque  :  adv.,  also,  too. 
quoquoversus  :  adv^,  in  cdl  direc¬ 
tions  ;  [quisquis,  verto.] 
quotidianus  ;  -a,  -um,  daily  ;  from 
quotidie  :  adv.,  day  by  day.  [quot, 
dies.] 

quotiens :  adv.  interrog.,  how  often  f 
[quot,  how  many.] 

quotienscumque* :  adv,,  as  often 
as,  however  often. 
quum  :  see  cum  (2). 

R. 

radix  :  -icis,  f.,  root;  (montis)  ra¬ 
dices,  foot. 

rapiditas:  -atis,  f.,  siviftness ;  from 
rapidus:  -a,  -um,  swift;  [rapio]; 
hence 

raptim  :  adv.,  in  haste. 
rarus  :  -a,  -um,  few  and  far  between, 
at  intervals. 

ratio:  -onis.  f.,  estimate,  reckoning, 
account ;  plan,  calculation  ;  meth¬ 
od,  style,  way;  condition,  status; 

consideration,  regard,  thought - 

a  1  i  c  u  j  u  s  rationem  habere,  con¬ 
sider  anyone,  i.  e.,  his  claims ; 
reason,  ground,  [reor.] 
ratis  :  -is,  f.,  raft. 
ratus  :  -a,  -um,  part,  of  reor. 
re-cedo :  (3),  -cessi,  -cessum,  go  hack. 
recens  :  -ntis,  fresh,  new ;  vigorous. 
receptaculum  :  -i,  n.,  refuge,  place 
of  safety,  [re,  capio.] 
receptus  :  -us,  m.,  retreat;  refuge; 
from 

recipio  :  (3),  -cepi,  -ceptum,  take  or 
bring  back,  recall ;  se  r.,  retire,  re¬ 
treat,  return,  betake  one's  self; 


VOCABXTLART. 


331 


take  possession  of,  capture ;  ac¬ 
quire,  receive;  suffer,  experience; 
admit,  take  on  board  (a  ship)  ; 
pledge  one's  self,  guarantee. 
re-cito*  :  (1),  reg.,  read  {aloud). 
re-concilio*  :  (1),  reg  ,  {unite  again) ; 
make  good. 

reconditus  :  -a,  -um,  remote,  distant. 

[re-condo,  away.^ 
recordor:  (1),  dep.,  be  mindful,  re¬ 
member. 

re-creo  :  (1),  reg.,  renew,  refresh. 
recte :  adv.,  rightly,  properly ; 
from 

rectus  :  -a,  um,  straight,  [rego.] 
recupero:  (1),  reg.,  regain.  [re¬ 
cipio.] 

re-curro  :  (3),  -curri,  -cursum,  (fias- 
ten  back),  return,  recur. 
recusatio:  -onis,  f.,  objection,  oppo¬ 
sition;  from 

recuso  :  (1),  reg.,  {give  reasons 

against),  object  {to);  shrink  from, 
refuse,  [causa.] 

reddo  ;  (3),  -didi,  -ditum,  give  back, 
restore;  give,  hand;  render,  ap¬ 
point.  [re,  do.] 

red-eo  :  (4),  ii  (-Ivl),  -itum,  go  back, 
return;  have  recourse  to,  take  to, 
seize  ;  fall  to. 

redigo  :  (3),  -egl,  -actum,  brmg  back, 
restore;  bring,  reduce,  [ago.] 
redimo:  (3),  -Gmi,  -emptum,  {buy 
back),  purchase,  [emo.] 
reditus  :  -us,  m.,  return,  [redeo.] 
re-duco  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  lead  back, 
restore;  rnarch  away,  withdraw; 
bring  along,  conduct. 
re-fero  :  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  bring 
back,  restore;  with  se  or  pedem, 
retire,  retreat;  bring  {in),  report; 
return,  express  (gratiam) ;  make  a 
motion,  move  (ad  senatum) ;  ac¬ 
knowledge. 

refertus  :  -a,  -um,  filled,  full,  [re¬ 
fercio.] 

reficio:  (3),  -feci,  -fectum,  rebuild, 
repair,  restore;  refresh,  rest,  [fa¬ 
cio.] 

re-formido:  (1),  reg.,  {start  back  at), 
fear. 

re-fugio  :  (3),  -fugl,  -fugitum,  flee 
back  ;  flee,  take  to  flight. 


■I 


regia :  see  regius, 
regio :  -onis,  1,  direction,  line, 
position  ;  quarter,  region. 
regius  :  -a,  -um,  royal;  regia, 
sc.  d  o  m  u  s , 

regnum:  -i,  n.,  kingdom;  royal 
sway,  power,  family. 
rego  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  direct,  guide. 
regredior  :  -gredi,  -gressus,  dep.,  re¬ 
tire.  [gradior.] 
regula*:  -ae,  f.,  ^tripof  wood. 
rejicio  (reicio)  :  (3),  -jeci,  -jectum, 
hurl  or  drive  back  ;  refer,  [jacio.] 
religio :  -onis,  f.,  {religious)  scru¬ 
ple,  obligation,  binding  force  ;  sa¬ 
cred  oath.  [fasten. 

re-ligo:  (1),  reg.,  bind  or  hold  fast, 
re-linquo:  (3),  -liqui,  -lictum, 
leave  (pehind),  abandon  ;  allow ; 
pass.,  remain. 

reliquiae  :  -arum,  f.,  remnant. 
reliquus:  -a,  -um,  left,  remaining ; 
neut.  subst.,  remainder. 
re-maneo :  (2),  -mansi,  -mansum, 
stay  behind,  remain. 
remedium  :  -i,  n.,  remedy,  help. 
remex:  -igis,  m.,  rower,  oarsman, 
[remus,  ago.] 

remissus  :  -a.  -um,  unstrung,  weak, 
lax;  mild;  from 

re-mitto  :  (3),  -misi,  -missum,  send 
back,  return ;  send  ;  relax,  I'ecede 
{from),  abate;  remit,  remove. 
re-moveo:  (2),  -movi,  -motum,  put 
away,  remove. 
remulcum:  -i,  n.,  tow  line. 
remus  :  -i,  m.,  oar. 
r  e-no  VO :  (1),  reg.,  begin  again,  re¬ 
new. 

re-numero*  :  (1),  reg.,  count  out. 
re-nuntio  :  (1),  reg.,  bring  back  word, 
announce,  report. 
reor*  :  reri,  ratus,  reckon,  think. 
re-pello  :  (3),  -puli,  -pulsum,  drive 
back  ;  repel,  ward  off. 
repente  :  adv.,  suddenly ;  [repens] j 
hence  [pected. 

repentinus  :  -a,  -um,  sudden,  unex- 
reperio  :  (4),  -peri,  -pertum,  find, 
come  upon ;  get;  fl^id  out,  discover, 
invent,  [pario.] 

re-peto  :  (3),  -ivi  and  ii,  -Itum,  {ask 
anew);  bring,  fetch;  reckon  back. 


332 


VOCABULARY. 


re-pono  :  (3),  -posui,-  -positum,  lay 
aside ;  put ;  spem  in  aliqua  re, 
rely  upon. 

re-porto  :  (1),  reg.,  carry  hack ;  na¬ 
vibus  reportari,  sail  hack. 
re-prehendo :  (3),  -di,  -sum,  {seize 
and  hold  hack),  seize  ;  censure. 
reprimo  :  (3),  -pressi,  -pressum, 

{press  hack),  check,  [premo.] 
repudio:  (1),  reg.,  reject,  despise. 

[pudere,  he  ashamed.'] 
re-pugno  ;  (1),  reg.,  {fight  hack),  re¬ 
sist,  defend  ojie's  self ;  oppose. 
repulsa  :  -ae,  ‘f.,  defeat,  [repello.] 
re-quiesco  ;  (3),  -evi,  -6tum,  rest. 
requiro :  (3),  -sivi,  -si turn,  {ask  hach) ; 

seek,  call  for.  [quaero.] 
res :  rei,  f.,  thing,  matter,  affair, 
fact ;  property ;  deed,  act,  fight ; 
event,  position  or  situation  of  af¬ 
fairs;  interest,  advantage;  real¬ 
ity;  often  merely  representing  a 
preceding  subst.,  often  to  be  trans¬ 
lated  by  combination,  often  to  be 
omitted ;  res  militaris,  military 
matters,  art  of  war ;  res  frumen¬ 
taria,  corn-supply;  res  publica, 
state,  commonwealth;  summa  res, 
issue,  crisis  ;  res  secundae,  adver¬ 
sae,  or  success,  misfor¬ 

tune  or  disaster ;  res  gestae,  ex¬ 
ploits;  suis  rebus  diffidere,  de¬ 
spair  of  one’s  fortune. 
re-scribo  :  (3),  -psi,  -ptum,  write 
hack,  reply.  \up. 

re-servo  :  (1),  reg.,  keep  hack,  save 
re-sisto :  (3),  -stiti,  -stitum,  {stand 
hack),  halt,  remain  behind ;  defend 
one’s  self,  resist,  oppose. 
respicio  ;  (3),  -exi,  -ectum,  look  hack 
at;  have  regard  for;  devolve 
{upon),  [specio.] 

re-spondeo  :  (2),  -di,  -sum,  reply ; 
hence 

responsum  :  -i,  n. ,  answer. 
respublica  :  -ae,  f.,  see  res. 
re-stagno* :  (1),  reg.,  {flow  hack), 
averfiow,  he  flooded. 
re-stituo  ;  (3),  -ui,  -utum,  put  hack, 
restore,  give  hack. 

retineo  :  (2),  -ui,  -entum,  hold  hack, 
retain,  keep;  preserve,  hold  fast 
to;  pass.,  remain,  [teneo.] 


re-torqueo:  (2),  -torsi,  -tortum,  {fiend 
hack) ;  pass. ,  hend,  veer. 
re-traho :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  bring  or 
drag  hack. 

r e- vertor  :  (3),  dep.,  turn  hack,  re¬ 
turn. 

re-voco  :  (1),  reg.,  call  hack,  recall. 
rex  :  -r5gis,  m.,  king ;  plur.,  the 
royal  family. 

Rhascypolis  :  -is,  m.,  p.  75,  32. 
Rhodanus  :  -i,  m.,  Rhone. 
ripa  :  -ae,  f.,  hank. 
rivus:  -i,  m.,  brook.  [core. 

robur^'  :  -oris,  n.,  {oak);  kernel, 
rogatio*  :  -onis,  f . ,  (question),  hill ; 
from 

rogo:  (1),  reg.,  ask,  heg. 

Roma:  -ae,  f.,  Rome;  adj.  Roma¬ 
nus,  -a,  -um. 
r5s*  :  roris,  m. ,  dew. 
rostrum  :  -i,  n.,  beak,  prow ;  plur., 
the  speaker’s  platform  in  the  fo¬ 
rum,  ornamented  with  the  beaks  of 
captured  ships,  rostrum. 
ruina  :  -ae,  f.,  fall,  crash,  [ruo.] 
r-umor  :  -oris,  m.,  rumor. 
rupes:  -is,  f.,  cliff,  rock. 
rursus  (rursum) :  again,  anew. 

S. 

Saburra  :  -ae,  m.,  ii,  38  ff. 
sacerdos  :  -otis,  m.,  priest ;  [sacer, 
sacred];  hence 

sacerddtium  :  -i,  n.,  priesthood. 
sacramentum  :  -i,  n.,  oath  of  enlist¬ 
ment.  [sacro,  make  sacred.] 
Sadalas:  -ae,  m.,  p.  75,  31. 
saepe:  adv.,  often;  comp,  -ius, 
super,  -issime. 

sagitta  :  -ae,  f.,  arrow  ;  hence 
sagittarius  :  -i,  m.,  archer. 
sagum*  :  -i,  n.,  cloak  ;  App.  Ill,  3,  a. 
sal*  :  salis,  m,  &  n.,  salt;  hence 
salinae*  :  -arum,  salt-ivorks. 
saltern*:  adv.,  at  least,  even. 
saltus  :  -us,  m.,  forest,  {woody)  pass 
or  ridge.  [healthy. 

saluber*  (salubris) :  -bris,  -bre, 
salum*  :  -i,  n.,  sea,  motion  of  the 
sea.  [sal.] 

salus  :  -utis,  f.,  health,  safety,  wel¬ 
fare  ;  salvation,  rescue ;  hence 


VOCABULARY. 


333 


saluto*:  (1),  reg.,  {wish  health); 
greet,  hail. 

salvus  :  -a,  -um,  safe,  wtact. 
sancio*:  (4),  -nxi,  -nctum  and  -ci¬ 
tum,  ratify,  sanction  ;  hence 
sanctus :  -a,  -um,  sacred. 
sanguis:  -inis,  m.,  blood. 
sano  :  (1),  reg.,  heal,  cure ;  mentem 
ali  cujus,  bring  to  his  senses. 
[sanus,  soimd.] 

sarcina:  -ae,  f. ,  pack;  App.  Ill,  3, 
c;  hence 

sarcinarius*:  -a,  -um,  for  the  bag- 
gage  ;  jumenta,  pack-animals. 
sarcio :  (4),  -si,  -turn,  mend,  make 
good. 

satis  :  adv.,  enough,  sufficient. 
satis-facio  :  (3),  -f6ci,  -factum,  {do 
enough),  satisfy. 
satus:  -a,  -um,  see  sero. 
saucius:  -a,  -um,  wounded. 
saxum  :  -i,  n.,  cliff,  rock. 
scala:  -ae,  f.,  scaling-ladder. 
scapha  :  -ae,  f . ,  skiff. 
scelus:  -eris,  n.,  crime.  \_fully. 

( scienter  :  adv.,  {knowingly),  skii- 
scientia :  -ae,  f. ,  knowledge,  skill. 
[scio:  (4),  reg.,  know. 
scopulus  :  -i,  m.,  cliff.  _  \rolL 

scribo  :  (3),  -psi,  -ptum,  write,  en- 
scutatus  :  -a,  -um,  see  on  p.  29,  16. 
scutula:  -ae,  f.,  roller.  [3,  a. 

scutum :  -i,  n. ,  shield ;  App.  HI, 
secessio:  -dnis,  f. ,  withdrawal,  se- 
cessio?h.  [secedo.] 
secius  :  adv.,  (comp,  of  secus,  oif/ier- 
ivise),  less. 

se-cludo  :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  shut  off,  sep¬ 
arate.  [claudo.] 
secreto  :  adv.,  secretly. 
secundum :  prep.  w.  acc. ,  along  (by) ; 
after;  from 

secundus  :  -a,  -um,  following,  next, 
second  ;  f avoring{v^\nA),  favorable ; 
prosperous,  siiccessfid.  [sequor.] 
sed  :  conj.,  but,  however. 
seditio  :  -dnis,  f.,  {going  aside),  tu¬ 
mult,  uproar,  [se,  eo.] 
sedo  :  (1),  reg.,  quiet,  allay,  [cans, 
of  sedeo.] 

segnis*  :  -e,  sluggish,  lakeivarm. 
sella*  :  -ae,  f. ,  chair,  seat,  [sadela, 
scdeo.] 


semel:  adv.,  once;  the  first  time. 
simenstris* :  -q,  of  six  months,  [sex, 
mensis.]  [moveo.] 

semotus  :  -a,  -um,  distant,  [se- 
semper :  adv.,  always. 

'senator:  -oris,  m.,  senator. 
senatdrius  :  -a,  -um,  senatorial. 
senatus:  -us,  m.,  senate;  App, 
^  II,  5. 

senex ;  senis,  old,  comp,  senior, 
plur.,  the  elderly. 

seni*  :  -ae,  -a,  six  each;  senum  = 


senorum, 

sententia  :  -ae,  f.,  view,  opinion; 
s.  dicere,  vote ;  propositiori,  deci¬ 
sion,  decree,  sentence  ;  App.  II,  5, 
b.  [sentio.] 

sentina* :  -ae,  f.,  bilge-water. 
sentio:  (4),  -  si,  -sum,  perceive,  see, 
notice,  become  aware  of;  think; 
gravius  sentire  de  aliquo,  ex¬ 
pect  worse  of  one. 

separatim:  adv.,  separately,  away 
{from),  [se-paro. 
sequor  :  -i,  -cutus,  dep.,  follow,  ac¬ 
company  ;  pursue ;  seek,  try  to 
reach ;  follow,  adopt,  conform  to, 
obey,  side  with. 

Serapion  :  -dnis,  m.,  p.  126,  10. 
sermo  :  dnis,  m.,  talk,  spteech,  Con¬ 
ner  satio  n. 

(1)  sero:  (3),  sevi,  satum,  sow. 

(2)  sero  :  adv. ,  late ;  comp,  serius, 
too  late  ;  superl.  serissime. 

serpo* :  (3),  -psi,  -ptum,  creep,  spread. 
servio:  (4),  reg.,  {serve);  xYease, 
gratify ;  look  out  {for),  [servus.] 
servo  :  (1),  reg.,  save,  rescue;  keep, 
preserve,  observe. 
servus  :  -i,  m.,  slave. 
se.3tertius  :  -i,  m.,  (HS  =  2a  asses), 
sesterce,  a  Roman  silver  coin,  near¬ 
ly  our  half-dime  ;  often  reckoned 
by  the  million,  centena  milia 
sestertium  (=-oruni),  but 
the  first  two  words  were  often 
omitted,  and  the  gen.  plur.  gradu¬ 
ally  looked  upon  as  a  neut.  sing., 
so  that  sestertium,  -i,  n.,  =  100,- 
I  000  sesterces,  [semis-tertius.] 
seu  :  see  sive. 

'severius:  adv,,  com}mr.  of  severe, 
i  very  strictly,  severely,  [severus.] 


334 


VOCABULARY. 


sexagies  :  sixty  times.  \dred. 

sexcenarius* ;  -a,  -urn,  of  six  hun- 
sexennis*  :  -e,  of  six  years,  [sex, 
annus.] 

si  :  conj.,  if ;  whether. 
sic  :  adv.,  so,  thus. 
sicut  (sicuti)  :  adv.,  just  as;  as  if. 
signifer  :  -eri,  in  ,  standard-bearer. 
[signum,  fero.] 

significatio :  -unis,  f.,  token,  sign, 
proof ;  from 

significo  :  (1),  reg.,  make  a  sign,  give 
proof  of,  signify,  betoken,  [sig¬ 
num,  facio.] 

signum  ;  -i,  n.,  token,  sign;  stand¬ 
ard,  colors,  App.  Ill,  17  ;  hence  in 
pliir.,  ranks,  cohorts,  maniples; 
signal;  App.  Ill,  15. 
silentium ;  -i,  n.,  silence,  stillness. 
[sileo.] 

silva  :  -ae,  f.,  forest,  wood. 

'similis  :  -e,  like,  similar ;  hence 
similiter  :  adv.,  in  like  manner ; 
and 

similitudo  :  -inis,  f.,  likeness. 
simul:  adv.,  at  the  same  time,  as 
-  soon  as  ;  simul  atque,  as  soon  as. 
simulacrum :  -i,  n.,  image,  statue. 
simulatio  :  -diiis,  1,  pretence, 
guise  ;  from  {tend. 

simulo  :  (1),  reg.,  {make  like),  pre- 
simultas  :  -atis,  f.,  grudge,  hatred. 
sin  :  conj.,  but  if,  if  however. 
sine  :  prep.  w.  abl.,  without. 
singularis :  -e,  {single) ;  rare,  extraor¬ 
dinary  ;  from 

singuli  :  -ae,  -a,  single,  individual ; 

each,  separate,  apiece. 
sinister :  -tra,  -trum,  left ;  fern. 

subst.,  left  hand. 
sinus  :  -us,  m.,  bay. 
situs  ;  -us,  m.,  situation,  position; 
[sino,  altow.^ 

sive  (seu) :  or  if ;  sive  .  .  .  sive, 
whether  .  .  .  or. 

societas:  -iltis,  1,  company,  guild; 

league,  club ;  from 
socius:  -i,  m.,  companion ;  ally. 
s51 :  solis,  m.,  sun. 
solatium  :  -i,  n.,  comfort,  solace. 
[solor.] 

soieo  :  (2),  solitus  sura,  be  wont. 
sollertia  :  -ae,  f.,  skill,  ingenuity. 


sollicito  :  (1),  reg.,  stir  up,  insti¬ 
gate  to  mutiny ;  [sollus  :=  totus, 
cieo] :  hence 

sollicitudo  ;  -inis,  f.,  disquiet,  anx¬ 
iety ;  and 

sollicitus :  -a,  -um,  anxious,  troubled. 

(1)  solum  :  -i,  n.,  ground. 

(2)  solum:  adv.,  only,  [solus,  alone.^ 
solutio*  :  -onis,  f.,  payment ;  from 
solvo  :  (3),  solvi,  solutum,  loose ; 

naves,  weigh  anchor,  set  sail; 
open  ;  pay. 
somnus*:  -i,  m.,  sleep. 
sono*  :  (1\  -ui,  -itum,  sound,  re¬ 
sound ;  from 
sonus  :  -i,  m.,  noise. 
soror  :  -oris,  f.'  sister. 
sors  :  -tis,  f.,  lot. 

spatium  :  -i,  n.,  room,  space,  inter¬ 
val,  distance  in  time  or  space,  time. 
'.species  :  -01,  f.,  looks,  appear¬ 
ance. 

■  specto  :  (1),  reg. ,  look,  gaze  ;  look 
'  toward,  plan,  [intens.  of  spe¬ 
cio.] 

speculator:  -oris,  m  ,  spy,  scout. 
specus  :  -us,  m.,  cave,  gorge. 
spero:  (1),  reg.,  hope,  expect. 
spes  :  -ei,  f.,  hope,  expectation. 
spiritus  :  -us,  m.,  {breath);  pride. 
[spiro.] 

spolio:  (1),  reg.,  strip,  plunder; 

from  [spoils. 

spolium  :  -i,  n.,  plur.,  trophies, 

spons  :  -tis,  f.,  (only  used  in  gen. 
and  abl.  Ang),  free  will;  sponte, 

of - own  accord. 

'statim  :  adv.,  on  the  spot,  imme¬ 
diately. 

statio:  -onis,  f.,  position,  post ;  in 
.statione,  on  guard. ;  outpost ;  an¬ 
chorage;  in  statione,  of  ships, 
at  anchor,  [sto.] 

^  stativus:  -a,  -um,  standing ;  App. 
Ill,  19,  end. 

statua*  :  -ae,  f. ,  statue.  [rib. 

statumen:  -inis,  n.,  {standard), 
statuo:  (3),  -ui,  -uium, place, pitch ; 
determine,  make  up  one's  mind; 
decide. 

stipendium:  -i,  n.,  money,  wages; 
[stips,  contribution,  pendo,  weigh 
ouU\ 


VOCABULARY. 


335 


stipes:  -itis,  m.,  trunk  of  a  tree, 
beam. 

sto:  (1),  steti,  statum, hold  one’s 
ground ;  of  ships,  lie ;  stat  per 
aliquem,  some  one  is  to  blame. 
storia*  :  ae,  1,  curtain. 
stringo  :  (3),  -nxi,  -ctum,  strip  off ; 
gladium,  draw. 

structura:  -ae,  f,,  masonry;  from 
struo :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  lay  (beams  or 
stone  one  upon  another),  build. 
studeo  :  (2),  -ui,  be  eager,  eagerly  de¬ 
sire,  use  to  the  utmost ;  favor. 
studium  :  -i,  n.,  zeal,  eagerness,  pas¬ 
sion. 

stultus  :  -a,  -um,  foolish. 
stupa*  :  -ae,  f.,  tow. 
sub:  prep.  —  A.  w.  abl.,  under,  at  the 
base  or  foot  of,  close  up  to ;  dur¬ 
ing ;  B.  w.  ace.,  up  to,  up  to  the 
foot  of;  towards,  about. 
sub-duco  :  (•>),  -xi,  -ctum,  take  away 
{from  under) ;  draw  up  ships  on 
land. 

sub-eo:  (4),  -il,  -itum,  undergo,  risk, 
meet,  suffer,  accept;  hence 
subito:  adv.,  suddenly;  from 
subitus:  -a,  -um,  sudden,  unexpected. 
subjectus  :  superi,  adv.  -issime,  most 
humbly  ;  from 

subjicio  (subicio)  :  (3),  -jeci,  -jec- 
tum,  cast  ov  put  under;  instigate, 
put  up  to  a  thing  ;  bring  or  lead  up 
to ;  se  subjicere,  advance ; 
subjectus,  -a,  -um,  lie  near,  border 
on. 

sublatus  :  see  tollo, 
sub-levo  :  (1),  reg.,  raise  up,  help, 
support;  ease,  lighten. 
sublica*  :  -ae,  f.,  spile. 
sub-luo*  :  (3),  -ui,  -utum,  wash  the 
base  of  a  hill. 

sub-mergo:  (3),  -si,  -sum,  sink. 
summitto:  (3),  -misi,  -missum, 
below),  part,  summissus,  -a,  -um, 
hypocritical,  subtle ;  send  (alicui 
auxilio).  [subm-.J 
summoveo  :  (2),  -mdvl,  -motum,  re¬ 
move,  drive  away.  [subm-.J 
subnubilus*  :  -a,  um,  rather  cloudy. 
[nubilus,  nubes.] 

sub-ruo*  :  (3),  -ui,  -utum,  under¬ 
mine. 


sub-sequor:  -i,  -cutus,  dep.,  follow 
after. 

subsidiarius*  ;  -a,  -um,  of  the  re¬ 
serve  ;  from 

subsidium  :  -i,  n.,  rear  rank,  re¬ 
serve ;  re-enforcement ;  help,  aid, 
assistance  ;  protection,  relief,  rem.- 
edy.  [sedeo.] 

sub-sisto:  (3),  -stiti,  stop,  halt. 
substructio*  :  -onis,  f.,  foundation. 
sub-sum:  -esse,  -fui,  be  near. 
sub-venio  :  (4),  -veni,  -ventum,  come 
to  help,  aid. 

succedo  ;  (3),  -cessi,  -cessum,  ad¬ 
vance,  press  on  or  in ;  take  the 
place  of,  succeed ;  dfaw  near,  ap¬ 
proach.  [subc-.] 

succenseo*:  (2),  -ui,  -sum,  be  angry. 
[subc-.] 

succurro  :  (3),  -curri,  -cursum,  has- 
ien  to  help  ;  be  helpful,  [subc-.] 
sudis  :  -is,  f . ,  stake. 
suffragor  :  (1),  favor  with  one’s 
vote  ;  be  in  favor  of.  [suffragium, 
vote.] 

sui :  sibi,  se  (sese),  reflex,  pron.,  self ; 
of  himself ,  of  herself,  of  itself,  of 
themselves  ;  when  subj.  of  an  infln. 
it  may  be  rendered  he,  she,  it,  they. 
sum:  esse,  fuT,  he,  exist,  be  present 
or  on  hand  ;  be  the  case ;  as  simple 
copula,  to  be  variously  translated : 
(1)  with  pred.  gen,,  have,  show,  re¬ 
quire,  amount  to ;  belong  to,  be 
characteristic  of;  (2)  w.  dat.  of 
person,  have;  (3)  w,  dat.  of  end, 
serve  as,  prove ;  (4)  w.  abl.  of 
quality,  possess,  show,  have. 
summa  :  -ae,  f.,  total  amount,  sum  ; 
the  whole,  completeness  ;  victoriae, 
a  complete  victory;  rerum,  the 
general  situation;  lead,  highest 
authority,  command-in -chief  ;  rei, 
issue,  crisis,  [superus,  summus.] 
summe*:  SiAv.,  very  strongly,  [sum¬ 
mus.] 

sumo:  (3),  -psi,  -ptum,  take,  exact; 

assume,  put  on;  hence 
sumptus  :  -us,  m.,  outlay,  expense. 
super:  adv.,  moreover ;  prep.  w.  acc., 
upon,  over,  above;  hence 
supero  ;  (1),  reg.,  {be  above)  ;  be  supe¬ 
rior,  surpass;  be  victorious,  win 


vo(^AnuLAm\ 


the  day^  conquer ;  trans.,  pasf^  hy^ 
overflow  ;  overcome,  outdo. 
super-struo*  :  (3),  -xl,  -ctuin,  build 
thereon. 

super-sum :  -esse,  -fui,  (&e  orer),  re- 
mainy  he  left  alive y  survive;  be 
present  in  abundance,  abound. 
superus  :  -a,  -iim,  {above);  compar, 
superior,  -us,  upper,  higher  ;  ear¬ 
lier  y  previous,  former ;  stronger, 
superior  ;  superl.  summus,  -a,  -urn, 
highest,  uppermost ^  chief,  greatest ; 
neut.  subst.,  top. 

sup-peto  :  (3),  -ivi  and  -il,  -Ttum,  be 
on  hand. 

supplementum*;  -i,  n.,  substitutes. 
[suppleo,  up.^ 

supplex  :  -icis,  appealing,  suppli¬ 
ant  ;  [sub,  plico,  bend\  ;  hence 
suppliciter:  adv.,  appealingly,  hum¬ 
bly;  and 

supplicium:  -i,  n. ,  {humiliation); 

punishment,  torture,  distress. 
aup-porto:  (1),  reg.,  bring  up,  carry 
or  convey  to. 

supprimo  :  (3),  -pressi,  -pressum, 
{press  down) ;  hinder,  check. 

[premo.] 

supra  :  adv. ,  above,  before,,  previous¬ 
ly  ;  prep.  w.  acc. ,  above,  beyond. 
suscipio :  (3),  -cepi,  -ceptum,  take 
up,  undertake,  assume ;  begin ; 
rem  publicam,  carry  on  the  gov¬ 
ernment.  [sub,  capio.] 
sus-pendo:  (3)„  -di,  -sum,  {hang  up); 
raise,  support. 

auspicio :  -onis,  f.,  suspicion,  dis¬ 
trust ;  from 

suspicor;  (1),  dep*,  suspect,  surmise. 
[sub,  specio.] 

sustento:  (1),  reg.,  bear,  endure; 
alleviate,  make  endurable  ;  intens. 
from 

sustineo  :  (2),  -tinui,  -tentum,  (hold 
up) ;  check,  stop;  endure,  hold  out 
against ;  hold  one^s  ground  against, 
sustain;  intrans.,  halt. 
suus :  -a,  -um,  his,  her,  its  own; 
suis  locis,  self-chosen  and  so  favor¬ 
able. 

Syria:  -ae,  f.,  Syria;  adj.,  Syria¬ 
cus,  -a,  -um  ;  Syri,  -orum,  Sy¬ 
rians. 


T. 


tabella  :  -ae.  f.,  ticket ;  dim.  of  tab* 
ula. 

tabernaculum  :  -i,  n.,  tent. 

"tabula  :  -ae,  f.,  {ivriting-)tablet. 
tabulatio*  :  -Onis,  f.,  flooring,  plat¬ 
form. 

tabulatum:  -i,  n.,  story. 
taeda  :  -ae,  f.,  pine. 
taeter*  ;  -tra,  -trum,  foul. 
talis  :  -e,  such,  so  great  or  imponant. 
tam  :  adv.,  so. 

tamen  :  adv.,  yet,  still,  however, 
nevertheless  ;  at  least. 
tametsi  ;  conj.,  although. 
tantum  :  adv. ,  so  much,  so  far  ;  only 
so  much,  only  so  far  ;  only,  merely. 
tantummodo  :  adv.,  only,  merely. 
tantundem :  adv.,  just  so  far  or 
much. 

tantus:  -a,  -um,  so  large,  so  much ; 
only  so  much,  i.  e.  so  little,  so 
few. 

tarde  :  adv.,  slowly ;  comp,  tar¬ 
dius. 

tarditas:  -atis,  1,  slowness. 
tardo :  (1),  reg. ,  delay,  retard, 
check,  hinder ;  from 
tardus  :  -a,  -um,  slow. 
Tarraconenses  :  -ium,  m.,  people  of 
Tarraco. 


i 


tectum:  -i,  n.,  roo/.  [tego.] 
tegimentum ;  -i,  n.,  cover, protection  ; 
from 

tego  :  (3),  -xT,  -ctum,  cover,  conceal, 
hide;  protect. 

telum  :  -i,  n.,  weapon,  missile,  jave¬ 
lin. 

temere  :  adv.,  rashly. 
tempestas  :  -atis,  f.,  weather  ;  storm. 
[tempus.J 

templum  :  -i,  n.,  temple. 
tempus :  -oris,  n.,  time,  season  ;  ex¬ 
tremum  tempus,  extremity. 
tendo  ;  (3),  tetendi,  tensum  and  ten- 
turn,  stretch  out ;  pitch  (a  tent); 
direct  one’s  course,  march. 
teneo  :  (2),  -ui,  -turn,  hold;  have, 
possess  ;  keep,  occupy  ;  bind ;  hold 
back,  detain,  restrain  ;  se,  remain  ; 
maintain,  defend. 

tener*  :  -era,  -erum,  tender,  young. 


VOCABULARY, 


tento  (tempto) :  (1),  reg,,  try^  test, 
attempt;  attack,  injure;  appeal  to, 
tamper  with. 

tenuis  :  -e,  thin,  narraw ;  slight^ 
small. 

tergum:  -i,  n.,  hack;  vertere,  con¬ 
vertere,  give  way,  jlee. 
terni  :  -ae,  -a>  three  {each). 
terra  :  -ae,  f . ,  land,  earth  ;  country. 
terreo :  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  frighten. 
terrester :  -tris,  -tre,  on  land ;  co¬ 
piae,  land  forces,  [terra.] 
terror  :  -oris,  m, ,  fright,  dread. 
tertio ;  aclv.,  in  the  third  place, 
thirdly. 

testamentum:  -i,  n.,  {last)  will,  fes~ 
tarrhent.  [testor,  witness.'] 
testimonium:  -i,  xi.,  ivilness,p7'oaf ; 
from 

testis  :  -is,  m.,  eye-witness. 
testudo:  -inis,  f.,  tortoise;  see  on 
p.  51,  22. 

tetrarches  :  -ae,  m.,  ruler  of  a  fourth 
part,  tetrarch. 
theatrum  :  -i,  n.,  theater. 

Thebae :  -arum,  Thebes. 

Thessalia  :  -ae,  f.,  Thessali,  -orum, 
Thessaly,  Thessalians. 

Thracia  :  -ae,  Thraces,  -urn,  Thrace, 
Thracians. 

tignum  :  -i,  n.,  wood,  Umber,  beam. 
'timeo:  (2),  -m,fear;  be  anxious. 
timide :  adv. ,  comp,  timidius, 
fearfully,  timidly. 

^  timor  :  -oris,  m.,  fear,  anxiety. 
tiro:  -onis,  m.,  raw  recruit. 
tolero:  (1),  reg.,  {hear) ;  keep  alive. 
tollo :  (3),  sustuli,  sublatum,  raise, 
lift;  cheer,  encourage;  remove, 
take  away ;  put  an  end  to,  annul. 
tormentum  ;  -i,  n.,  engine,  artillery, 
for  hurling  heavy  missiles  ;  missile 
hurled  from  such  a  machine,  [tor¬ 
queo,  twist.] 
tot*  :  indecl.,  so  many. 
totidem:  indeoX.,  just  as  many,  [tot, 
idem.]  [wholly. 

totus  :  -a,  -um,  whole,  cdl ;  totum, 
trabs  :  -abis,  f.,  beam. 
tracto  :  (1),  reg.,  treat  about,  discuss. 
[intens.  of  traho.] 

tractus*  :  -us,  m.,  {extent);  quarter 
of  a  city,  [traho.] 

22 


337 

trado  :  (3),  -didi,  -ditum,  hand  over, 
deliver,  pass  along ;  commit  or  en¬ 
trust  to  ;  surrender,  give  up;  im¬ 
part,  communicate,  [trans,  do.] 
traduco :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  lead  or 
brmg  across,  transport;  transfer, 
promote,  [trans,  duco.] 
tragula  :  -ae,  f.,  dart.  \hurry. 

traho :  (3),  -xl,  -ctum,  {draw,  drag), 
tr^ectus:  -lis,  in.,  crossing,  passage  ; 
from 

trajicio  (traicio) :  (3),  -jeci,  -jectum, 
throw  across,  bring  or  lead  over ; 
se,  go  over,  betake  one^s  self; 
'pierce,  [trans,  jacio.] 

Tralles  :  -ium,  f.,  see  on  p.  124,  23. 
trano* :  (1),  reg.,  swim  across. 
[trans,  no.] 

transcendo  :  (3),  -di,  -sum,  climb 
over ;  c7'oss.  [scando.] 
trans-curro*:  (3),  -cucurri  and  -curri, 
-cursum,  dash  past. 
trans-eo  :  (4),  -ii,  -itum,  go  over, 
cross,  go,  pass;  desert. 
trans-fero  :  -ferre,  -tuli,  -latum,  car^ 
ry  over  or  across,  transfer  ;  signa, 
desei't  in  a  body. 

transgredior  i  -i,  gressus,  dep.,  go 
over  or  across,  cross,  [gradior.] 
transmarinus*  :  -a,  -um,  beyond  the 
sea,  Uansmarine.  [mare.] 
Transpadanus* :  -a,  -um,  beyond  the 
Bo.  [Padus.] 

trans-portor  (1),  reg.,  bring  or  lead 
aci'oss,  transport. 

trans- veho*  :  (3),  -xi,  -ctum,  brmg 
across. 

transversarius* :  -a,  -um  ;  from 
transversus  :  -a,  -um,  lymg  across, 
at  right  angles,  transverse,  [trans, 
verto.] 

trepidantius  :  adv.,  comp,  of  -ter, 
more  tremblmgly,  more  anxiously. 
tribunal  :  -a lis,  n.,  tribunal,  the 
square  or  semicircular  platform  on 
which  the  tribune  and  other  curule 
magistrates  had  their  sella  cu¬ 
rulis,  or  official  seat ;  App.  II,  6. 
tribunicius :  -a,  -um,  tribunitial ; 
from 

tribunus  :  -i,  militum,  military  tri¬ 
bune,  App.  Ill,  9  ;  plebis,  App. 
II,  7. 


838 


VOCABULARY. 


tribuo:  (3),  -ul,  -utum,  give,  grant, 
allot,  devote ;  afford,  furnish ; 
show,  evince ;  ascribe,  attribute ; 
hence 

tributum  :  -i,  n.,  tax,  tribute. 
trichila*  ;  -ae,  f.,  see  on  p.  119,  23. 
triduum  ;  -i,  n.,  three  days,  [tres, 
dies.]  •  [plico.] 

triplex:  -icis,  threefold,  triple,  [tres, 
triremis :  -e,  with  three  banks  of 

oars;  sc.  navis,  trireme,  [tres, 
remus.] 

triticum  :  -i,  n,,  ivheat. 
tu ;  tui,  plur.  vos,  thou,  you. 
tuba  :  -ae,  f.,  trumpet ;  App.  Ill,  15. 
tueor :  (2),  -itus,  dep. ,  protect,  up¬ 
hold;  cover,  defend. 
turn  ;  adv.,  then,  at  that  time,  once  ; 
cum  .  .  .  turn,  both  .  .  .  and  {es¬ 
pecially). 

tumultus  :  -us,  m.,  'uproar,  tumult, 
tow;  disturbance;  attack. 
tumulus  :  -i,  m.,  mound,  hill. 
tunc  :  adv.,  then. 

tunica*:  -ae,  tunic,  the  short-sleeved 
under-garment  of  the  Romans. 

"  turba*  :  -ae,  f . ,  crowd. 
turbate* :  adv.,  crowdedly,  con¬ 
fusedly. 

turbidus  :  -a,  -urn,  murky,  stormy. 
turbulentus  :  -a,  -um,  uneasy,  se¬ 
ditious.  [5 ;  hence 

turma:  -ae,  f.,  squadron;  App.  Ill, 
turmatim*  :  adv.,  by  squadrons. 
turpis :  -e,  base,  shameful,  disgrace¬ 
ful;  hence 

turpiter  :  adv.,  basely,  disgracefully. 
turris  ;  -is,  f.,  tower,  part  of  defen¬ 
sive  walls  ;  siege-tower ;  see  on 

p.  28,  22. 

'tute  :  adv.,  safely. 
tuto :  do.  do. 

<  tutor*:  (1),  dep.,  {make  safe) ;  alle¬ 
viate.  [intens.  from  tueor.] 
tutus  :  -a,  -um,  safe,  [tueor.] 
tympanum* :  -i,  n.,  drum. 
tyrannus  :  -i,  m.,  ruler,  lord. 

U. 

uber*  :  -eris,  comp,  uberior,  full,  in 
detail. 

ubi  :  atlv.,  where  ;  ivhen,  as  soon  as.  : 


ubique  :  adv.,  everywhere,  anywhere. 
ullus :  -a,  -um,  (gen.  ullius),  any 
{whatever). 

ulterior :  -us,  (gen.  oris),  further; 
superl.  ultimus,  -a,  -um,  f  urthest, 
last;  worst. 

ultra:  prep.  w.  acc.,  beyond. 
ultro  :  adv. ,  over ;  ultro  citroque, 
to  and  fro  ;  beyond,  over  and  above, 
besides  ;  of  olio’s  own  accord. 
umquam  :  adv.,  ever. 
una  :  adv.,  together,  [unus.] 
unde  :  adv.,  whence.  [where. 

undique  :  from  all  sides,  every- 
universus:  -a,  -um,  whole,  all. 
unus :  -a,  -um,  (gen.  unius),  one ; 
only  one,  a  single,  the  only  ;  alone, 
only;  a  certain. 

unusquisque* :  unaquaeque,  unum¬ 
quodque  (uimmquidque),  each 
{one),  every  single  {one). 
urbanus  :  -a,  -um,  of  or  in  the  city, 
city- ;  from 

urbs  :  -bis,  f.,  city.  [capital;  from 
usura:  -ae,  f.,  {using);  interest  on 
usus  :  -us,  m.,  use,  employment ;  ex¬ 
perience,  practice;  usu  manuque, 
by  actual  deeds;  usefulness,  ad¬ 
vantage,  service,  especially  in  the 
idiom  alicui  usui  esse,  be  of 
service ;  need,  requirement,  neces¬ 
sity.  [utor.] 

ut  (uti)  :  A.  adv.,  as;  as  if;  inas¬ 
much  as,  since;  so  far  as,  as  well 
as;  as  for  instance;  when,  after, 
as  soon  as.  B.  conj.,  that,  in  or¬ 
der  that;  so  that;  granted  that, 
although. 

(1)  uter*  :  -tris,  m.,  bag,  pouch. 

(2)  uter :  -tra,  -trum,  (gen.  utrius), 

which  (of  two)  ;  pJur.,  which  of 
two  parties.  [of  two,  both. 

uterque  :  utraque,  utrumque,  each 
Utica  :  -ae,  f.,  city  of  Africa,  not 
far  from  the  site  of  Carthage;  adj., 
Uticensis,  -e. 

'utilis  :  -e,  useful ;  hence 
utilitas  :  -atis,  f.,  usefulness. 
utor  :  uti,  usus,  dep.,  use,  enjoy, 
take  advantage  of,  profit  by; 

I  adopt,  follow  (a  plan  or  advice) ; 
j  show,  display  ;  have,  enjoy,  expe- 
[  rience,  find. 


VOCABULARY. 


339 


utrimque  :  adv, ,  on  both  sides. 
[uter.] 

utrum:  adv.,  whether  9  followed  by 
an  in  second  member  of  a  disjunc¬ 
tive  question,  [uter.] 
uxor*,  -oris,  f.,  wife;  uxorem  du¬ 
cere,  marry. 

V. 

vaco:  (1),  reg.,  he  free  from,  unoccu¬ 
pied. 

vacuus  :  -a,  -um,/ree,  empty,  vacant. 
vadosus*:  -a,  -um,  full  of  shoals, 
shallow;  from 
vadum  :  -i,  n.,  shoal,  ford. 
vagor  :  (1),  dep.,  wander  about, 

straggle  off. 

valeo:  (2),  -ui,  -itum,  {be  well);  be 
strong,  have  power  or  influence ; 
hence  [bad) ;  sickness. 

valetudo  :  -inis,  f.,  health  (good  or 
vallis  :  -is,  f.,  valley. 
vallum  :  -i,  rampart,  consisting  of  a 
mound  of  earth  (agger)  surmount¬ 
ed  by  a  fence  of  stakes  or  palisades 
(vallus). 

vallus:  -i,  m.,  {stake);  collectively, 
palisading. 

valvae*  :  -arum,  f.,  {leaves  of  a 
double  folding-door),  door. 
varius :  -a,  -um,  manifold,  changing, 
various. 

vas  :  vasis,  n.,  plur.,  vilsa,  -orum, 
utensils,  ‘"traps”  ;  App.  Ill,  16. 
“ve  :  enclit.  particle,  or. 
vectigal  :  alis,  n.,  tax,  revenue. 
[veho.] 

vectis  :  -is,  f.,  lever. 

^vectura:  -ae,  f.,  transportation. 
vehementer  :  adv,,  viole7itly,  fierce¬ 
ly,  impetuously,  [vehemens.] 
veho  :  (3),  vexi,  vectum,  bear  ;  pass,, 
ride.  [.  .  .  or. 

vel  :  conj.,  or ;  vel  .  .  .  vel,  either 
velum:  i,n.,sra^. 
velut  (veluti)  :  as,  as  if. 
venio  :  (4),  .  venl,  ventum,  come ; 
advance  {against) ;  pass,  impers. 
ventum  est,  they  came. 
ventus  :  -i,  m.,  wind.  [phrase. 

verbum  :  -i,  n.,  {word);  expression, 
vere  :  adv. ,  in  fact ;  see  vero. 


vereor  :  (2),  -itus,  dep.,  be  afraid, 
fear. 

vergo:  (3),  -si,  .slope,  incline. 
vernaculus  :  -a,  -um,  native. 
vero  :  adv.,  in  truth,  really,  truly ; 
mdeed,  inoreover ;  however,  [ve¬ 
rus,  true.^ 

verso:  (1),  reg.,  {keep  turning); 
pass,,  move  about,  be  engaged,  be. 
[intens.  from  verto.]  [from 

ver.sus  (versum)  ;  adv.,  towards ; 
verto  :  (3),  -ti,  -sum,  Umi ;  se, 

change,  wheel;  terga,  give  way, 
flee.  _  [ing. 

vesper  :  -eri,  (abl.  -e  and  -i),  even 
vestigium  :  -i,  n.,  {foot-track) ;  spot, 
instant;  e  vestigio,  on  the  spot, 
instantly. 

veteranus  :  -a,  -um,  old,  experienced, 
veteran;  App.  Ill,  12,  a. 
veto :  (1),  -ui,  -itum,  forbid. 
vetus  :  -eris,  old,  former,  previous; 
hence 

vetustas:  -atis,  f.,  age,  a7itiquity ; 

ancient  times,  antiquity. 
vexillum  :  -i,  n.,  flag,  streamer ; 

App.  Ill,  17,  c.  [vexo,  veho.] 
via  :  -ae,  f.,  ivay,  road. 
vicem  :  acc.  fr.  an  obsolete  nom. 
vicis  or  v  i  x ,  change  ;  in  vicem, 
{by  turns),  in  their  turn. 
victor  :  -oris,  m.,  conqueror,  victor ; 

[vinco] ;  hence 
victoria  :  -ae,  f,,  victory. 
victus  :  -lis,  m.,  food,  provisions. 
[vivo.] 

vicus  :  -i,  m.,  block  or  group  of  * 
houses  in.  a  city  ;  village. 
video:  (2),  vidl,  visum,  (l)see,  behold ; 
see  to  it  that,  take  care  that;  per¬ 
ceive,  understand ;  (2) pass,,  videor 
with  an  infin.  may  often  be  trans¬ 
lated  adverbially,  as  nihil  perti¬ 
nere  videbantur,  manifestly  or 
plainly  had  nothing  to  do  with, 
&c. ;  seem,  appear  ;  with  dat.,  ali- 
cui  videri,  think,  see7n  good  or 
best. 

vigilia:  -ae,  f.,  {night-)watch  {Sb  quar¬ 
ter  of  the  time  from  sunset  to  sun¬ 
rise)  ;  picketiguard). 
vimen  :  inis,  n.,  tvithe,  ttvig ;  hence 
vimineus  :  -a,  -um,  of  wicker-work. 


340 


VOCABULARY. 


vinco  :  (3),  vici,  victum,  he  victori¬ 
ous,  surpass;  prevail;  conquer, 
overpower. 

vindico:  (1),  reg., /ree,  deliver,  re¬ 
store.  [vim,  dico,  threaten  vio¬ 
lence.'] 

vinea  :  -ae,  f.,  {arhor);  covered  gang¬ 
way  ;  mantlet;  see  on  p.  28,  22, 
[vinum.]  \transgress. 

violo:  (1),  reg.,  maltreat;  break, 
vir  :  viri,  m.,  man. 
virgo:  -inis,  f.,  maiden. 
virtus:  -utis,  f.,  {manliness);  brav¬ 
ery,  valor,  courage. 
vis:  vim,  vi,  power,  strength;  vio¬ 
lence,  force,  attack  ;  mass ;  plur. 
vires,  -ium,  bodily  poivers, strength. 
viso*  :  (3),  -si,  -sum,  look  on,  behold. 

[intens.  from  video.] 
vita  :  -ae,  f . ,  life  ;  way  of  living. 
vitium:  -i,  n,,  fault,  defect;  bad 
effect,  discomfort. 

Vito  :  (1),  reg. ,  avoid,  shun ;  escape. 
vivo  :  (3X  vixi,  victum,  live;  live 
on  (abl.). 

vivus:  -a,  -um,  living,  alive.  , 


vix  :  adv.,  hardly,  with  difficulty. 
vocabulum*  :  -i,  n.,  name ;  from 
voco :  (1),  reg.,  call,  summon. 

'  volo  :  velle,  volui,  wish,  desire. 
voluntarius:  -a,  -Mva,  of  one’s  free 
will;  m.  plur.  subst.,  volun- 
J  teers. 

I  voluntas  :  -atis,  f.,  will,  wish,  de¬ 
sire ;  consent,  good  will,  zeal; 
{mental)  attitude,  sentimeiits ; 
plur.,  favor. 

voluptas  :  -:itis,  f.,  pleasure,  enjoy¬ 
ment. 

votum  :  -i,  n.,  vow.  [voveo.] 
vox  :  vocis,  f.,  voice,  cry,  yell;  plur., 
expressions,  words,  speeches;  lan¬ 
guage,  formula  (qua  voce,  i.  e. 
senatus  consultum  ultimum). 
vulg5:  adv.,  commonly,  generally; 
vulgo  universi,  all  without  excep- 
iion  or  in  a  body  ;  from 
vulgus:  -i,  m.  and  n.,  the  public,  thi 
masses. 

vulnero  :  (1),  reg.,  wound;  from 
vulnus  :  -eris,  n.,  wound. 
vultus  :  -us,  m.,  countenance. 


DATE  DUE 


MAR  ^ 

B  2S03 

1 

UNIVERSITY  PRODUCTS,  INC.  #859-5503 


5 


1 

(  ' 

14745  ' 

*■  . 

Caesar 

Author 

Civil  War 

Title 

Ed . ;  Perrin 

1  n  ^ 

X.  i 

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